tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-35205535983700905882024-03-13T20:21:14.586+08:00Xiangqun Financial Intelligent Algorithmic Cloud Developer向群财经智能算法交易与云计算开发http://sfebbf.xqact.comsfebbf@gmail.comhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03493373165705385749noreply@blogger.comBlogger73125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3520553598370090588.post-13838616524422880752012-04-28T04:07:00.003+08:002012-07-11T04:34:28.813+08:00应聘算法交易云计算数据挖掘和人工商业智能开发总监,独创完全自主知识产权<br />
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<span style="color: #5c8526;"><u><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 204);"><span style="font-family: 黑体;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>应聘算法交易云计算数据挖掘和人工商业智能开发总监,独创完全自主知识产权</b></span></span></span></u></span></div>
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<span style="color: #5c8526;"><u><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 204);"><span style="font-family: 黑体;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>金融预测算法云交易产品和服务劳务的自带项目,面试时将提供所有证明资料原</b></span></span></span></u></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ffd320;"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 204);">●</span></span><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>职业</b></span></span></div>
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<a href="" name="cont"></a><span style="color: #ff3333;"><u><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 0);"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>云计算</b></span></span></u><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US"><u><b><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 0);">,</span></b></u></span></span></span></span><u><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 0);"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>商业智能</b></span></span></u><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US"><u><b><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 0);">,</span></b></u></span></span></span></span><u><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 0);"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>商业分析和项目经理</b></span></span></u><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US"><u><b><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 0);">:</span></b></u></span></span></span></span><u><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 0);"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>金融数据挖掘预测建模和人工智能算法交易网站服务开发</b></span></span></u></span></div>
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<span style="color: #5c8526;"><b>商业智能</b><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span lang="en-US"><b>-</b></span></span></span><b>人工智能的数据挖掘</b><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span lang="en-US"><b>,</b></span></span></span><b>神经元网络</b><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span lang="en-US"><b>,</b></span></span></span><b>机器学习和遗传基因算法交易分析</b><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span lang="en-US"><b>:</b></span></span></span></span></div>
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Data Mining AI Algorithmic Dev Project Team</span></b></u></span></span></span></span></div>
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<a href="" name="OLE_LINK21"></a><a href="" name="OLE_LINK22"></a><a href="" name="OLE_LINK23"></a>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial Black, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><b><span style="background: rgb(255, 211, 32);"><a href="http://b.xqact.com/">http://b.xqact.com</a>;<a href="http://xq.xqact.com/">http://xq.xqact.com</a></span></b></u></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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</div>
<div align="LEFT" class="cjk" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="color: #0000cc;"><span style="font-family: Arial Black, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US"><u><b>1998-2012
</b></u></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #0000cc;"><u><span style="font-family: Arial Black, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="zxx"><b>向群美股团队及前身申银万国证券等向群中港股票大户室著名</b></span></span></span></u></span><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="color: #0000cc;"><span style="font-family: Arial Black, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US"><u><b>CTA-CTO</b></u></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div align="LEFT" class="cjk" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #0000cc;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial Black, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US"><u><b>1998-1999
</b></u></span></span></span></span><u><span style="font-family: Arial Black, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="zxx"><b>港资黎明公司互联网证券产品开发总监</b></span></span></span></u></span></div>
<div align="LEFT" class="cjk" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #0000cc;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial Black, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US"><u><b>1996-1998
</b></u></span></span></span></span><u><span style="font-family: Arial Black, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="zxx"><b>君安证券公司系统分析员</b></span></span></span></u></span></div>
<div align="LEFT" class="cjk" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #0000cc;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial Black, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US"><u><b>1995-1996
</b></u></span></span></span></span><u><span style="font-family: Arial Black, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="zxx"><b>深圳证券交易所巨潮互联网国际证券研究部经理</b></span></span></span></u></span></div>
<div align="LEFT" class="cjk" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #0000cc;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial Black, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US"><u><b>1993-1995
</b></u></span></span></span></span><u><span style="font-family: Arial Black, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="zxx"><b>港资巨灵证券信息网系统分析研究部经理</b></span></span></span></u></span></div>
<div align="LEFT" class="cjk" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #0000cc;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial Black, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US"><u><b>1991-1993
</b></u></span></span></span></span><u><span style="font-family: Arial Black, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="zxx"><b>硕士论文调研专案</b></span></span></span></u><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial Black, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US"><u><b>:</b></u></span></span></span></span><u><span style="font-family: Arial Black, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="zxx"><b>浦东宁波开发大型项目的国际金融投资决策支持系统分析</b></span></span></span></u></span></div>
<div align="LEFT" class="cjk" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Arial Black, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US"><u><b>1985-2012</b></u></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span lang="en-US"><u>
</u></span></span></span><span style="color: #0000cc;"><u><span style="font-family: Arial Black, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="zxx"><b>最新开源纯英文版</b></span></span></span></u></span><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="color: #0000cc;"><span style="font-family: Arial Black, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="en-US"><u><b>XQACT,</b></u></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #0000cc;"><u><span style="font-family: Arial Black, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="zxx"><b>开发曾采用的</b></span></span></span></u></span><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="color: #0000cc;"><span style="font-family: Arial Black, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="en-US"><u><b>IDE,SDK,PL,Plugin,Framework:</b></u></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div align="LEFT" class="cjk" style="orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #0000cc;"><span style="font-family: Arial Black, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="en-US"><u><b>Scala,Java,UML,Eclipse,STS,Struts,Hibernate,SAS,SPSS,JOONE,JGAP,JDMP,Knime,Weka</b></u></span></span></span></span></div>
</td>
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<tr>
<td height="26" valign="BOTTOM" width="782">
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<span style="color: #ffd320;"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 204);">●</span></span><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>工作经验</b></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="26" valign="BOTTOM" width="782">
<div align="LEFT" class="cjk" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US"><u><b>1998</b></u></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: blue;"><u><span style="font-size: small;"><b>-现在
</b></span></u></span><span style="color: #0000cc;"><u><span style="font-size: small;"><b>向群国际股指算法云交易团队大户室</b></span></u></span></div>
<div align="LEFT" class="cjk" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b>工作职位</b><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span lang="en-US"><b>:</b></span></span></span><b>著名</b><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span lang="en-US"><b>CTA-CTO</b></span></span></span><b>(</b><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span lang="en-US"><b>R
& D & T</b></span></span></span><b>)</b></div>
<div align="LEFT" class="cjk" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b>工作范围</b><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span lang="en-US"><b>:</b></span></span></span><b>北美和</b><span style="color: #0000cc;"><u><span style="font-size: small;"><b>中港台新大中华</b></span></u></span><b>股指数据挖掘预测算法交易网站云服务开发</b></div>
<div align="LEFT" class="cjk" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<a href="" name="__DdeLink__249_29905059"></a><a href="" name="__DdeLink__425_2007585298"></a><a href="" name="__DdeLink__210_913562649"></a>
<span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span lang="en-US"><b>1996</b></span></span></span><b>-</b><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span lang="en-US"><b>1998
</b></span></span></span><b>君安证券公司</b></div>
<div align="LEFT" class="cjk" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b>工作职位</b><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span lang="en-US"><b>:</b></span></span></span><b>中港著名操盘专家</b><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span lang="en-US"><b>,</b></span></span></span><b>投资咨询部经理</b></div>
<div align="LEFT" class="cjk" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b>工作范围</b><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span lang="en-US"><b>:</b></span></span></span><b>中港股票精确操盘预测</b></div>
<div align="LEFT" class="cjk" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<a href="" name="__DdeLink__428_2007585298"></a>
<span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span lang="en-US"><b>1995</b></span></span></span><b>-</b><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span lang="en-US"><b>1996
</b></span></span></span><b>深圳证券交易所巨潮证券电脑信息公司</b></div>
<div align="LEFT" class="cjk" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b>工作职位</b><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span lang="en-US"><b>:</b></span></span></span><b>国际证券研究部经理</b></div>
<div align="LEFT" class="cjk" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b>工作范围</b><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span lang="en-US"><b>:</b></span></span></span><b>研究开发中国证券行业第一家网站</b><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span lang="en-US"><b>-</b></span></span></span><b>深圳证券交易所巨潮互联网</b></div>
<div align="LEFT" class="cjk" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<a href="" name="__DdeLink__431_2007585298"></a>
<span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span lang="en-US"><b>1994</b></span></span></span><b>-</b><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span lang="en-US"><b>1995
</b></span></span></span><b>现港资深圳巨灵信息技术公司</b></div>
<div align="LEFT" class="cjk" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b>工作职位</b><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span lang="en-US"><b>:</b></span></span></span><b>研究部经理</b></div>
<div align="LEFT" class="cjk" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b>工作范围</b><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span lang="en-US"><b>:</b></span></span></span><b>证券信息网研发系统分析</b></div>
<div align="LEFT" class="cjk" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<a href="" name="__DdeLink__434_2007585298"></a>
<span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span lang="en-US"><b>1993</b></span></span></span><b>-</b><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span lang="en-US"><b>1994
</b></span></span></span><b>广州证券和产权联合交易中心</b></div>
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<b>工作职位</b><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span lang="en-US"><b>:</b></span></span></span><b>研究部经理</b></div>
<div align="LEFT" class="cjk" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b>工作范围</b><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span lang="en-US"><b>:</b></span></span></span><b>证券投资分析</b></div>
<div align="LEFT" class="cjk" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span lang="en-US"><b>1986</b></span></span></span><b>-</b><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span lang="en-US"><b>1990
</b></span></span></span><b>香港威联电子公司</b></div>
<div align="LEFT" class="cjk" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b>工作职位</b><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span lang="en-US"><b>:</b></span></span></span><b>证券系统分析员兼中英文翻译</b></div>
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<b>工作范围</b><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span lang="en-US"><b>:</b></span></span></span><b>美国和香港股票投资模型与软件研发</b></div>
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<td height="26" width="782">
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<span style="color: #ffd320;"><u><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 204);">●</span></u></span><span style="color: blue;"><u><span style="font-size: large;"><b>语言能力</b></span></u></span></div>
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<td height="26" width="782">
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<span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span lang="en-US"><b>1991
</b></span></span></span><b>中国英语六级统考证书</b><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span lang="en-US"><b>,</b></span></span></span><b>英语词汇量</b><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span lang="en-US"><b>:5</b></span></span></span><b>万</b><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span lang="en-US"><b>,</b></span></span></span><b>精通金融软件和宗教英语</b><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span lang="en-US"><b>;</b></span></span></span></div>
<div class="cjk" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b>互联网上英文沟通与电子商务</b><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span lang="en-US"><b>,</b></span></span></span><b>英汉</b><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span lang="en-US"><b>-</b></span></span></span><b>汉英翻译速度</b><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span lang="en-US"><b>:5</b></span></span></span><b>千字</b><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span lang="en-US"><b>/</b></span></span></span><b>天</b><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span lang="en-US"><b>(</b></span></span></span><b>非全职</b><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span lang="en-US"><b>);</b></span></span></span></div>
<div class="cjk" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b>现代美国英语口语</b><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span lang="en-US"><b>:</b></span></span></span><b>流利</b><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span lang="en-US"><b>,</b></span></span></span><b>中英文盲打五笔加拼音速度</b><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span lang="en-US"><b>:</b></span></span></span><b>每分钟</b><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span lang="en-US"><b>50</b></span></span></span><b>字</b><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span lang="en-US"><b>;</b></span></span></span></div>
<div class="cjk" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b>译典通</b><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span lang="en-US"><b>8.0,</b></span></span></span><b>译星</b><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span lang="en-US"><b>,</b></span></span></span><b>狂飙译族</b><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span lang="en-US"><b>,</b></span></span></span><b>东方快车</b><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span lang="en-US"><b>,IBM</b></span></span></span><b>翻译家</b><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span lang="en-US"><b>,Han
Translator;</b></span></span></span><b>搜狗五拼</b><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span lang="en-US"><b>;</b></span></span></span></div>
<div class="cjk">
<b>母语</b><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span lang="en-US"><b>-</b></span></span></span><b>华文汉语</b><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span lang="en-US"><b>,</b></span></span></span><b>国语普通话</b><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span lang="en-US"><b>:</b></span></span></span><b>精通</b><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span lang="en-US"><b>,</b></span></span></span><b>香港话粤语</b><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span lang="en-US"><b>:</b></span></span></span><b>良好</b><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span lang="en-US"><b>,</b></span></span></span><b>第二外语</b><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span lang="en-US"><b>:</b></span></span></span><b>法文读写水平一般</b><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span lang="en-US"><b>.</b></span></span></span></div>
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<tr>
<td height="26" valign="BOTTOM" width="782">
<div align="LEFT" class="cjk">
<span style="color: #ffd320;"><u><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 204);">●</span></u></span><span style="color: blue;"><u><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>国际证券算法预测交易</b></span></u></span><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US"><u><b>CTA-CTO</b></u></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: blue;"><u><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>向群已发表的成果</b></span></u></span></div>
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</tr>
<tr>
<td height="26" valign="BOTTOM" width="782">
<div align="LEFT" class="cjk" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.71cm;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b>向群</b></span><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US"><b>,</b></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><b>金融软件工程</b></span><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US"><b>(FE-SE)</b></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><b>之数据挖掘预测算法云交易专家</b></span><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US"><b>,</b></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><b>家庭永久居住地</b></span><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US"><b>:</b></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><b>北美</b></span><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US"><b>.</b></span></span></span></span></div>
<div align="LEFT" class="cjk" style="text-indent: 0.71cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>作为</b></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><b>著名的北美和大中华股市数据分析</b></span><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US"><b>CTO-CTA,</b></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><b>实现了商业智能</b></span><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US"><b>BI</b></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><b>开发数据挖掘的金融计量和统计建模数量分析</b></span><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US"><b>(Quant),</b></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><b>知识发现</b></span><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US"><b>(KDD),</b></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><b>金融领域专家商业分析项目经理</b></span><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US"><b>,</b></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><b>人工智能</b></span><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US"><b>AI</b></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><b>的强化机器学习</b></span><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US"><b>,</b></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><b>神经元网络</b></span><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US"><b>,</b></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><b>遗传算法</b></span><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US"><b>,</b></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><b>智能代理等复杂算法和云计算</b></span><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US"><b>SAAS</b></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><b>网站服务开发的</b></span><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US"><b>IT</b></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>融合</b></span></span><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US"><b>,</b></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>已于全球中英文学术期刊</b></span></span><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US"><b>,</b></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>报纸</b></span></span><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US"><b>,</b></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>杂志</b></span></span><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US"><b>,</b></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>电台</b></span></span><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US"><b>,</b></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>电视台</b></span></span><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US"><b>,</b></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>电话热线声讯台等传统媒体和网站新媒体发表</b></span></span><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US"><u><b>1</b></u></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: red;"><u><span style="font-size: small;"><b>万多篇</b></span></u></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>专栏预测文章且提供</b></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><b>算法交易设计开发和数据挖掘预测建模</b></span><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US"><b>CTA-CTO</b></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>劳务</b></span></span><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US"><b>,</b></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>曾</b></span></span><span style="color: red;"><u><span style="font-size: small;"><b>独创</b></span></u></span><span style="font-size: small;"><b>国际</b></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>证券史上人工商业智能算法交易</b></span></span><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US"><b>,</b></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>数据分析和商业分析的金融工程和微云工程的</b></span></span><span style="color: red;"><u><span style="font-size: small;"><b>无数奇迹</b></span></u></span><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US"><b>.</b></span></span></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="26" valign="BOTTOM" width="782">
<div align="LEFT" class="cjk">
<span style="color: #ffd320;"><u><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 204);">●</span></u></span><span style="color: blue;"><u><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>金融数据挖掘预测算法云交易网站开发培训</b></span></u></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="26" valign="BOTTOM" width="782">
<div align="LEFT" class="cjk" style="margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<span style="color: #31859c;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b> 曾在中国深圳和广州的大学和公司为</b></span><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US"><b>MSE</b></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><b>和</b></span><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US"><b>MBA</b></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><b>等学生</b></span><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US"><b>,</b></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><b>股民沙龙和网络公司员工职业培训</b></span><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US"><b>,</b></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><b>以中英文双语演讲或讲授过</b></span><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US"><b>:</b></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><b>向群国际证券预测算法云交易独创案例</b></span><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US"><b>;</b></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><b>计算机英语</b></span><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US"><b>,</b></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><b>雅思</b></span><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US"><b>,GRE,TOEFL;SAS,SPSS</b></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><b>金融计量和数理统计</b></span><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US">,</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><b>数据挖掘人工智能算法设计</b></span><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US">,</span></span></span><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US"><b>STS</b></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><b>和</b></span><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US"><b>Eclipse</b></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><b>云计算开发工具</b></span><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US"><b>,Scala/Java</b></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><b>函数式和面向对象程序设计</b></span><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US"><b>,</b></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><b>电子商务论坛网站开发</b></span><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US"><b>.</b></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="26" width="782">
<div class="cjk" style="margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<span style="color: #ffd320;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 204);">●</span></span></span><span style="color: blue;"><u><span style="font-size: large;"><b>教育</b></span></u></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="26" width="782">
<div class="cjk" style="margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<a href="" name="__DdeLink__103_1332322828"></a><a href="" name="__DdeLink__58_1112575676"></a><a href="" name="__DdeLink__232_1720522858"></a>
<b>经济学硕士 </b><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span lang="en-US"><b>1990-1993
</b></span></span></span><b>东北财经大学经济信息管理系</b><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span lang="en-US"><b>(</b></span></span></span><b>中国大连</b><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span lang="en-US"><b>)</b></span></span></span></div>
<div class="cjk" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b>数量经济专业国际金融预测模型系统研究方向</b></div>
<div class="cjk" style="margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<b>硕士论文调研</b><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span lang="en-US"><b>:</b></span></span></span><b>浦东北仑港开发大型项目的国际金融投资决策支持系统分析</b></div>
<div class="cjk" style="margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<b>大学 </b><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span lang="en-US"><b>1982-1986
</b></span></span></span><b>南开大学计算机与系统科学系(中国天津</b><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span lang="en-US"><b>)</b></span></span></span></div>
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<td height="26" width="782">
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<span style="color: #ffd320;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 204);">●</span></span></span><span style="color: blue;"><u><span style="font-size: large;"><b>最佳联系方式</b></span></u></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="24" width="782">
<div class="cjk" style="margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<a href="" name="__DdeLink__94_1332322828"></a><a href="" name="__DdeLink__64_1720522858"></a><a href="" name="__DdeLink__71_1720522858"></a><a href="" name="__DdeLink__331_1344534411"></a><a href="" name="__DdeLink__335_1344534411"></a><a href="" name="__DdeLink__338_1344534411"></a><a href="" name="__DdeLink__343_1344534411"></a><a href="" name="__DdeLink__60_2007585298"></a><a href="" name="__DdeLink__298_67660407"></a>
<span style="color: blue;"><u><span style="font-size: small;"><b>谷歌</b></span></u></span><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US"><u><b>Google
Talk</b></u></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: blue;"><u><span style="font-size: small;"><b>电子邮件账户</b></span></u></span><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US"><u><b>sfebbf@gmail.com;</b></u></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: blue;"><u><span style="font-size: small;"><b>深圳手机</b></span></u></span><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US"><u><b>(+86)13316583001</b></u></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="cjk" style="margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<a href="" name="__DdeLink__92_1332322828"></a><a href="" name="__DdeLink__98_1332322828"></a><a href="" name="__DdeLink__131_921246851"></a><a href="" name="__DdeLink__74_1720522858"></a><a href="" name="__DdeLink__126_1122042346"></a><a href="" name="__DdeLink__578_1344534411"></a><a href="" name="__DdeLink__64_2007585298"></a><a href="" name="__DdeLink__178_2007585298"></a>
<span style="color: blue;"><u><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>请详见北美网站</b></span></u></span><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><a href="http://scebif.xqact.com/"><span style="color: #0000cc;"><span style="font-family: Arial Black, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span lang="en-US"><u><b>http://sfebbf.xqact.com</b></u></span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
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<div class="cjk" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<a href="" name="__DdeLink__193_1304617968"></a>
<span style="color: #5c8526;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><u><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 153);"><span style="font-family: 黑体;"><b>中国城市全面崛起</b></span></span></u></span><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span lang="en-US"><u><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 153);">,</span></u></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><u><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 153);"><span style="font-family: 黑体;"><b>珠三角一支独秀的时代已经过去</b></span></span></u></span><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span lang="en-US"><u><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 153);">,</span></u></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><u><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 153);"><span style="font-family: 黑体;"><b>高级人才会经常在几大城市</b></span></span></u></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="cjk" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #5c8526;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><u><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 153);"><span style="font-family: 黑体;"><b>圈之间出差</b></span></span></u></span><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span lang="en-US"><u><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 153);">,</span></u></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><u><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 153);"><span style="font-family: 黑体;"><b>抱歉无诚意提供名人出场费和报销差旅费的单位</b></span></span></u></span><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span lang="en-US"><u><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 153);">,</span></u></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><u><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 153);"><span style="font-family: 黑体;"><b>请先来向群网站群</b></span></span></u></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="cjk" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #5c8526;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><u><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 153);"><span style="font-family: 黑体;"><b>详细阅读简历写不下的内容</b></span></span></u></span><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span lang="en-US"><u><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 153);">,</span></u></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><u><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 153);"><span style="font-family: 黑体;"><b>然后再电子邮件</b></span></span></u></span><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span lang="en-US"><u><b><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 153);">-</span></b></u></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><u><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 153);"><span style="font-family: 黑体;"><b>电话</b></span></span></u></span><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span lang="en-US"><u><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 153);">-</span></u></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><u><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 153);"><span style="font-family: 黑体;"><b>视频</b></span></span></u></span><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span lang="en-US"><u><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 153);">,</span></u></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><u><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 153);"><span style="font-family: 黑体;"><b>或等下次飞到您附近再</b></span></span></u></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="cjk" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #5c8526;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><u><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 153);"><span style="font-family: 黑体;"><b>约定面试具体时间</b></span></span></u></span><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span lang="en-US"><u><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 153);">,</span></u></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><u><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 153);"><span style="font-family: 黑体;"><b>以节省大家的时间和成本</b></span></span></u></span><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span lang="en-US"><u><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 153);">,</span></u></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><u><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 153);"><span style="font-family: 黑体;"><b>对于一些公司和个人想免费骗取股</b></span></span></u></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="cjk" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #5c8526;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><u><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 153);"><span style="font-family: 黑体;"><b>票等业务咨询劳动的</b></span></span></u></span><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span lang="en-US"><u><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 153);">,</span></u></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><u><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 153);"><span style="font-family: 黑体;"><b>即使电话中也必需先付工资</b></span></span></u></span><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span lang="en-US"><u><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 153);">,</span></u></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><u><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 153);"><span style="font-family: 黑体;"><b>更不可能再浪费诚信公司面试</b></span></span></u></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="cjk" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #5c8526;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><u><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 153);"><span style="font-family: 黑体;"><b>和自己的商业时间自费长途飞行住酒店及时去被骗</b></span></span></u></span><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span lang="en-US"><u><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 153);">,</span></u></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><u><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 153);"><span style="font-family: 黑体;"><b>且一家公司至多能有一次面</b></span></span></u></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="cjk" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #5c8526;"><u><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 153);"><span style="font-family: 黑体;"><b>试和一小时内验证原件并签劳动合同的可能</b></span></span></u></span></span><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #5c8526;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span lang="en-US"><u><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 153);">,</span></u></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #5c8526;"><u><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 153);"><span style="font-family: 黑体;"><b>而工作和工资细节都可先谈好再见</b></span></span></u></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="cjk" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #5c8526;"><u><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 153);"><span style="font-family: 黑体;"><b>面</b></span></span></u></span></span><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #5c8526;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span lang="en-US"><u><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 153);">,</span></u></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #5c8526;"><u><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 153);"><span style="font-family: 黑体;"><b>面试时间只够确认是否属实并签约</b></span></span></u></span></span><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #5c8526;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span lang="en-US"><u><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 153);">,</span></u></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #5c8526;"><u><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 153);"><span style="font-family: 黑体;"><b>若能够事先确定不能签约</b></span></span></u></span></span><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #5c8526;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span lang="en-US"><u><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 153);">,</span></u></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #5c8526;"><u><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 153);"><span style="font-family: 黑体;"><b>就不必面试</b></span></span></u></span></span><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #5c8526;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span lang="en-US"><u><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 153);">.</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="cjk" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>sfebbf@gmail.comhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03493373165705385749noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3520553598370090588.post-56115708126199738712012-04-28T04:07:00.002+08:002012-07-11T04:35:44.623+08:00DATA MINING & AI PREDICTIVE ALGORITHMIC TRADING CLOUD DEV MANAGER<br />
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="page-break-inside: avoid; width: 966px;">
<colgroup><col width="966"></col>
</colgroup><tbody>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#ffffcc" valign="TOP" width="966"><div class="cjk" lang="zh-CN" style="margin-bottom: 0.5cm;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Arial Black", sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US"><u><b><span style="background: rgb(255, 192, 0);">DATA
MINING & AI PREDICTIVE ALGORITHMIC TRADING CLOUD DEV MANAGER</span></b></u></span></span></span></span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 966px;">
<colgroup><col width="264"></col>
<col width="234"></col>
<col width="462"></col>
<col width="7"></col>
</colgroup><tbody>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#cccccc" colspan="3" valign="BOTTOM" width="960"><div class="cjk" lang="zh-CN">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US"><b>BASIC
INFO</b></span></span></span></span></div>
</td>
<td valign="TOP" width="7"><div class="cjk" lang="zh-CN">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#ffffff" width="264"><div class="cjk" lang="zh-CN">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="en-US"><b>Name:Xiangqun</b></span></span></span></span></div>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#ffffff" width="234"><div class="cjk" lang="zh-CN">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="en-US"><b>Home:North
America</b></span></span></span></span></div>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#ffffff" width="462"><div class="cjk" lang="zh-CN" style="margin-right: 0.08cm;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="en-US"><b>English-Chinese
Level:Website & Media Columnist</b></span></span></span></span></div>
</td>
<td valign="TOP" width="7"><div class="cjk" lang="zh-CN">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#ffffff" colspan="4" height="21" valign="BOTTOM" width="966"><div class="cjk" lang="zh-CN">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US"><b>CAREER
OBJECTIVE</b></span></span></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#ffffff" colspan="4" height="5" width="966"><div class="cjk" lang="zh-CN" style="margin-right: 0.24cm;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US"><u><b><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 0);">DATA
MINING & AI PREDICTIVE MODELING ALGORITHMIC TRADING CLOUD
DEV</span></b></u></span></span></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#ffffff" colspan="4" height="22" valign="BOTTOM" width="966"><div class="cjk" lang="zh-CN" style="margin-bottom: 0.5cm;">
<span lang="en-US"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Seeking
a </span></span></span><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Both
Full-Time And Part-Time</b></span></span></span><span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">job
of </span></span></span><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>business
intelligence,business analyst,Internet and New media </b></span></span></span><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">in
the </span></span></span><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Financial
Services</b></span></span></span><span style="color: blue;"> </span><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">field.</span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="cjk" lang="zh-CN" style="margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span lang="en-US"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">For
all the suitable jobs I can get to work </span></span></span><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Immediately</b></span></span></span><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">.</span></span></span></span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 966px;">
<colgroup><col width="107"></col>
<col width="859"></col>
</colgroup><tbody>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#ffffff" width="107"><div class="cjk" lang="zh-CN">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US"><b>EXPERIENCE</b></span></span></span></span></div>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#ffffff" valign="BOTTOM" width="859"><div class="cjk" lang="zh-CN" style="margin-bottom: 0.5cm;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/" name="__DdeLink__2252_397470611"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/" name="__DdeLink__2208_397470611"></a>
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span lang="en-US">1998-?
Xiangqun US stock team & former CN-HK stock studio in SW
securities,etc</span></span></span></div>
<div class="cjk" lang="zh-CN" style="margin-bottom: 0.5cm;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span lang="en-US"><br />Job
Title:known stock CTA-CTO(R & D & T)</span></span></span></div>
<div class="cjk" lang="zh-CN" style="margin-bottom: 0.5cm;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span lang="en-US"><br />Field
of Work:US stock data mining ALGORITHMIC TRADING cloud
service dev.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="cjk" lang="zh-CN" style="margin-right: 0.11cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span lang="en-US">1996-1998
J & A Securities Inc.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="cjk" lang="zh-CN" style="margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span lang="en-US">Job
Title: Senior Analyst, manager of research department</span></span></span></div>
<div class="cjk" lang="zh-CN" style="margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span lang="en-US">Field
of Work: Analyze & forecast China-HK financial market</span></span></span></div>
<div class="cjk" lang="zh-CN" style="margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span lang="en-US">1995-1996
Shenzhen Securities Exchange Greattrend Computer Information
Inc. </span></span></span>
</div>
<div class="cjk" lang="zh-CN" style="margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span lang="en-US">Job
Title: Manager of the Department of R & D</span></span></span></div>
<div class="cjk" lang="zh-CN" style="margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span lang="en-US">Field
of Work: R & D on the First Financial Website in China</span></span></span></div>
<div class="cjk" lang="zh-CN" style="margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span lang="en-US">1994-1995
Hongkong Genius Information Technology Inc. </span></span></span>
</div>
<div class="cjk" lang="zh-CN" style="margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span lang="en-US">Job
Title: Manager of R & D </span></span></span>
</div>
<div class="cjk" lang="zh-CN" style="margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span lang="en-US">Field
of Work: Computer Systems Analysis on the
Securities,Futures,</span></span></span></div>
<div class="cjk" lang="zh-CN" style="margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span lang="en-US">and
Forex Investment network; Administration on the Reuter and
Telex System. </span></span></span>
</div>
<div class="cjk" lang="zh-CN" style="margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span lang="en-US">1993-1994
Guangzhou Securities Exchange</span></span></span></div>
<div class="cjk" lang="zh-CN" style="margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span lang="en-US">Job
Title: Manager of Research</span></span></span></div>
<div class="cjk" lang="zh-CN" style="margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span lang="en-US">Field
of Work: Securities Analyst</span></span></span></div>
<div class="cjk" lang="zh-CN" style="margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span lang="en-US">1986-1990
Hongkong Weilian Electronic Inc. </span></span></span>
</div>
<div class="cjk" lang="zh-CN" style="margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span lang="en-US">Job
Title: Computer Systems Analyst; Translator </span></span></span>
</div>
<div class="cjk" lang="zh-CN" style="margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span lang="en-US">Field
of Work: Systems Analyst in Investment; English Translation</span></span></span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<colgroup><col width="37"></col>
<col width="219"></col>
</colgroup><tbody>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="83" valign="TOP" width="14%"><div class="cjk" lang="zh-CN">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US"><b>TEACH
EXPERIENCE</b></span></span></span></span></div>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#ffffff" valign="BOTTOM" width="86%"><div class="cjk" lang="zh-CN">
<span style="color: blue;">●<span lang="en-US"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span lang="en-US">Stock
data mining predictive ALGORITHMIC TRADING web cloud Dev.
training <br />In Shenzhen & Guangzhou of China I have
taught or given speech bilingually for the universities,
training centers and companies to MSE, MBA & MFE
students,investors salon,securities futures and network
vocational training to employees: Xiangqun securities
predictive ALGORITHMIC TRADING web cloud developing
original cases;computer English,IELTS,GRE,TOEFL;SPSS &
SAS data mining,Eclipse cloud service development
tools,Java object-oriented programming,e-commerce web
cloud development,UML software engineering.</span></span></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 803px;">
<colgroup><col width="801"></col>
<col width="2"></col>
</colgroup><tbody>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#ffffff" valign="TOP" width="801"><div class="cjk" lang="zh-CN" style="margin-bottom: 0.5cm;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US"><b>EDUCATION</b></span></span></span></span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 801px;">
<colgroup><col width="218"></col>
<col width="357"></col>
<col width="226"></col>
</colgroup><tbody>
<tr>
<td height="21" width="218"><div class="cjk" lang="zh-CN">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="en-US"><b>1990/7-1993/7
</b></span></span></span></span>
</div>
</td>
<td width="357"><div class="cjk" lang="zh-CN">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="en-US"><b>Dongbei
University of Finance & Economics</b></span></span></span></span></div>
</td>
<td width="226"><div class="cjk" lang="zh-CN">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="en-US"><b>PRC
-Dalian</b></span></span></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="22" width="218"><div class="cjk" lang="zh-CN">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="en-US"><b>Master's
Degree of Commerce</b></span></span></span></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" width="583"><div class="cjk" lang="zh-CN">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="en-US"><b>Financial
Information Management,Digital Economics</b></span></span></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 801px;">
<colgroup><col width="219"></col>
<col width="355"></col>
<col width="227"></col>
</colgroup><tbody>
<tr>
<td height="16" width="219"><div class="cjk" lang="zh-CN">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="en-US"><b>1982/7-1986/7
</b></span></span></span></span>
</div>
</td>
<td width="355"><div class="cjk" lang="zh-CN">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="en-US"><b>Nankai
University</b></span></span></span></span></div>
</td>
<td width="227"><div class="cjk" lang="zh-CN">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="en-US"><b>PRC
-Tianjin</b></span></span></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="5" width="219"><div class="cjk" lang="zh-CN">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="en-US"><b>undergraduate</b></span></span></span></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" width="582"><div class="cjk" lang="zh-CN">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="en-US"><b>Computer
& Systems Science</b></span></span></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="cjk" lang="zh-CN" style="margin-bottom: 0.5cm;">
<br />
<br /></div>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#ffffff" valign="BOTTOM" width="2"></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 859px;">
<colgroup><col width="59"></col>
<col width="55"></col>
<col width="46"></col>
<col width="699"></col>
</colgroup><tbody>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td bgcolor="#ffffff" rowspan="2" width="59"><div class="cjk" lang="zh-CN">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US"><b>SKILLS</b></span></span></span></span></div>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#ffffff" width="55"><div class="cjk" lang="zh-CN">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="en-US"><b>Skill
Name</b></span></span></span></span></div>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#ffffff" width="46"><div class="cjk" lang="zh-CN">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="en-US"><b>Skill
Level</b></span></span></span></span></div>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#ffffff" width="699"><div class="cjk" lang="zh-CN" style="margin-bottom: 0.5cm;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="en-US"><b>Years
Exp</b></span></span></span></span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 699px;">
<colgroup><col width="341"></col>
<col width="150"></col>
<col width="208"></col>
</colgroup><tbody>
<tr>
<td height="5" valign="BOTTOM" width="341"><div class="cjk" lang="zh-CN">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="en-US">Financial
Business intelligence,business analyst,data
modeling,analyst & manager</span></span></span></span></div>
</td>
<td width="150"><div class="cjk" lang="zh-CN">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span lang="en-US">Expert</span></span></span></div>
</td>
<td width="208"><div class="cjk" lang="zh-CN" style="text-indent: 0.42cm;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span lang="en-US">25</span></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="cjk" lang="zh-CN" style="margin-bottom: 0.5cm;">
<br />
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td bgcolor="#ffffff" colspan="3" width="800"></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 858px;">
<colgroup><col width="8"></col>
<col width="850"></col>
</colgroup><tbody>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#ffffff" valign="TOP" width="8"><div class="cjk" lang="zh-CN" style="margin-bottom: 0.5cm;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span lang="en-US"><b>A</b></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="cjk" lang="zh-CN" style="margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span lang="en-US"><b>D</b></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="cjk" lang="zh-CN" style="margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span lang="en-US"><b>D</b></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="cjk" lang="zh-CN" style="margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span lang="en-US"><b>I</b></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="cjk" lang="zh-CN" style="margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span lang="en-US"><b>T</b></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="cjk" lang="zh-CN" style="margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span lang="en-US"><b>I</b></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="cjk" lang="zh-CN" style="margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span lang="en-US"><b>O</b></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="cjk" lang="zh-CN" style="margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span lang="en-US"><b>N</b></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="cjk" lang="zh-CN" style="margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span lang="en-US"><b>A</b></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="cjk" lang="zh-CN" style="margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span lang="en-US"><b>L</b></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="cjk" lang="zh-CN" style="margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span></div>
<div class="cjk" lang="zh-CN" style="margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="cjk" lang="zh-CN" style="margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="cjk" lang="zh-CN" style="margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="cjk" lang="zh-CN" style="margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="cjk" lang="zh-CN" style="margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="cjk" lang="zh-CN" style="margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span></div>
<div class="cjk" lang="zh-CN" style="margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span lang="en-US"><b>I</b></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="cjk" lang="zh-CN" style="margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span lang="en-US"><b>N</b></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="cjk" lang="zh-CN" style="margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span lang="en-US"><b>F</b></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="cjk" lang="zh-CN" style="margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span lang="en-US"><b>O</b></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="cjk" lang="zh-CN" style="margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span lang="en-US"><b>R</b></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="cjk" lang="zh-CN" style="margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span lang="en-US"><b>M</b></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="cjk" lang="zh-CN" style="margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span lang="en-US"><b>A</b></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="cjk" lang="zh-CN" style="margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span lang="en-US"><b>T</b></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="cjk" lang="zh-CN" style="margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span lang="en-US"><b>I</b></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="cjk" lang="zh-CN" style="margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span lang="en-US"><b>O</b></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="cjk" lang="zh-CN" style="margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span lang="en-US"><b>N</b></span></span></span></span></div>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#ffffff" width="850"><div class="cjk" lang="zh-CN" style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm;">
<span style="color: blue;">●<span lang="en-US"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span lang="en-US">Automatic
design programming and programmable transaction model of
single ECN platform</span></span></span></span></div>
<div align="LEFT" class="cjk" lang="zh-CN" style="margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US"><b>STERLING
TRADER® PRO 6.0,MANAGER,ELITE;EclipseTrader,Personal
Stock Streamer9;ViewTrader
Elite2.3;ProSticks;NeoTicker;Madscan;</b></span></span></span></div>
<div align="LEFT" class="cjk" lang="zh-CN" style="margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US"><b>AASTOCKS;Aptistock2;Ameritrade,Iqfeed4.7,Prophet.net;ESignal;</b></span></span></span></div>
<div align="LEFT" class="cjk" lang="zh-CN" style="margin-bottom: 0.05cm; margin-top: 0.05cm;">
<span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US"><b>Yahoo!Finance,MetaTrader
5;RTQuotes,Freerealtime.com,CNN Financial,Quote,PC
Quote;FreeStockCharts,GlobaLink Trader Pro.</b></span></span></span></div>
<div class="cjk" lang="zh-CN" style="margin-bottom: 0.5cm;">
<span lang="en-US"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span lang="en-US"><br />●custom
index formula edit parameter optimization test
data-sharing software stack
</span></span></span></span><span style="color: red;"><b>商业智能</b></span><span lang="en-US"><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span lang="en-US"><b>-</b></span></span></span></span><span style="color: red;"><b>人工智能的数据挖掘</b></span><span lang="en-US"><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span lang="en-US"><b>,</b></span></span></span></span><span style="color: red;"><b>神经元网络</b></span><span lang="en-US"><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span lang="en-US"><b>,</b></span></span></span></span><span style="color: red;"><b>机器学习和遗传基因算法交易分析</b></span><span lang="en-US"><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span lang="en-US"><b>:</b></span></span></span></span></div>
<div align="LEFT" class="cjk" lang="zh-CN" style="margin-bottom: 0.5cm;">
<span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span lang="en-US"><b>NeuroShell
DayTrader Professional;TradingExpert Pro;Professional
Traders Advisor2000;Professional Traders Starter
Kit;ProSuite2000i;Advanced GET9.1;</b></span></span></div>
<div align="LEFT" class="cjk" lang="zh-CN" style="margin-bottom: 0.5cm;">
<span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span lang="en-US"><b>GETRT300;MetaStock
Professional8.0;TradeStation8.8;Omnitrader2010;Biocomp</b></span></span></div>
<div align="LEFT" class="cjk" lang="zh-CN" style="margin-bottom: 0.5cm;">
<span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span lang="en-US"><b>Profit
7.0;Ninja Trader6.5;Amibroker5.5;SmartQuant;TradeBlazer;</b></span></span></div>
<div align="LEFT" class="cjk" lang="zh-CN" style="margin-bottom: 0.5cm;">
<span style="color: red;"><b>江恩和波浪时空预测</b></span><span lang="en-US"><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span lang="en-US"><b>:</b></span></span></span><span style="color: red;"><span lang="en-US"><b>Time
Trader3.11;Gannalyst Professional 5.0;GannTrader3;</b></span></span></span></div>
<div align="LEFT" class="cjk" lang="zh-CN" style="margin-bottom: 0.5cm;">
<span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span lang="en-US"><b>Gann
Wheel;CycleTimer;TC2000;Fibonacci Trader4.0;Dynamic
Trader;ELWAVE9.1;</b></span></span></div>
<div align="LEFT" class="cjk" lang="zh-CN" style="margin-bottom: 0.5cm;">
<span style="font-family: 宋体, serif;"><span lang="en-US"><b>EWAIIIpro;Wave59RT
2.41;MAKEMS24;SuperCharts Real Time;Wealth Lab Pro6;</b></span></span></div>
<div class="cjk" lang="zh-CN" style="margin-bottom: 0.5cm;">
<span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span lang="en-US"><b>MarketWarrior4.5.</b></span></span></span></div>
<div class="cjk" lang="zh-CN" style="margin-bottom: 0.5cm;">
<span style="color: blue;">●</span><span lang="en-US"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Arial Black", serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="en-US"><u><b>DATA
MINING & AI PREDICTIVE ALGORITHMIC TRADING CLOUD DEV</b></u></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="cjk" lang="zh-CN" style="margin-bottom: 0.5cm;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/" name="OLE_LINK17"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/" name="OLE_LINK18"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/" name="OLE_LINK10"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/" name="OLE_LINK11"></a>
<span lang="en-US"><span style="color: #004586;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Google</b></span></span></span><span style="color: #004586;"><sup><span style="font-family: Verdana, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>®</b></span></span></sup></span><span style="color: #004586;">
</span><span style="color: #004586;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Plugin
for Eclipse 3.7,GWT 2.3,App Engine,AdSense,Chrome OS;</b></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="cjk" lang="zh-CN" style="margin-bottom: 0.5cm;">
<br />
<br /></div>
<div class="cjk" lang="zh-CN" style="margin-bottom: 0.5cm;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/" name="OLE_LINK9"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/" name="OLE_LINK20"></a>
<span style="color: #004586;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="en-US"><b>VMware<sup>®</sup>
Player,STS scala/java IDE,Cloud Foundry;Cloudbees
Toolkit;</b></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="cjk" lang="zh-CN" style="margin-bottom: 0.5cm;">
<br />
<br /></div>
<div class="cjk" lang="zh-CN" style="margin-bottom: 0.5cm;">
<span style="color: #004586;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="en-US"><b>UML
Lab;Extraction,Lift,AJAX,Structs;Oracle<sup>®</sup> JDK
7,OpenOffice,MySQL;</b></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="cjk" lang="zh-CN" style="margin-bottom: 0.5cm;">
<br />
<br /></div>
<div class="cjk" lang="zh-CN" style="margin-bottom: 0.5cm;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/" name="__DdeLink__71_13531595"></a>
<span style="color: #004586;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="en-US"><b>IBM<sup>®
</sup>SPSS,Eclipse IDE for scala/java,MyEclipse for
Spring;SAS<sup>® </sup>9.2;</b></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="cjk" lang="zh-CN" style="margin-bottom: 0.5cm;">
<br />
<br /></div>
<div class="cjk" lang="zh-CN" style="margin-bottom: 0.5cm;">
<span style="color: #004586;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="en-US"><b>JOONE;JGAP;JDMP;Knime;Weka;Mallet;LibSVM;ScrumWorks+XP+RUP.</b></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="cjk" lang="zh-CN" style="margin-bottom: 0.5cm;">
<span style="color: blue;">●</span><span lang="en-US"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="en-US">MAJOR
PROJECTS HAVING EVER MANAGED:<br />1993-Present CTO of
Stanley Capital e-Business Studio & International
</span></span></span></span><span style="color: blue;"><span lang="en-US"><br /></span></span><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="en-US">1998-1999
Web-based Securities Product Development CTO of Hongkong
Liming Network Inc.</span></span></span></span><span style="color: blue;"><span lang="en-US"><br /></span></span><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="en-US">1996-1998
Systems Analyst & Manager of R & D of J & A
Securities Inc. </span></span></span></span><span style="color: blue;"><span lang="en-US"><br /></span></span><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="en-US">1996-1999
Part-time CTO of MacroTrend Stock Investment Analyst
Software</span></span></span></span><span style="color: blue;"><span lang="en-US"><br /></span></span><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="en-US">1995-1996
R & D Manager in Shenzhen Stock Exchange Greattrend
Website</span></span></span></span><span style="color: blue;"><span lang="en-US"><br /></span></span><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="en-US">1993-1995
Hongkong Genius Securities DSS analyst and manager of R &
D</span></span></span></span><span style="color: blue;"><span lang="en-US"><br /></span></span><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="en-US">1991-1993
international financial DSS analysis of the project
practice of master dissertation on the Pudong-Ningbo
Development</span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="cjk" lang="zh-CN" style="margin-bottom: 0.5cm;">
<span lang="en-US"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">1985-?
Xiangqun Stock Algorithm Cloud Trading
System(XQSACTS),the SDK,IDE,PL ever adopted:
Scala,Grails,Java,UML,Eclipse,STS,SPSS,SAS,JOONE,JGAP,JDMP,Knime,Weka,Mallet</span></span></span><span style="color: blue;">●</span><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">TREATISES
PUBLISHED ON THE OPEN MEDIA <br />As a e-Business project
manager in the domain of investment fund by the
international standard,I have implemented the complete IT
fusion & possess hybrid original resources of
Financial e-Business with web designer,project manager &
domain expert in investment system analyst;as a famous
expert & manager of investment intelligent
e-Business,I have published </span></span></span><span style="color: red;"><b><span style="background: rgb(216, 216, 216);">over
ten thousand</span></b></span><span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">pieces
of articles on the global internet new & traditional
media:newspaper,magazine,periodicals,radio,cable and
wireless TV,telephone hotline,column of global famous
website in the fields of E-Business & investment
forecast in English-Chinese,also provide</span></span></span>
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">web
services with both forecast content product and
investment labour</span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="cjk" lang="zh-CN" style="margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span style="color: blue;">●<span lang="en-US"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="en-US">LANGUAGE
ABILITY<br />1991 Certificate of CET at Band Six by
National Educational Ministry of PRC<br />English
Vocabulary: 50, 000, Especially Expert in Financial
E-Business English <br />Internet-based Communication &
e-Business In English <br />Modern American Verbal English:
Fluent <br />English-Chinese Bi-directional Translation
Speed: 5,000 WPD (Part-time)</span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="cjk" lang="zh-CN" style="margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span lang="en-US"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="en-US">Computer
& internet aided translating software:</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">金山快译</span></span><span lang="en-US"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="en-US">,</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">东方快车</span></span><span lang="en-US"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="en-US">,</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">金山词霸</span></span></div>
<div class="cjk" lang="zh-CN">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">译典通</span></span><span lang="en-US"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="en-US">8.0,</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">译星</span></span><span lang="en-US"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="en-US">,</span></span></span></span></span><a href="http://product.pcpop.com/000071509/Index.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;"><u><span style="font-size: x-small;">狂飙译族</span></u></span></a><span lang="en-US"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="en-US">,</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">东方快车</span></span><span lang="en-US"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="en-US">,IBM</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">翻译家</span></span><span lang="en-US"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="en-US">,Han
Translator;</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">搜狗五拼</span></span><span lang="en-US"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="en-US">;<br />Typing
Speed: About 80 English/Chinese WPM <br />Mother Tongue:
Chinese (Mandarin: Fluent; Cantonese: well)</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/" name="OLE_LINK21"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/" name="OLE_LINK22"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/" name="OLE_LINK23"></a>
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<br />sfebbf@gmail.comhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03493373165705385749noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3520553598370090588.post-81510872362334591602012-04-28T04:06:00.001+08:002012-07-11T04:35:13.519+08:00Candidates algorithmic trading cloud computing data mining and human commercial and industrial smart development director, original completely independent intellectual property rightsCandidates algorithmic trading cloud computing data mining and human commercial and industrial smart development director, original completely independent intellectual property rights<br />Financial forecasting algorithm cloud transaction products and services, labor to bring their own projects, will provide all supporting information to the original interview<br />Unmarried girlfriend travel frequently invited to e-mail, do not only on the website Message Reply<br />● Job<br />Cloud computing, business intelligence, business analysis and project managers: financial data mining predictive modeling and artificial intelligence algorithms trading site development<br />● algorithmic trading data mining people and professional smart site cloud service development<br />DATA MINING & AI PREDICTIVE ALGORITHMIC TRADING CLOUD DEV<br />
SAS ® 9.3; IBM ® SPSS, Eclipse IDE for scala / java, MyEclipse for Spring;<br />Google ® Plugin for Eclipse 3.7, GWT 2.3, App Engine, Apps, Chrome OS;<br />VMware ® Player, STS scala / java IDE, Cloud Foundry; Cloudbees Toolkit;<br />Oracle ® JDK 7, OpenOffice; UML Lab; Extraction, Lift, AJAX, Structs;<br />JOONE; JGAP; JDMP; Knime; Weka; Mallet; LibSVM; ScrumWorks + XP + RUP.<br />● algorithm forecast transaction model design programming and automatic limit placed only surplus platform<br />TradeStation9.1, Personal Stock Streamer9; TD Ameritrade, Iqfeed4.7, STERLING TRADER PRO 6.0, MANAGER, ELITE; EclipseTrader, ESignal; Amibroker5.5; ViewTrader Elite2.3; ProSticks; NeoTicker; Madscan; Aptistock2; Prophet.net; Yahoo ! Finance, MetaTrader 5; RTQuotes, Freerealtime.com, CNN Financial, Quote, PC Quote; FreeStockCharts, GlobaLink Trader Pro.<br />● preferred superimposed on the data sharing software custom indicator formulas to edit the parameters of the test.<br />Business Intelligence - AI, data mining, neural networks, machine learning and genetic algorithms, transaction analysis:<br />NeuroShell DayTrader Professional; TradingExpert Pro; Professional Traders Advisor2000; Professional Traders Starter Kit; ProSuite2000i; Advanced GET9.1;<br />GETRT300; MetaStock Professional8.0; Omnitrader2010; Biocomp Profit 7.0; Ninja Trader6.5; SmartQuant; Matlab R2011,<br />Gann and wave space-time forecast: the Time Trader3.11 the; Gannalyst Professional 5.0; GannTrader3;<br />Gann Wheel; CycleTimer; TC2000; Fibonacci Trader4.0; Dynamic Trader; ELWAVE9.1;<br />EWAIIIpro; Wave59RT 2.41; MAKEMS24; SuperCharts Real Time; Wealth Lab Pro6;<br />MarketWarrior4.5.<br />● has managed the financial data mining to predict algorithmic trading cloud development projects<br />Xiangqun Global Stock Algorithmic Cloud Trading Team Portal<br />Xiangqun global equity algorithms cloud transaction team entrance <a href="http://xqact.com/">http://xqact.com</a><br /><a href="http://www.xqact.com/">http://www.xqact.com</a>; <a href="http://xa.xqact.com/">http://xa.xqact.com</a>; <a href="http://xb.xqact.com/">http://xb.xqact.com</a><br />Xiangqun Global Stock Forecast Algorithm R & D Forum<br />Xiangqun international stock market prediction algorithm research and development forum <a href="http://ac.xqact.com/">http://ac.xqact.com</a><br />
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1998-2012 Xiangqun stocks team and predecessor SW Securities Xiangqun Hong Kong stock market news in the CTA-CTO<br />Dawn of the 1998-1999 Hong Kong-owned Internet Securities, director of product development<br />1996-1998 Junan Securities System Analyst<br />1995-1996 Shenzhen Stock Exchange, the giant wave of the Internet International Securities research manager<br />1993-1995 Hong Kong Genius Securities Information Network Systems Analysis Research Manager<br />1991-1993 Master's thesis research project: the development of large-scale projects Pudong Ningbo international financial investment decision support systems analysis<br />1985-2012 latest open source pure English XQACT of development have been used IDE, SDK, PL, Plugin Framework: The<br />Scala, Java, UML, Eclipse, STS, Struts, Hibernate, SAS, SPSS, JOONE, JGAP, JDMP, Knime, Weka<br />● work experience<br />1998 - now Xiangqun international stock index algorithm cloud large trading group room<br />Jobs: well-known CTA-CTO (R & D & T)<br />Scope of work: North America and in Hong Kong and Taiwan Greater China stock index data mining prediction algorithm trading site cloud service development<br />1996-1998 Junan Securities Co., Ltd.<br />Jobs: Hong Kong's famous Trader specialists, investment consulting manager<br />Scope of work: precision manipulator forecast of China and Hong Kong stock<br />1995-1996 giant tide of the Shenzhen Stock Exchange Securities Computer Information Company<br />Job Title: International Securities research manager<br />Scope of work: research and development of Chinese securities industry website - Shenzhen Stock Exchange, the giant wave of the Internet<br />1994-1995 is now Hong Kong-owned Shenzhen Genius Information Technology Company<br />Jobs: Research Manager<br />Scope of work: Securities Information Network R & D Systems Analysis<br />1993-1994 Guangzhou securities and property rights, joint trading center<br />Jobs: Research Manager<br />Scope of work: analysis of investments in securities<br />1986-1990 Hong Kong Wei Electronics<br />Job Function: Securities, systems analysts and in English translation<br />Scope of work: the United States and Hong Kong equity model and software development<br />● language skills<br />1991 CET examination certificate, English vocabulary: 50000, proficient in financial software and religion, English;<br />English communication and e-commerce on the Internet, the speed of English and Chinese - English translation: five thousand words / day (-time);<br />Modern American English: Fluent in English comfortably, five-stroke plus Pinyin speed: 50 words per minute;<br />Dr.eye 8.0 Transtar Hurricane translated family, Orient Express, the IBM translator, Han Translator; 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<tbody>
<tr><td class="MS_WH_ZoneSpacing" style="width: 1%;"></td><td style="width: 98%;" valign="top"><div class="MS_WH_ZoneContent">
<div id="General_Content">
<h1>
</h1>
<h1>
</h1>
<h1>
<a href="http://www.bls.gov/soc/2010/soc_alph.htm#C">http://www.bls.gov/soc/2010/soc_alph.htm#C</a></h1>
<h1>
<hr />
<span style="background-color: #ffaf00; color: #ce3a2b;"><u>11-3021 Computer and
Information Systems Managers</u></span></h1>
<h4>
<span style="background-color: #ffaf00; color: #c41200;"><u>Plan, direct, or
coordinate activities in such fields as electronic data processing, information
systems, systems analysis, and computer programming</u></span>. Excludes
"Computer Occupations" (15-1111 through 15-1199).</h4>
Illustrative examples: <i><span style="background-color: #ffaf00; color: #c41200;"><u>Chief Technology Officer, Management Information Systems
Director, Information Technology Systems Director </u></span></i><br />
Broad
Occupation: 11-3020 <a href="http://www.bls.gov/soc/2010/soc113020.htm">Computer
and Information Systems Managers </a><br />
Minor Group: 11-3000 <a href="http://www.bls.gov/soc/2010/soc110000.htm#11-3000">Operations Specialties
Managers </a><br />
Major Group: 11-0000 <a href="http://www.bls.gov/soc/2010/soc110000.htm">Management Occupations
</a><br />
<h1>
<hr />
15-1121 Computer Systems Analysts</h1>
<h4>
<span style="background-color: #ffaf00; color: #c41200;"><u>Analyze science,
engineering, business, and other data processing problems to implement and
improve computer systems. Analyze user requirements, procedures, and problems to
automate or improve existing systems and review computer system capabilities,
workflow, and scheduling limitations. May analyze or recommend commercially
available software.</u></span></h4>
Illustrative examples: <i>Systems Architect, Information Systems Analyst,
Applications Analyst, Data Processing Systems Analyst </i><br />
Broad Occupation:
15-1120 <a href="http://www.bls.gov/soc/2010/soc151120.htm">Computer and
Information Analysts </a><br />
Minor Group: 15-1100 <a href="http://www.bls.gov/soc/2010/soc150000.htm#15-1100">Computer Occupations
</a><br />
Major Group: 15-0000 <a href="http://www.bls.gov/soc/2010/soc150000.htm">Computer and Mathematical
Occupations </a>
<br />
<hr />
15-1131 Computer Programmers
<br />
<h4>
<u><span style="background-color: #ffaf00; color: #ce3a2b;">Create, modify, and
test the code, forms, and script that allow computer applications to run. Work
from specifications drawn up by software developers or other individuals. May
assist software developers by analyzing user needs and designing software
solutions. May develop and write computer programs to store, locate, and
retrieve specific documents, data, and information.</span></u></h4>
Illustrative examples: <i>Systems Programmer, Computer Language Coder,
Applications Programmer </i><br />
Broad Occupation: 15-1130 <a href="http://www.bls.gov/soc/2010/soc151130.htm">Software Developers and
Programmers </a><br />
Minor Group: 15-1100 <a href="http://www.bls.gov/soc/2010/soc150000.htm#15-1100">Computer Occupations
</a><br />
Major Group: 15-0000 <a href="http://www.bls.gov/soc/2010/soc150000.htm">Computer and Mathematical
Occupations </a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.bls.gov/soc/major_groups.htm">List
of SOC Major Groups</a> <br />
<a href="http://www.bls.gov/soc/home.htm#materials">SOC User Guide</a> <br />
<br /></div>
</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody>
</table>sfebbf@gmail.comhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03493373165705385749noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3520553598370090588.post-35252421810591188942012-04-23T02:32:00.000+08:002012-04-23T02:32:17.772+08:00加职业分类<h2>
<a href="http://www5.hrsdc.gc.ca/noc/english/noc/2006/QuickSearch.aspx?val65">http://www5.hrsdc.gc.ca/noc/english/noc/2006/QuickSearch.aspx?val65</a>=*</h2>
<br />
<h2>
<hr />
</h2>
<br />
<h2>
<a href="" name="cont"><span style="background-color: #ffaf00; color: #c41200;"><u>0213 Computer and Information Systems Managers</u></span></a>
</h2>
<br />
<span style="color: blue;"><u><strong>Computer and information systems managers
plan, organize, direct, control and evaluate the activities of organizations
that analyze, design, develop, implement, operate and administer computer and
telecommunications software, networks and information
systems.</strong></u></span> They are employed throughout the public and private
sectors.<br /><br />
<br />
<h3>
Example Titles</h3>
<br />
EDP (electronic data processing) manager<br />computer systems manager<br /><span style="background-color: #ffaf00; color: #c41200;"><strong><u>data centre
manager</u></strong></span><span style="color: #0000c6;"><u>data processing
director</u></span><span style="color: #0000c6;"><u>information systems
manager</u></span><span style="color: #0000c6;"><u><strong>manager, data processing
and systems analysis</strong></u></span><u><span style="background-color: #ffaf00; color: #c41200;"><strong>manager, management
information system (MIS)</strong></span></u>manager, software
engineering<br />software development manager<br />systems development
manager<br /><br /><a href="http://www5.hrsdc.gc.ca/noc/english/noc/2006/ViewAllTitlesQuickSearch.aspx?val=0&val1=0213&val65=*">View
all titles</a><br /><br />
<br />
<h3>
Main duties</h3>
<br />
Computer and information systems managers perform some or all of the
following duties: <br />
<br />
<ul>
<li><u><span style="color: #0000e3;">Plan, organize, direct, control and evaluate the
operations of information systems and electronic data processing (EDP)
departments and companies</span></u>
</li>
<li>Develop and implement policies and procedures for electronic data processing
and computer systems operations and development
</li>
<li>Meet with clients to discuss system requirements, specifications, costs and
timelines
</li>
<li>Assemble and manage teams of information systems personnel to design,
develop, implement, operate and administer computer and telecommunications
software, networks and information systems
</li>
<li>Control the budget and expenditures of the department, company or project
</li>
<li><u><span style="color: #0000aa;">Recruit</span></u> and supervise computer analysts,
engineers, programmers, technicians and other personnel and oversee their
professional development and training.</li>
</ul>
<br />
<h3>
Employment requirements</h3>
<br />
<ul>
<li>A bachelor's or <span style="background-color: #ffaf00; color: #ce3a2b;"><u><strong>master's degree in computer science, business
administration, commerce or engineering is usually
required.</strong></u></span></li>
</ul>
<br />
<ul>
<li><strong><u><span style="color: blue;">Several years of experience in systems
analysis, data administration, software engineering, network design or computer
programming, including supervisory experience, are
required</span></u></strong>.</li>
</ul>
<br />
<h3>
Classified elsewhere</h3>
<br />
<ul>
<li>Computer and information systems supervisors (in <a href="http://www5.hrsdc.gc.ca/noc/english/noc/2006/Occupations.aspx?val=2">217</a>
<i>Computer and Information Systems Professionals</i> )
</li>
<li><i>Computer Engineers (Except Software Engineers and Designers)</i> (<a href="http://www5.hrsdc.gc.ca/noc/english/noc/2006/ProfileQuickSearch.aspx?val=2&val1=2147&val65=*">2147</a>)
</li>
<li><i>Computer Programmers and Interactive Media Developers</i> (<a href="http://www5.hrsdc.gc.ca/noc/english/noc/2006/ProfileQuickSearch.aspx?val=2&val1=2174&val65=*">2174</a>)
</li>
<li>Computer services company presidents (in <a href="http://www5.hrsdc.gc.ca/noc/english/noc/2006/ProfileQuickSearch.aspx?val=0&val1=0013&val65=*">0013</a>
<i>Senior Managers - Financial, Communications and Other Business Services</i> )
</li>
<li><strong><u><span style="color: blue;"><i>Database Analysts and Data
Administrators</i> (</span></u></strong><a href="http://www5.hrsdc.gc.ca/noc/english/noc/2006/ProfileQuickSearch.aspx?val=2&val1=2172&val65=*"><strong><span style="color: blue;">2172</span></strong></a><strong><u><span style="color: blue;">)</span></u></strong>
</li>
<li><i>Information Systems Analysts and Consultants</i> (<a href="http://www5.hrsdc.gc.ca/noc/english/noc/2006/ProfileQuickSearch.aspx?val=2&val1=2171&val65=*">2171</a>)
</li>
<li>LAN managers (in <a href="http://www5.hrsdc.gc.ca/noc/english/noc/2006/ProfileQuickSearch.aspx?val=2&val1=2281&val65=*">2281</a>
<i>Computer Network Technicians</i> )
</li>
<li><i>Software Engineers and Designers</i> (<a href="http://www5.hrsdc.gc.ca/noc/english/noc/2006/ProfileQuickSearch.aspx?val=2&val1=2173&val65=*">2173</a>)
</li>
</ul>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<h2>
<hr />
</h2>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<h2>
<a href="" name="cont"><u><span style="background-color: #ffaf00; color: #c41200;">2172 Database Analysts and Data Administrators</span></u></a><span style="background-color: #ffaf00; color: #c41200;"> </span></h2>
<br />
<span style="color: blue;"><u>Database analysts design, develop and administer data
management solutions using database management software</u></span>. <span style="color: blue;"><u>Data administrators develop and implement data administration
policy, standards and models</u></span>. They are employed in information
technology consulting firms and in information technology units throughout the
private and public sectors.<br /><br />
<br />
<h3>
Example Titles</h3>
<br />
data administrator<br />data custodian<br />data dictionary
administrator<br /><span style="background-color: #ffaf00; color: #c41200;"><u><strong>data warehouse analyst</strong></u></span><span style="background-color: #ffaf00; color: #ce3a2b; font-size: large;"><u>database administrator
(DBA)</u></span>database analyst<br />database architect<br />technical
architect – database<br /><br /><a href="http://www5.hrsdc.gc.ca/noc/english/noc/2006/ViewAllTitlesQuickSearch.aspx?val=2&val1=2172&val65=*">View
all titles</a><br /><br />
<br />
<h3>
Main duties</h3>
<br />
<u><span style="background-color: #ffaf00; color: #ce3a2b; font-size: x-large;"><strong>Database analysts perform some or all of the following duties:
</strong></span></u><br />
<br />
<ul>
<li><span style="background-color: #ffaf00; color: #c41200;"><strong><u>Collect and
document user's requirements</u></strong></span>
</li>
<li>Design and develop database architecture for information systems projects
</li>
<li><span style="color: blue;"><u><strong>Design, construct, modify, integrate,
implement and test data models and database management
systems</strong></u></span>
</li>
<li>Conduct research and provide advice to other informatics professionals
regarding the selection, application and implementation of database management
tools
</li>
<li><span style="background-color: #ffaf00; color: #ce3a2b; font-size: medium;"><strong><u>Operate database management systems to analyze data and
perform data mining analysis.</u></strong></span>
</li>
<li>May lead, co-ordinate or supervise other workers in this group.</li>
</ul>
<br />
Data administrators perform some or all of the following duties: <br />
<br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: blue;"><u><strong>Develop and implement data administration
policy, standards and models</strong></u></span>
</li>
<li><strong><span style="color: blue;"><u>Research and document data requirements, data
collection and administration policy, data access rules and
security</u></span></strong>
</li>
<li><strong><u><span style="color: blue;">Develop policies and procedures for network
and/or internet database access and usage and for the backup and recovery of
data</span></u></strong>
</li>
<li>Conduct research and provide advice to other information systems
professionals regarding the collection, availability, security and suitability
of data
</li>
<li>Write scripts related to stored procedures and triggers
</li>
<li>May lead and co-ordinate teams of data administrators in the development and
implementation of data policies, standards and models.</li>
</ul>
<br />
<h3>
Employment requirements</h3>
<br />
<ul>
<li>A bachelor's degree, usually in computer science or in mathematics
<br /><i>or</i><br />Completion of a college program in computer science is usually
required.</li>
</ul>
<br />
<ul>
<li>Computer programming experience is usually required.</li>
</ul>
<br />
<h3>
Classified elsewhere</h3>
<br />
<ul>
<li><i>Computer and Information Systems Managers</i> (<a href="http://www5.hrsdc.gc.ca/noc/english/noc/2006/ProfileQuickSearch.aspx?val=0&val1=0213&val65=*">0213</a>)
</li>
<li><i>Computer Engineers (Except Software Engineers and Designers)</i> (<a href="http://www5.hrsdc.gc.ca/noc/english/noc/2006/ProfileQuickSearch.aspx?val=2&val1=2147&val65=*">2147</a>)
</li>
<li><i>Computer Programmers and Interactive Media Developers</i> (<a href="http://www5.hrsdc.gc.ca/noc/english/noc/2006/ProfileQuickSearch.aspx?val=2&val1=2174&val65=*">2174</a>)
</li>
<li><i>Information Systems Analysts and Consultants</i> (<a href="http://www5.hrsdc.gc.ca/noc/english/noc/2006/ProfileQuickSearch.aspx?val=2&val1=2171&val65=*">2171</a>)
</li>
<li><i>Software Engineers and Designers</i> (<a href="http://www5.hrsdc.gc.ca/noc/english/noc/2006/ProfileQuickSearch.aspx?val=2&val1=2173&val65=*">2173</a>)
</li>
<li><i>Web Designers and Developers</i> (<a href="http://www5.hrsdc.gc.ca/noc/english/noc/2006/ProfileQuickSearch.aspx?val=2&val1=2175&val65=*">2175</a>)
</li>
</ul>
<br />
<div class="alignCenter">
<a href="http://www5.hrsdc.gc.ca/noc/english/noc/2006/Occupations.aspx?val=2">Classification
Structure - 2</a> </div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<hr />
<br />
<br />
<h2>
</h2>
<h2>
<a href="" name="cont">2173 Software Engineers and Designers</a> </h2>
Software
engineers and designers research, design, evaluate, integrate and maintain
software applications, technical environments, operating systems, embedded
software,<span style="background-color: #ffaf00; color: #c41200;"><u> information
warehouses</u></span> and telecommunications software. They are employed in
information technology consulting firms, information technology research and
development firms, and information technology units throughout the private and
public sectors, or <span style="background-color: #ffaf00; color: #c41200;">they
may be self-employed.<br /></span>
<br />
<h3>
Example Titles</h3>
application architect<br />computer software
engineer<br />embedded software engineer<br />software architect<br />software design
engineer<br />software design verification engineer<br />software
designer<br />software engineer<br />software testing engineer<br />systems
integration engineer – software<br />technical architect –
software<br />telecommunications software engineer<br /><br /><a href="http://www5.hrsdc.gc.ca/noc/english/noc/2006/ViewAllTitlesQuickSearch.aspx?val=2&val1=2173&val65=*">View
all titles</a><br /><br />
<br />
<h3>
Main duties</h3>
Software engineers and designers perform some or all of the
following duties:
<br />
<ul>
<li>Collect and document user's requirements and <span style="background-color: #ffaf00; color: #c41200;"><u>develop logical and physical
specifications</u></span>
</li>
<li>Research, evaluate and synthesize technical information to design, develop
and test computer-based systems
</li>
<li>Develop data, process and network models to optimize architecture and to
evaluate the performance and reliability of designs
</li>
<li>Plan, design and co-ordinate the development, installation, integration and
operation of computer-based systems
</li>
<li>Assess, test, troubleshoot, document, upgrade and develop maintenance
procedures for operating systems, communications environments and applications
software
</li>
<li>May lead and co-ordinate teams of information systems professionals in the
development of software and integrated information systems, process control
software and other embedded software control systems.</li>
</ul>
<br />
<h3>
Employment requirements</h3>
<br />
<ul>
<li>A bachelor's degree, usually in computer science, computer systems
engineering, software engineering or mathematics <br /><i>or</i><br />Completion of
a college program in computer science is usually required.</li>
</ul>
<br />
<ul>
<li><span style="background-color: #ffaf00; color: #c41200;"><u>A master's or
doctoral degree in a related discipline may be required.</u></span></li>
</ul>
<br />
<ul>
<li>Licensing by a provincial or territorial association of professional
engineers is required to approve engineering drawings and reports and to
practise as a Professional Engineer (P.Eng.).</li>
</ul>
<br />
<ul>
<li>Engineers are eligible for registration following graduation from an
accredited educational program, three or four years of supervised work
experience in engineering and passing a professional practice
examination.</li>
</ul>
<br />
<ul>
<li>Experience as a computer programmer is usually required.</li>
</ul>
<br />
<h3>
Classified elsewhere</h3>
<br />
<ul>
<li><i>Computer and Information Systems Managers</i> (<a href="http://www5.hrsdc.gc.ca/noc/english/noc/2006/ProfileQuickSearch.aspx?val=0&val1=0213&val65=*">0213</a>)
</li>
<li><i>Computer Engineers (Except Software Engineers and Designers)</i> (<a href="http://www5.hrsdc.gc.ca/noc/english/noc/2006/ProfileQuickSearch.aspx?val=2&val1=2147&val65=*">2147</a>)
</li>
<li><i>Computer Programmers and Interactive Media Developers</i> (<a href="http://www5.hrsdc.gc.ca/noc/english/noc/2006/ProfileQuickSearch.aspx?val=2&val1=2174&val65=*">2174</a>)
</li>
<li><i>Database Analysts and Data Administrators</i> (<a href="http://www5.hrsdc.gc.ca/noc/english/noc/2006/ProfileQuickSearch.aspx?val=2&val1=2172&val65=*">2172</a>)
</li>
<li><i>Electrical and Electronics Engineers</i> (<a href="http://www5.hrsdc.gc.ca/noc/english/noc/2006/ProfileQuickSearch.aspx?val=2&val1=2133&val65=*">2133</a>)
</li>
<li><i>Information Systems Analysts and Consultants</i> (<a href="http://www5.hrsdc.gc.ca/noc/english/noc/2006/ProfileQuickSearch.aspx?val=2&val1=2171&val65=*">2171</a>)
</li>
<li><i>Systems Testing Technicians</i> (<a href="http://www5.hrsdc.gc.ca/noc/english/noc/2006/ProfileQuickSearch.aspx?val=2&val1=2283&val65=*">2283</a>)
</li>
<li><i>Web Designers and Developers</i> (<a href="http://www5.hrsdc.gc.ca/noc/english/noc/2006/ProfileQuickSearch.aspx?val=2&val1=2175&val65=*">2175</a>)
<hr />
<hr />
<a href="" name="cont"><span style="background-color: #ffaf00; color: #ce3a2b;"><u>2171 Information Systems Analysts and
Consultants</u></span></a> </li>
</ul>
<br />
<ul>
<li>Information systems analysts and consultants conduct research, develop and
implement information systems development plans, policies and procedures, and
provide advice on a wide range of information systems issues. They are employed
in information technology consulting firms and in information technology units
throughout the private and public sectors, or <span style="background-color: #ffaf00; color: #ce3a2b;"><strong><u>they may be
self-employed.<br /></u></strong></span>
<h3>
Example Titles</h3>
IT (information technology) consultant<br />computer
consultant<br />computer systems analyst<br />informatics consultant<br />informatics
security analyst<br /><strong><u><span style="background-color: #ffaf00; color: #ce3a2b;">information systems business
analyst</span></u></strong>information systems quality assurance
analyst<br /><strong><u><span style="background-color: #ffaf00; color: #ce3a2b;">management information systems (MIS)
analyst</span></u></strong>systems auditor<br />systems consultant<br />systems
security analyst<br /><br /><a href="http://www5.hrsdc.gc.ca/noc/english/noc/2006/ViewAllTitlesQuickSearch.aspx?val=2&val1=2171&val65=*">View
all titles</a><br /><br />
<h3>
Main duties</h3>
The following is a summary of the main duties for some
occupations in this unit group:
<ul>
<li>Information systems business analysts and consultants confer with clients to
identify and document requirements, conduct business and technical studies,
design, develop, integrate and implement information systems business solutions,
and provide advice on information systems strategy, policy, management, security
and service delivery.
</li>
<li>Systems security analysts confer with clients to identify and document
requirements, assess physical and technical security risks to data, software and
hardware, and develop policies, procedures and contingency plans to minimize the
effects of security breaches.
</li>
<li>Information systems quality assurance analysts develop and implement
policies and procedures throughout the software development life cycle to
maximize the efficiency, effectiveness and overall quality of software products
and information systems.
</li>
<li>Systems auditors conduct independent third-party reviews to assess quality
assurance practices, software products and information systems.</li>
</ul>
<h3>
Employment requirements</h3>
<ul>
<li>A bachelor's degree in computer science, computer systems engineering,
software engineering, business administration or a related discipline
<br /><i>or</i><br />Completion of a college program in computer science is usually
required.</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>Experience as a computer programmer is usually required.</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>Certification or training provided by software vendors may be required by
some employers.</li>
</ul>
<h3>
Classified elsewhere</h3>
<ul>
<li><i>Computer and Information Systems Managers</i> (<a href="http://www5.hrsdc.gc.ca/noc/english/noc/2006/ProfileQuickSearch.aspx?val=0&val1=0213&val65=*">0213</a>)
</li>
<li><i>Computer Engineers (Except Software Engineers and Designers)</i> (<a href="http://www5.hrsdc.gc.ca/noc/english/noc/2006/ProfileQuickSearch.aspx?val=2&val1=2147&val65=*">2147</a>)
</li>
<li><i>Computer Programmers and Interactive Media Developers</i> (<a href="http://www5.hrsdc.gc.ca/noc/english/noc/2006/ProfileQuickSearch.aspx?val=2&val1=2174&val65=*">2174</a>)
</li>
<li><i>Database Analysts and Data Administrators</i> (<a href="http://www5.hrsdc.gc.ca/noc/english/noc/2006/ProfileQuickSearch.aspx?val=2&val1=2172&val65=*">2172</a>)
</li>
<li><i>Financial Auditors and Accountants</i> (<a href="http://www5.hrsdc.gc.ca/noc/english/noc/2006/ProfileQuickSearch.aspx?val=1&val1=1111&val65=*">1111</a>)
</li>
<li><i>Professional Occupations in Business Services to Management</i> (<a href="http://www5.hrsdc.gc.ca/noc/english/noc/2006/ProfileQuickSearch.aspx?val=1&val1=1122&val65=*">1122</a>)
</li>
<li><i>Software Engineers and Designers</i> (<a href="http://www5.hrsdc.gc.ca/noc/english/noc/2006/ProfileQuickSearch.aspx?val=2&val1=2173&val65=*">2173</a>)
</li>
<li><i>Web Designers and Developers</i> (<a href="http://www5.hrsdc.gc.ca/noc/english/noc/2006/ProfileQuickSearch.aspx?val=2&val1=2175&val65=*">2175</a>)
<hr />
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<br />
<h2>
<a href="" name="cont">2175 Web Designers and Developers</a> </h2>
<br />
Web designers and developers research, design, develop and produce Internet
and Intranet sites. They are employed in computer software development firms,
information technology consulting firms, information technology units throughout
the private and public sectors, or <span style="background-color: #ffaf00; color: #c41200;"><strong><u>they may be
self-employed</u></strong></span>.<br /><br />
<br />
<h3>
Example Titles</h3>
<br />
Internet site designer<br /><span style="color: blue;"><u><strong>Internet site
developer</strong></u></span>Intranet site designer<br />Web designer<br />Web
developer<br />Web manager<br /><u><strong><span style="color: blue;">Web site
developer</span>Webmaster</strong></u><span style="color: blue;"><u><strong>e-business Web site
developer</strong></u></span>e-commerce Web site developer<br /><br /><a href="http://www5.hrsdc.gc.ca/noc/english/noc/2006/ViewAllTitlesQuickSearch.aspx?val=2&val1=2175&val65=*">View
all titles</a><br /><br />
<br />
<h3>
Main duties</h3>
<br />
Web designers and developers perform some or all of the following duties:
<br />
<br />
<ul>
<li>Consult with clients to develop and document Web site requirements
</li>
<li>Prepare mock-ups and storyboards
</li>
<li>Develop Web site architecture and determine hardware and software
requirements
</li>
<li>Source, select and organize information for inclusion and design the
appearance, layout and flow of the Web site
</li>
<li>Create and optimize content for the Web site using a variety of graphics,
database, animation and other software
</li>
<li>Plan, design, write, modify, integrate and test Web-site related code
</li>
<li>Conduct tests and perform security and quality controls
</li>
<li>May lead and co-ordinate multidisciplinary teams to develop Web site
graphics, content, capacity and interactivity
</li>
<li>May research and evaluate a variety of interactive media software
products</li>
</ul>
<br />
<h3>
Employment requirements</h3>
<br />
<ul>
<li>A bachelor's degree, usually in computer science, communications or business
<br /><i>or</i><br />Completion of a college program in computer science, graphic
arts, Web design or business is required.</li>
</ul>
<br />
<ul>
<li>Experience as a computer programmer or graphic designer is usually
required.</li>
</ul>
<br />
<h3>
Classified elsewhere</h3>
<br />
<ul>
<li><i>Computer Network Technicians</i> (<a href="http://www5.hrsdc.gc.ca/noc/english/noc/2006/ProfileQuickSearch.aspx?val=2&val1=2281&val65=*">2281</a>)
</li>
<li><i>Computer Programmers and Interactive Media Developers</i> (<a href="http://www5.hrsdc.gc.ca/noc/english/noc/2006/ProfileQuickSearch.aspx?val=2&val1=2174&val65=*">2174</a>)
</li>
<li>E-business managers (in <a href="http://www5.hrsdc.gc.ca/noc/english/noc/2006/ProfileQuickSearch.aspx?val=0&val1=0611&val65=*">0611</a>
<i>Sales, Marketing and Advertising Managers</i> )
</li>
<li><i>Graphic Designers and Illustrators</i> (<a href="http://www5.hrsdc.gc.ca/noc/english/noc/2006/ProfileQuickSearch.aspx?val=5&val1=5241&val65=*">5241</a>)
</li>
<li><i>Information Systems Analysts and Consultants</i> (<a href="http://www5.hrsdc.gc.ca/noc/english/noc/2006/ProfileQuickSearch.aspx?val=2&val1=2171&val65=*">2171</a>)
</li>
<li>Network systems engineers (in <a href="http://www5.hrsdc.gc.ca/noc/english/noc/2006/ProfileQuickSearch.aspx?val=2&val1=2147&val65=*">2147</a>
<i>Computer Engineers (Except Software Engineers and Designers)</i> )
</li>
<li><i>Systems Testing Technicians</i> (<a href="http://www5.hrsdc.gc.ca/noc/english/noc/2006/ProfileQuickSearch.aspx?val=2&val1=2283&val65=*">2283</a>)
<hr />
</li>
</ul>
<br />
<h2>
<hr />
</h2>
<br />
<h2>
<a href="" name="cont">2174 Computer Programmers and Interactive Media Developers</a>
</h2>
<br />
Computer programmers write, modify, integrate and test computer code for
microcomputer and mainframe software applications, data processing applications,
operating systems-level software and communications software. Interactive media
developers write, modify, integrate and test computer code for Internet
applications, computer-based training software, computer games, film, video and
other interactive media. They are employed in computer software development
firms, information technology consulting firms, and in information technology
units throughout the private and public sectors.<br /><br />
<br />
<h3>
Example Titles</h3>
<br />
Web programmer<br />application programmer<br />business application
programmer<br />computer game developer<br />computer programmer<br />e-business
(electronic business) software developer<br />interactive media
developer<br />multimedia developer<br />operating systems programmer<br />programmer
analyst<br />scientific programmer<br />software developer<br />software
programmer<br />systems programmer<br /><br /><a href="http://www5.hrsdc.gc.ca/noc/english/noc/2006/ViewAllTitlesQuickSearch.aspx?val=2&val1=2174&val65=*">View
all titles</a><br /><br />
<br />
<h3>
Main duties</h3>
<br />
Computer programmers perform some or all of the following duties: <br />
<br />
<ul>
<li>Write, modify, integrate and test software code
</li>
<li>Maintain existing computer programs by making modifications as required
</li>
<li>Identify and communicate technical problems, processes and solutions
</li>
<li>Prepare reports, manuals and other documentation on the status, operation
and maintenance of software
</li>
<li>Assist in the collection and documentation of user's requirements
</li>
<li>Assist in the development of logical and physical specifications
</li>
<li>May lead and co-ordinate teams of computer programmers
</li>
<li>May research and evaluate a variety of software products.</li>
</ul>
<br />
Interactive media developers perform some or all of the following duties:
<br />
<br />
<ul>
<li>Program animation software to predefined specifications for interactive CDs,
DVDs, video game cartridges and internet-based applications
</li>
<li>Program special effects software for film and video applications
</li>
<li>Write, modify, integrate and test software code for e-commerce and other
Internet applications
</li>
<li>Assist in the collection and documentation of user's requirements
</li>
<li>Assist in the development of logical and physical specifications
</li>
<li>May lead and co-ordinate teams of interactive media developers
</li>
<li>May research and evaluate a variety of interactive media software
products.</li>
</ul>
<br />
<h3>
Employment requirements</h3>
<br />
<ul>
<li>A bachelor's degree in computer science or in another discipline with a
significant programming component <br /><i>or</i><br />Completion of a college
program in computer science is usually required.</li>
</ul>
<br />
<ul>
<li>Specialization in programming for engineering and scientific applications
requires specific post-secondary study or experience.</li>
</ul>
<br />
<h3>
Additional information</h3>
<br />
<ul>
<li>Progression to information systems analyst, software engineer or Web
designer is possible with experience.</li>
</ul>
<br />
<h3>
Classified elsewhere</h3>
<br />
<ul>
<li><i>Computer Network Technicians</i> (<a href="http://www5.hrsdc.gc.ca/noc/english/noc/2006/ProfileQuickSearch.aspx?val=2&val1=2281&val65=*">2281</a>)
</li>
<li><i>Database Analysts and Data Administrators</i> (<a href="http://www5.hrsdc.gc.ca/noc/english/noc/2006/ProfileQuickSearch.aspx?val=2&val1=2172&val65=*">2172</a>)
</li>
<li>E-business managers (in <a href="http://www5.hrsdc.gc.ca/noc/english/noc/2006/ProfileQuickSearch.aspx?val=0&val1=0611&val65=*">0611</a>
<i>Sales, Marketing and Advertising Managers</i> )
</li>
<li><i>Graphic Designers and Illustrators</i> (<a href="http://www5.hrsdc.gc.ca/noc/english/noc/2006/ProfileQuickSearch.aspx?val=5&val1=5241&val65=*">5241</a>)
</li>
<li><i>Information Systems Analysts and Consultants</i> (<a href="http://www5.hrsdc.gc.ca/noc/english/noc/2006/ProfileQuickSearch.aspx?val=2&val1=2171&val65=*">2171</a>)
</li>
<li><i>Software Engineers and Designers</i> (<a href="http://www5.hrsdc.gc.ca/noc/english/noc/2006/ProfileQuickSearch.aspx?val=2&val1=2173&val65=*">2173</a>)
</li>
<li><i>Systems Testing Technicians</i> (<a href="http://www5.hrsdc.gc.ca/noc/english/noc/2006/ProfileQuickSearch.aspx?val=2&val1=2283&val65=*">2283</a>)
</li>
<li><i>Web Designers and Developers</i> (<a href="http://www5.hrsdc.gc.ca/noc/english/noc/2006/ProfileQuickSearch.aspx?val=2&val1=2175&val65=*">2175</a>)
</li>
</ul>sfebbf@gmail.comhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03493373165705385749noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3520553598370090588.post-38934414508084660032012-04-23T02:30:00.001+08:002012-04-23T02:30:52.080+08:002010计算机就业前景分析及其展望<h1 align="left">
2010计算机就业前景分析及其展望</h1>
<br />
<div align="left" id="information">
www.177liuxue.cn 来源:本站原创 发布时间:2010-10-04
18:52:54</div>
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新年伊始,先祝大家新年快乐,身体健康,心想事成。阳历新年已过,
阴历新年将至,在这迎虎送牛之际,我们一起来展望一下2010年的IT就业市场的前景及趋势。牛年,股市和IT市场没能牛起来,那么虎年,IT市场能否虎虎生风吗?在2009年……</div>
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新年伊始,先祝大家新年快乐,身体健康,心想事成。阳历新年已过,
阴历新年将至,在这迎虎送牛之际,我们一起来展望一下2010年的it就业市场的前景及趋势。牛年,股市和it市场没能牛起来,那么虎年,it市场能否虎虎生风吗?在2009年的经济危机的阴影下,金融和制造业受到严重的打击,it业也因此严重下滑。那么
2010年的it就业市场究竟会有什么样的趋势呢?哪些it技能可以成为<a href="http://www.177liuxue.cn/info/144032.html">就业</a>市场的宠儿?哪些it证书又可以成为找工的金钥匙?
我想那些正在找工和准备换工的同胞们一定很想知道这些问题的答案。我希望这篇文章能给大家提供一些有价值的参考。<br /><br />我们先看一下就业市场。尽管美国it就业市场还在紧缩,加拿大的it市场却已有所回暖。从几大加拿大job
search网站的job posting数量上来看,我们可以清楚地发现,在2010年新年以后,it相关的job
posting占所有行业之首,约占25%,由此可见一斑。从总体趋势看,2010年的it从业人员的需求是肯定在增长,增长幅度将缓慢放大,如果加国经济还可以保持现有的稳定,it就业市场将在十月左右会有明显大幅增长。所以,我们对<a href="http://www.177liuxue.cn/jianada/" style="color: black; cursor: text; text-decoration: none;">加拿大</a>的2010年it就业市场的态度还是比较乐观的。现在我们来看一下在it就业市场中哪些类型的工作比较热门。从<a href="http://www.177liuxue.cn/meiguo/" style="color: black; cursor: text; text-decoration: none;">美国</a>和加拿大的一些市场调研机构的内参报告来看主要的市场需求比较集中在以下几个领域:<strong><span style="background-color: #ffaf00; color: #c41200;">项目管理(project management -
pm),</span><span style="background-color: #ffaf00; color: #c41200;">商业分析(business
analysis - ba)</span></strong>,<span style="background-color: #ffaf00; color: #ce3a2b;"><strong>企业架构(enterprise architecture - ea),商业智能(business
intelligent - bi),</strong></span>企业安全(enterprise security
),企业风险管理及审计(enterprise risk management and audit)还有就是<span style="background-color: #ffaf00; color: #c41200;"><strong>企业资源策划(enterprise
resources planning - erp</strong></span>),当然最后就是<span style="background-color: #ffaf00; color: #c41200;"><strong>软件/网站开发(software and web
programming and
developing</strong></span>)。具体的因素有以下几点:1.大中型企业由于市场疲软,投资回报及商业市场销售下降,因此项目开发的数量明显减少,项目成本及预算减少,但相对应项目质量的要求增加。在此种压力下,各个公司都需要有经验的项目经理及助理来管理项目,这就造就了市场的大量需求;2.
在现今激烈的市场商品经济的环境下,公司兼并,合作及外包是一个必然趋势。因此要求更多的项目管理,商业分析,企业架构,企业风险及安全的高端人才。例如,all
stream 把非telecom的it顾问商业及雇员卖给price waterhouse coopers (pwc),而pwc已决定将加强其<span style="color: blue;"><strong>项目管理和商业分析</strong></span>的能力并增加雇员;3.各个企业在市场旺盛时期,所有的注意力都集中在抢占市场,忽略基础建设。但在市场疲软时,才发现坚实,现代化,有灵活性及易管理的基础平台和商业流程才是留住老客户和吸引新客户的关键,因此在现阶段,众多公司开始重建基础平台(it
infrastructure platform)和<span style="background-color: #ffaf00; color: blue;"><strong>商业流程(business
processes)</strong></span>为以后市场恢复时能有更强的竞争力做准备。因此<strong><span style="background-color: #ffaf00; color: #ce3a2b;">商业分析,商业智能</span><span style="background-color: #ffaf00; color: #c41200;">,企业资源策划</span></strong>就成为重建的重点。在以上项目立项初期,商业分析及企业架构,企业风险和安全管理将是主要的工作。所以综合所述,以上各领域的技术人才将是2010年的主要争抢对象。至于开发及质量控制(quality
control/quality assurance –
qc/qa)而言,在2010年一直会有机会,但数量有限。但我们可预测,如果上述各领域的项目能够被批准,并分析和设计成功的话,在项目的中后期,将会需要大量的开发及质量控制人员。也就是说,在2010年第4季度和2011年,开发及质量控制的工作将大量涌现。</div>
<br />
<div align="left">
<br />分析完就业市场的趋势,我们再来看一下具体的技术和技能需求情况。<br />就开发技术而言,<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: #ffaf00; color: #c41200;"><strong>java/j2ee, .net,
c#,</strong></span><span style="color: blue;">php</span></span>,ruby or ruby on rail
and python 占主要需求。系统集成和middletier而言,<strong><span style="color: red; font-size: large;">websphere</span></strong>,biztalk,</div>
<br />
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sharepoint还是主流。系统管理如<span style="color: blue; font-size: large;">unix,redhat linux
</span>和windows server一直都是长青技术。<span style="background-color: #ffaf00; color: #ce3a2b; font-size: large;"><strong>数据库和数据仓库管理当中,oracle,</strong></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #ffaf00; color: #ce3a2b; font-size: large;"><strong>microsoft </strong></span><span style="background-color: #ffaf00; color: #ce3a2b; font-size: large;"><strong>sql server及informatica占据主要市场。商业智能及数据分析方面,
sas还是领头</strong></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><strong><span style="background-color: #ffaf00; color: #ce3a2b;">羊,但对</span><span style="background-color: #ffaf00; color: #ce3a2b;">data analysis方面技术要求越来越高。</span><span style="color: blue;">网络技术</span></strong></span>当数voip, 数据存储(storage), <span style="background-color: #ffaf00; color: #c41200;"><strong>虚拟化(virtualization)</strong></span> ,<span style="color: blue; font-size: large;"><strong>cloud,</strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue; font-size: large;"><strong> saas </strong></span>和网络管理(
network administration)最为热门。</div>
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<br />下面我们再来探讨一下如何能够在就业市场中能捷足先登呢?当然技术及技能证书是必不可少的。哪些证书的价值最高?哪些证书最被雇主认可?it市场专业分析公司
foote partners公布的2010年十大it热</div>
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门证书为(以美国市场为标准):<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: blue;"><strong>red hat
certified engineer</strong></span>,<span style="color: blue;"> red hat certified
technician</span></span>,cisco ip contact center express specialist,cisco
certified design expert ,</div>
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check point certified security administrator,giac certified
incident handler,giac security audit essentials,systems security certified
practitioner,<span style="background-color: #ffaf00; color: #c41200; font-size: large;"><strong>sas certified advanced</strong></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #ffaf00; color: #c41200; font-size: large;"><strong> programmer</strong></span>和<span style="background-color: #ffaf00; color: #c41200; font-size: large;"><strong>sun certified
programmer for java</strong></span>。pmp和
itil是管理职位的热门证书。就加拿大而言,市场需求略有不同。加拿大雇主比较注重</div>
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开发技术证书和管理相关的证书,因此如<strong><span style="background-color: #ffaf00; color: #c41200; font-size: large;">java,j2ee</span></strong>,.net,oracle,<strong><span style="font-size: large;">websphere</span></strong>,ccnp,ccna,<span style="color: blue;"><strong>sap</strong></span>,pmp,cia,cisa,ba,itil等证书是比较被认可和受欢迎的。<span class="copyrighttext">本文由一起</span></div>
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<span class="copyrighttext">去<a href="http://www.177liuxue.cn/" style="color: black; cursor: text; text-decoration: none;">留学</a>编辑整理,转载自<a class="copyrighttext" href="http://www.177liuxue.cn/">一起去</a><a href="http://www.177liuxue.cn/meiguo/" style="color: black; cursor: text; text-decoration: none;">留学</a></span><span class="copyrighttext"><a href="http://www.177liuxue.cn/">http://www.177liuxue.cn</a>转载请保留出处。</span></div>
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<br />现在我们再来分析一下华人在it就业市场中的地位和适合的领域。华人在加主要以技术工作为主,主要是我们华人存在就业的两大致命弱点。<span style="background-color: #ffaf00; color: #c41200;"><strong>英语交流能力差和北美技术工作经验缺乏</strong></span>。对于来加5年以</div>
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上,英语交流能力不错的华人而言,现在可以开始考虑进军技术高端及管理职位。而刚落地和来加不久的华人就要慎重考虑学习和就业的方向。大家不要有病乱投医。在现今社会里,不存在哪个技术学了</div>
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就能立刻找到工作,哪个证书考了就能立刻找到工作。例如,<span style="color: blue;"><strong>sap最近较热</strong></span>,但由于语言要求较高,因此很多华人花了很多钱去学,但始终都找不到相关工作。如果英语不是非常好的华人,不要好高骛远</div>
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去追风,要不将会花了很多的学费,寄予很高的期望,但结果却是非常令人失望的。大家切记不要盲目追求高薪,一定要把自己的基础建好再寻找发展机会。首先做好市场需求分析,根据个人喜好和能力,</div>
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在正确的职业培训和指导下,制定一个切实可行的职业计划,再加上个人的努力,我坚信大家一定会找到一份比较满意的工作。预祝大家2010年在事业和家庭上更上一层楼,心想事成!<br /><br />作者:jet
chen<br />超过12年加拿大it开发,部门经理和项目经理管理经验,曾就职于加拿大最大证劵管理公司,加拿大最大的保险公司及安省政府。并参与过中国外包项目策划及管理。对加拿大it行业发展和就业市场有相当深的研究和了解。</div>
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ERP的下一个浪潮BI,当SAP遇到SAS。 收藏 <br />在<span style="color: blue;"><strong>管理应用软件</strong></span>市场中,SAP可以说是一个绝对的领导者,从2001年度到2004年度,全球企业管理应用软件厂商TOP
100中<strong><span style="color: blue;">,SAP一直稳居第一</span></strong>。然而,在2004年度全球管理软件厂商top
100中,有一家专业的<strong><span style="color: blue;">商业智能软件</span></strong>公司——SAS突然跃升至第五位,如果考虑最近ORACLE公司并购了仁科,那么SAS将没有悬念地成为第四名。而在这TOP100中,其它专业的商业智能厂商占据了重要地位,比如:Cognos居第18位,Hyperion居第18位,Microstrategy居第47位,Business
Objects居第51位等。这说明商业智能(BI)继ERP、CRM、SCM等之后逐渐得到了各行业的认同。而IBM、微软、ORACLE等国际上领先的大公司也纷纷开展了BI业务,促进了商业智能市场的繁荣。从2001年到2004年,SAS从起初的21名左右徘徊到短时间内的飞跃,是不是预示着BI市场的“井喷”?
<br />SAS从美国到亚太 </div>
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SAS是提供<strong><span style="color: blue;">下一代商业智能软件与服务</span></strong>以创建真正的企业智能的市场领导者。SAS解决方案拥有客户40,000余家——包括2003年财富500强企业前100家中96%的企业,可以发现,SAS在BI的高端市场具有绝对的领先地位。在此仅举一例如下:在以苛刻严格著称于世的美国FDA新药审批程序中,新药试验结果的统计分析规定只能用SAS进行,其他软件的计算结果一律无效。</div>
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IDC预测:亚太地区商业智能软件市场将以每年23%的速度增长,2006年将达33亿美元,是目前市场价值12亿美元的近3倍之多,而中国目前是亚太地区商业智能增长最为迅速的市场之一。近日,SAS宣布,公司2004年在全球收入较2003年上升了15%,而亚太区收入上升了20%,进一步反映了SAS在全球商业智能领域的市场份额不断提升,而在亚太区的表现尤为突出,而且SAS在亚太区的发展是方兴未艾。2004年SAS在亚太区及大中华区的重要客户包括Aeon信贷财务有限公司、澳洲税务局、香港特区政府的水务署、上海通用汽车有限公司及上海证券交易所。</div>
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SAS的中国之行</div>
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SAS公司一直非常关注中国的商业智能市场。早在1990年,SAS就在中国设立了分支机构。1997年,赛仕软件研究所正式宣布成立大中国区。1999年3月,SAS公司在中国设立独资公司——
赛仕软件(上海)有限公司,并成立了北京办事处。2003年11月,SAS的CEO Jim
Goodnight访华,并在北大作了关于BI的演讲,SAS希望能够给中国用户带来领先的智能解决方案,帮助中国业界从<strong><span style="color: blue;">信息自动化过渡到信息智能化</span></strong>阶段。SAS在2004年末的时候,在Better Management
LIVE
2004企业领袖高峰论坛会议上,发布了SAS财务智能和企业绩效管理解决方案。应用SAS财务智能解决方案,财务部门将能够全面描绘出企业绩效管理的前景,并使自已转变为能够为整个企业提供高价值信息的可靠可信的顾问机构。SAS
财务智能解决方案采用了SAS公司最新的具有全面的财务整合、报告、规划和分析功能的<strong><span style="color: blue;">SAS财务管理软件</span></strong>和能够帮助决策者规划、实施和调整商业策略的SAS战略绩效管理软件。</div>
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SAS的中国战略</div>
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中国企业在受到ERP、CRM和SCM的洗礼后,众多的中国企业都积累了大量的数据,而如何从海量数据中提取出<strong><span style="color: blue;">智能信息来支持企业决策</span></strong>,则成了企业最迫切的需求。商业智能作为一种理性的经营管理决策的思想,正在为越来越多的中国企业用户所接受。SAS公司将进一步加大对中国的投入,借助其全球40,000多个商业智能项目的丰富经验与27年的行业知识,把先进的技术和成熟的行业解决方案带给中国的客户,帮助更多的中国企业实现商业智能化。在实施和应用通用的企业管理软件的基础上,对其所属行业的独特的业务知识和业务技能需要更加深入的掌握,而这些知识和技能可令企业在业内表现出色,让企业标新立异于行业,并提高竞争能力。应时而变,SAS公司带着她领先的BI技术来到了中国,同时中国企业也会更加重视商业智能领域的应用,提升企业的决策能力。</div>
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面对如此巨大的市场潜力,SAS公司将在2005年重新调整在中国市场的战略部署,进一步加大在技术研发方面的投资,并且通过整合在中国大陆、香港和台湾公司的资源为在延续SAS中国市场的成功做足准备。</div>
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神州数码说SAS太高端</div>
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1999年以来,神州数码推进了以<strong><span style="color: blue;">DSS(决策支持系统)、ERP、e-Bridge三个系统为标志的数字神经网络</span></strong>建设,以降低成本和提高效率为目标,大力加强内部信息化和网络化建设。鉴于当时的数据量并不大,数据仓库(Data
warehouse)没有达到使用的程度,DSS可以很好的满足需求。但是,随着集团数据量成倍的增长,DSS不堪重荷,所以对BI的需求日益强烈,此后开始的大量的调研和准备。在神州数码的BI招标中,SAS、IBM和Sagent最有可能入选,而神州数码最中选择了Sagent,神州数码的理由是SAS过于高端,而IBM价格较高且同神州数码SAP
R3的数据库基础兼容性不佳,Sagent以高速处理、对于SAP
R3良好的兼容性及合适的价位获得了神州数码的定单。在充分的准备下,2002年3月,神州数码BI系统成功上线运行。</div>
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金融电信说SAS很出色</div>
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SAS软件研究所与国际最具权威的测评/评估机构Thomson
Prometric(普尔文)相互合作,为全球的金融、电信、交通、制造、政府以及科研教育等部门提供了全方位的商业软件认证平台。SAS系统在中国人民银行、中国工商银行、中国建设银行、中国农业银行、中国国家开发银行、广东发展银行、中国证监会、上海证券交易所
、上海交通银行、中国人寿保险集团公司、上海宝山钢铁集团、北京移动通讯、河北移动通讯、中国国家统计局、中国铁道部、中国海关总署、国家疾病预防控制中心、上海联通、吉林电信、中国民航管理总局信息中心、中国南方航空(集团)公司等均有出色的表现。</div>
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另外,IDC 2005年亚太区(日本除外)软件市场十大趋势预测之一,商业智能(BI)软件和企业应用软件(Enterprise
Applications ,EA)市场持续整合(converge)。IDC
也预期,2005年厂商将会推出一种满足亚太地区(日本除外)市场需要的低端商业智能解决方案。那么,SAS确实要让她的高端产品本土化才能满足中国企业的当前需求。</div>
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面对中国企业从信息自动化过渡到信息智能化的趋势,无疑,SAS将掀起中国BI的新浪潮。</div>
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<br /> <a href="http://www.sap.com/">www.sap.com</a> <a href="http://www.sap.com.cn/">www.sap.com.cn</a> <br />SAP全球</div>
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SAP公司成立于1972年,总部位于德国沃尔多夫市,是<strong><span style="color: blue;">全球最大的企业管理软件及协同商务解决方案供应商、全球第三大独立软件供应商</span></strong>。目前,全球有120多个国家的超过19,300家用户正在运行着60,100多套SAP软件。财富
500强80%以上的企业都正在从SAP的管理方案中获益。SAP在全球50多个国家拥有分支机构,并在多家证券交易所上市,包括法兰克福和纽约证交所。</div>
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SAP中国</div>
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SAP早在八十年代就同中国的国营企业合作并取得了成功经验。1994年底,SAP在北京建立了代表机构,1995年正式成立SAP中国公司,1996年、1997年陆续设立上海和广州分公司。作为中国ERP市场的绝对领导者,SAP的市场份额已经达到30%,年度业绩以50%以上的速度递增。</div>
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SAP在中国还有众多的合作伙伴,包括IBM、HP、Sun、埃森哲、毕博、德勤、凯捷安永、欧雅联盟、汉思、东软、高维信诚、联想汉普、神州数码等。SAP在众多的项目中与这些伙伴密切合作,将先进的管理理念变为现实。</div>
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<a href="http://www.sas.com/">www.sas.com</a> <a href="http://www.sas.com.cn/">www.sas.com.cn</a></div>
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SAS的使命是提供卓越的软件和服务,为用户做出正确决策提供强大动力。我们希望为您的商业决策提供最有竞争力的武器。 </div>
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SAS成立于1976年,是全球最大的私人软件公司,员工近10,000人,分布在全球近200家分支机构。</div>
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在提供新一代的商业智能(Business Intelligence)软件和创造真正的企业智能(Enterprise
Intelligence)方面,SAS无疑是市场的领头人。全球有42,000多家企业,包括财富500强中90%的企业都在使用SAS商业智能解决方案。SAS商业智能解决方案主要用于与客户和供应商建立双赢的关系、快速做出明智的决策及促使企业或组织进步。SAS是将世界领先的数据仓库技术、数据分析技术和传统的商业智能(BI)应用完全整合、通过大量数据创造智能的供应商。
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2003年,SAS年收入为13.4亿美元,继续保持每年收入和利润的持续增长。为支持新技术的开发,SAS还将年收入的26%投入研发,该投入是一般大型软件公司平均投入研发资金的两倍。</div>
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本文来自CSDN博客,转载请标明出处:<a href="http://blog.csdn.net/AmiRural/archive/2007/01/18/1486728.aspx">http://blog.csdn.net/AmiRural/archive/2007/01/18/1486728.aspx</a>
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<a href="http://www.ocot.ca/articlec/sas6c.html">http://www.ocot.ca/articlec/sas6c.html</a>
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SAS 就业前景及证书考试要点解析<br /><span class="bmSubhead"> </span></h1>
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<span class="bmarticleDate">Posted Tuesday, May 8, 2007</span></div>
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新概念供稿</div>
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<strong>我们正处于一个信息爆炸的年代,能够在第一时间内获得或者找到最有价值的信息和资源,则成为企业在激烈地竞争中取胜的重要的因素,所以商业智能(Business
Intelligence)应运而生,而与之相关的技术和工具如Data Warehouse、 Data
Mining、SAS则以惊人的速度得到快速、蓬勃的发展,并且在北美以至全球都有越来越火的趋势。毫无疑问相对应的必然是需要大量的此方面的技术人员,并且由于<span style="background-color: #ffaf00; color: #c41200;">工作性质和数据库相关,职位相对稳定、高薪</span>,很适合华人技术移民!同时更由于BI工作多在大的银行和企业、真正会做的人少、与数据相关等优势,虽然北美就业市场竞争日益激烈,而上述数据处理系列的就业则一枝独秀。</strong></div>
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<strong>近30年以来,SAS一直被公认为是具有行业优势的、分析标准软件的首选。SAS作为全球领先的商业智能(Business
Intelligence,简称BI) 软件供应商,始终致力于将原始数据(RAW DATA)
转变为知识和洞察,SAS商业智能软件能够帮助客户从巨大量的数据中获取智能信息,是全球唯一一家将领先的数据仓库技术、分析方法论和传统的商业智能整合在一起的端到端
(end-to-end) 的厂商,因此被誉为“世界五百强背后的管理大师”。SAS CEO Jim
Goodnight说:“在这个迅速变化的时代中,成功和失败取决于如何将信息快速地转化为知识,并依靠知识制定决策”
。另一位高级主管Cooke说:“商业智能和分析技术有助于发现新的机会,不论公司的大小,都可以有效地使用BI和分析工具,强化他们的现有资源--人员、技术、数据等等,能够在全球商业舞台上扮演指挥角色。”SAS市场主管Jim
Davis强调说:“时间是一个公平竞争的环境:每个企业,不论其大小、行业领域或地理位置,每天都只有1440分钟。那些不仅能够快速获得信息,而且有时间在制定决策之前彻底分析情况的企业将获得竞争优势。”
由此可见在商业智能呼声极度高涨的今天,能够为客户真正创造价值的解决方案才能够获得认可。商业智能软件不同于ERP,它不是流程管理软件。据数据调查和预测,BI市场将以27%的年平均增长率发展,亚太地区BI软件市场将以每年23%的速度增长。这些数字无疑给众多BI厂商打了一针强心剂。</strong></div>
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<strong>商务智能(BI)是什么?BI实际上是帮助企业提高决策能力和运营能力的概念、方法、过程以及软件的集合,是通过收集、存储、挖掘和分析数据,为决策者提供相应的决策依据,其主要目标是将企业所掌握的信息转换成竞争优势。更直接了当地说,BI帮助你从业务数据中提取有用的信息,然后采取明智的行动,从而告别“拍脑袋”决策。我们看一个典型的案例:美国沃尔玛(Wal-Mart)
公司的分店经理发现:一段时期以来,每逢周末店内啤酒和尿布的销量都会同比攀升。这看似毫不相关的两种商品,销量之间为什么会出现如此相似的波动?其中有什么关联吗?后来,通过运用SAS分析,发现购买这两种产品的顾客几乎都是
25 岁到 35
岁、家有婴儿的男性,每次购买时间均在周末。分析还发现:原来这些人习惯晚上边看球赛、边喝啤酒,对于要照顾的孩子,为了图省事就用一次性尿布。于是Wal-Mart
决定:把这两种商品集中摆在一起销售, 结果销量显著增加。</strong></div>
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<strong>商务智能可以在以下几个方面发挥作用:</strong></div>
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<strong>第一,
理解业务。商务智能是用来帮助理解业务的推动力量,认识数据(DATA)的趋势、非正常Pattern和特征,分析它们对业务产生的影响。</strong></div>
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<strong>第二,
客户分类和特点分析。根据客户历年来的大量消费记录以及客户的档案资料,对客户进行分类,并分析每类客户的消费能力、消费习惯、消费周期、需求倾向、信誉度。确定哪类顾客给企业带来最大的利润、哪类顾客仅给企业带来最少的利润同时又要求最多的回报,然后针对不同类型的客户给予不同的服务及优惠。</strong></div>
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<strong>第三,改善关系。商务智能能为顾客、员工、供应商、股东和大众提供关于企业及其业务状况的有用信息,从而提高企业的知名度、增强整个信息链的一致性。利用商务智能,企业可以在问题变成危机之前很快地对它们加以识别并解决。商务智能也有助于加强顾客忠诚度,一个参与其中并掌握充分信息的顾客更加有可能购买你的产品和服务。</strong></div>
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<strong>第四,
市场营销策略分析。利用数据仓库技术实现市场营销策略在模型上的仿真,其仿真结果将提示所制定的市场营销策略是否合适,企业可以据此调整和优化其市场营销策略,使其获得最大的成功。</strong></div>
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<strong>第五,经营成本与收入分析。对各种类型的经济活动进行成本核算,比较可能的业务收入与各种费用之间的收支差额,分析经济活动的曲线,得到相应的改进措施和办法,从而降低成本、减少开支、和提高收入。</strong></div>
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<strong>第六,欺诈行为分析和预防。利用数据挖掘技术,总结各种骗费、欠费行为的内在规律后,就可以及时预警各种骗费、欠费,尽量减少企业损失。位于在信息化三个层次中的最顶层,注定了BI生长在高端。从数据到信息,信息到知识,知识到决策,决策到财富的流程中,注定了BI会让厂商,
企业和将要踏上SAS 航程的你在财富面前同时笑得非常灿烂。</strong></div>
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<strong>SAS公司的目标是:继续巩固在市场的领导地位,持续强劲的两位数增长;在市场占有、核心技术、商务解决方案等诸方面都要打造业界最好品牌。由此,可以深信SAS建立在科学的数据分析和方法论基础上的“直觉”一定能够让商家从激烈的竞争中脱颖而出。SAS
已广泛应用于金融、保险,、制药、公共卫生、 流性病预防、电信、交通、 海关、政府、大学及研究所、 市场调研、
农业、制造业等领域。亦是制药行业为开发和评估药物提供统计分析唯一制定的商用软件。那么,什么是SAS (Statistical Analytical
System)?SAS系统是由SAS公司开发的集数据仓库、大规模数据处理、数据挖掘、统计分析、图表制作、网页连接等为一体的计算机软体系统。美国SAS软件研究所(SAS
Institute
Inc.)创建于1976年,总部在美国北卡州。SAS公司旨在为用户提供最富有竞争力的武器,让用户为自己的商务发展做出最正确、最有效的决策,即将杂乱无章的原始数据转化为富有价值的信息和知识,令用户的商务在竞争的浪潮中,永远把握正确航向和速度发展、延伸。SAS语言本身是一种非过程语言(第四代语言),类似于C语言,且综合了各种高级语言的功能和灵活的格式,将数据处理和统计分析融合于一体。V8采用C++语言支持,而新版的V9将有JAVA支持的版本,实现数据网上连接、读取、处理、分析、表达等全过程。</strong></div>
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<strong>关于“SAS是不是好学”的问题,从我的经历来看,
上手容易,只要有逻辑思维的能力就可以编程。SAS系统有其独特的编程步骤和语言,其最大的特点是:简单、易学,语句的针对性强,依赖仅有的DATA STEP和PROC
STEP,灵活的语句和步骤组合,即可解决从数据读取、处理、分析、表达、连接中的任何简单或复杂的问题。SAS的编程语言是最令人赞赏的,而不象一些计算机语言会出现过时,甚至被淘汰。SAS具备“两强”的特点,就是分析强,处理强。SAS在向“合成器”这个方向上努力,做成
‘傻瓜’和专家都适用的语言。所以,只要有适合你的学习环境并且获得有效的指导,掌握扎实的SAS编程技术和技巧不是梦,而真正事倍功半的境界需要BASE &
ADVANCED证书课程培训及项目的训练。事实亦证明,学员通过证书考试几乎100%,而且部分学员能取得90分以上的好成绩。藉着项目训练,学员能在SAS技能、专业简历、面试等都得到了长足的进步和发展,他们的求职成功也一直激励着我们更好、更高标准的满足SAS求职者的需求。</strong></div>
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<strong>SAS公司目前提供五种专业证书即</strong><span style="background-color: #ffaf00; color: #c41200; font-size: large;">SAS Certified Base
Programmer,SAS Certified Advanced Programmer,</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #ffaf00; color: #c41200; font-size: large;">SAS Certified WebAF Developer: Server-side Credential,SAS
Certified Warehouse </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #ffaf00; color: #c41200; font-size: large;">Development Specialist Credential and SAS Certified
Warehouse Architect Credential</span><strong>。</strong></div>
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<strong>SAS五级全球认证为递进式认证体系:即只有通过上一级认证考试才有资格参加下一级认证考试。例如,如果要参加SAS
Certified Advanced Programmer,必须首先获得SAS Certified Base </strong></div>
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<div align="left" style="text-align: left;">
<strong>Programmer认证。SAS认证的有效期:目前SAS五级认证没有特定有效期,但是时间太久或版本太老的认证证书会有所贬值。目前全球仅有3000多人通过SAS全球专业认证,在欧美等发达国</strong></div>
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<strong>家,获得SAS认证并有丰富经验的人才在职场上供不应求,因此,在欧美等国的职场上流行一句话,“If you have a
SAS certification, you will never lose your job”。目前谁能抓住这个机会</strong></div>
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<strong>尽早考取SAS认证,积累起丰富的SAS应用经验,谁就能在未来的职场拼杀中独占鳌头,笑傲群雄。</strong></div>
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<strong>5/12 六 4:30-6:00pm SAS
就业前景及证书考试要点分析</strong></div>
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<strong>士嘉堡校址:2175 Sheppard Ave East,
Suite 108(Sheppard/Victoria Park,M2J 1W8),近高速、地铁站、TTC,大量免费停车位! Code:
#0049<br /></strong></div>
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<a href="http://www.chinasmile.net/csnews/newconcept/sas--2.shtml"><strong>http://www.chinasmile.net/csnews/newconcept/sas--2.shtml</strong></a><strong>
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<td class="news_title"><strong>数据挖掘前景与现状 </strong></td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="news_date"><strong>2008年08月14日 16:13 来源:成功职业指导中心 </strong></td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="news_cnt" style="font-family: "宋体";"><strong><span style="color: green;">职业介绍</span> 数据挖掘(Data Mining)就是从大量数据中<span style="color: blue; font-size: large;">发现潜在规律、提取有用知识的方法和技术</span>。因为与数据库密切相关,又称为数据库知识发现(Knowledge Discovery in
Databases,KDD) ,就是将高级智能计算技术应用于大量数据中,让计算机在有人或无人指导的情况下从海量数据中发现潜在的,</strong><span style="background-color: #ffaf00; color: #c41200; font-size: large;">有用的模式(也叫知识)。</span><strong> 广义上说,任何从数据库中挖掘信息的过程都叫做数据挖掘。从这点看来,数据挖掘就是BI(商业智能)。但从技术术语上说,数据挖掘(Data
Mining)特指的是:源数据经过</strong><span style="color: blue;">清洗和转换</span><strong>等成为适合于挖掘的数据集。数据挖掘在这种具有固定形式的数据集上完成知识的提炼,最后以合适的知识模式用于进一步分析决策工作。从这种狭义的观点上,我们可以定义:数据挖掘是从特定形式的数据集中提炼知识的过程。数据挖掘往往针对特定的数据、特定的问题,选择一种或者多种<span style="background-color: #ffaf00; color: #c41200; font-size: large;">挖掘算法</span>,找到数据下面隐藏的规律,这些规律往往被用来预测、支持决策。<br /><br /><span style="color: #ff6600;">数据挖掘的主要功能</span><br /> 1. 分类:按照分析对象的属性、特征,建立不同的组类来描述事物。例如:银行部门根据以前的数据将客户分成了不同的类别,现在就可以根据这些来区分新申请贷款的客户,以采取相应的贷款方案。<br /> 2. 聚类:识别出分析对内在的规则,按照这些规则把对象分成若干类。例如:将申请人分为高度风险申请者,中度风险申请者,低度风险申请者。<br /> 3. 关联规则和序列模式的发现:关联是某种事物发生时其他事物会发生的这样一种联系。例如:每天购买啤酒的人也有可能购买香烟,比重有多大,可以通过关联的支持度和可信度来描述。与关联不同,序列是一种纵向的联系。例如:今天银行调整利率,明天股市的变化。<br /> 4. 预测:把握分析对象发展的规律,对未来的趋势做出预见。例如:对未来经济发展的判断。<br /> 5. 偏差的检测:对分析对象的少数的、极端的特例的描述,揭示内在的原因。例如:在银行的100万笔交易中有500例的欺诈行为,银行为了稳健经营,就要发现这500例的内在因素,减小以后经营的风险。<br /> 需要注意的是:数据挖掘的各项功能不是独立存在的,在数据挖掘中互相联系,发挥作用。<br /><br /><span style="color: #ff6600;">数据挖掘的方法及工具
</span><br /> 作为一门处理数据的新兴技术,数据挖掘有许多的新特征。首先,数据挖掘面对的是海量的数据,这也是数据挖掘产生的原因。其次,数据可能是不完全的、有噪声的、随机的,有复杂的数据结构,维数大。最后,数据挖掘是许多学科的交叉,运用了统计学,计算机,数学等学科的技术。以下是常见和应用最广泛的算法和模型:<br /> (1)
传统统计方法:① 抽样技术:我们面对的是大量的数据,对所有的数据进行分析是不可能的也是没有必要的,就要在理论的指导下进行合理的抽样。②
多元统计分析:因子分析,聚类分析等。③ 统计预测方法,如回归分析,时间序列分析等。 <br /> (2)
可视化技术:用图表等方式把数据特征用直观地表述出来,如直方图等,这其中运用的许多描述统计的方法。可视化技术面对的一个难题是高维数据的可视化。<br /><br /><span style="color: green;">职业能力要求</span><br /><span style="color: #ff6600;">基本能力要求</span><br /> 数据挖掘人员需具备以下基本条件,才可以完成数据挖掘项目中的相关任务。<br /> 一、专业技能<br /> 硕士以上学历,数据挖掘、统计学、数据库相关专业,熟练掌握关系数据库技术,具有数据库系统开发经验<br /> 熟练掌握常用的数据挖掘算法<br /> 具备数理统计理论基础,并熟悉常用的统计工具软件<br /> 二、行业知识<br /> 具有相关的行业知识,或者能够很快熟悉相关的行业知识<br /> 三、合作精神<br /> 具有良好的团队合作精神,能够主动和项目中其他成员紧密合作<br /> 四、客户关系能力<br /> 具有良好的客户沟通能力,能够明确阐述数据挖掘项目的重点和难点,善于调整客户对数据挖掘的误解和过高期望<br /> 具有良好的知识转移能力,能够尽快地让模型维护人员了解并掌握数据挖掘方法论及建模实施能力<br /><br /><span style="color: #ff6600;">进阶能力要求</span><br /> 数据挖掘人员具备如下条件,可以提高数据挖掘项目的实施效率,缩短项目周期。<br /> 具有数据仓库项目实施经验,熟悉数据仓库技术及方法论<br /> 熟练掌握SQL语言,包括复杂查询、性能调优<br /> 熟练掌握ETL开发工具和技术<br /> 熟练掌握Microsoft
Office软件,包括Excel和PowerPoint中的各种统计图形技术<br /> 善于将挖掘结果和客户的业务管理相结合,根据数据挖掘的成果向客户提供有价值的可行性操作方案<br /></strong><strong><span style="color: green;">应用及就业领域</span> 当前数据挖掘应用主要集中在电信(客户分析),零售(销售预测),农业(行业数据预测),网络日志(网页定制),银行(客户欺诈),电力(客户呼叫),生物(基因),天体(星体分类),化工,医药等方面。当前它能解决的问题典型在于:数据库营销(Database
Marketing)、客户群体划分(Customer Segmentation & Classification)、背景分析(Profile
Analysis)、交叉销售(Cross-selling)等市场分析行为,以及客户流失性分析(Churn Analysis)、客户信用记分(Credit
Scoring)、欺诈发现(Fraud
Detection)等等,在许多领域得到了成功的应用。如果你访问著名的亚马逊网上书店(www.amazon.com),会发现当你选中一本书后,会出现相关的推荐数目“Customers
who bought this book also
bought”,这背后就是数据挖掘技术在发挥作用。<br /> 数据挖掘的对象是某一专业领域中积累的数据;挖掘过程是一个人机交互、多次反复的过程;挖掘的结果要应用于该专业。因此数据挖掘的整个过程都离不开应用领域的专业知识。“Business
First, technique
second”是数据挖掘的特点。因此学习数据挖掘不意味着丢弃原有专业知识和经验。相反,有其它行业背景是从事数据挖掘的一大优势。如有销售,财务,机械,制造,call
center等工作经验的,通过学习数据挖掘,可以提升个人职业层次,在不改变原专业的情况下,从原来的事务型角色向分析型角色转变。从80年代末的初露头角到90年代末的广泛应用,以数据挖掘为核心的商业智能(BI)已经成为IT及其它行业中的一个新宠。<br /><br /><span style="color: #ff6600;">数据采集分析专员</span><br /> 职位介绍:数据采集分析专员的主要职责是把公司运营的数据收集起来,再从中挖掘出规律性的信息来指导公司的战略方向。这个职位常被忽略,但相当重要。由于数据库技术最先出现于计算机领域,同时计算机数据库具有海量存储、查找迅速、分析半自动化等特点,数据采集分析专员最先出现于计算机行业,后来随着计算机应用的普及扩展到了各个行业。该职位一般提供给懂数据库应用和具有一定统计分析能力的人。有计算机特长的统计专业人员,或学过数据挖掘的计算机专业人员都可以胜任此工作,不过最好能够对所在行业的市场情况具有一定的了解。<br /> 求职建议:由于很多公司追求短期利益而不注重长期战略的现状,目前国内很多企业对此职位的重视程度不够。但大型公司、外企对此职位的重视程度较高,随着时间的推移该职位会有升温的趋势。另外,数据采集分析专员很容易获得行业经验,他们在分析过程中能够很轻易地把握该行业的市场情况、客户习惯、渠道分布等关键情况,因此如果想在某行创业,从数据采集分析专员干起是一个不错的选择。<br /><br /><span style="color: #ff6600;">市场/数据分析师</span><br /> 1. 市场数据分析是现代市场营销科学必不可少的关键环节: Marketing/Data
Analyst从业最多的行业: Direct Marketing (直接面向客户的市场营销) 吧,自90年代以来, Direct
Marketing越来越成为公司推销其产品的主要手段。根据加拿大市场营销组织(Canadian Marketing Association)的统计数据:
仅1999年一年 Direct Marketing就创造了470000 个工作机会。从1999至2000,工作职位又增加了30000个。为什么Direct
Marketing需要这么多Analyst呢? 举个例子, 随着商业竞争日益加剧,公司希望能最大限度的从广告中得到销售回报,
他们希望能有更多的用户来响应他们的广告。所以他们就必需要在投放广告之前做大量的市场分析工作。例如,根据自己的产品结合目标市场顾客的家庭收入,教育背景和消费趋向分析出哪些地区的住户或居民最有可能响应公司的销售广告,购买自己的产品或成为客户,从而广告只针对这些特定的客户群。这样有的放矢的筛选广告的投放市场既节省开销又提高了销售回报率。但是所有的这些分析都是基于数据库,通过数据处理,挖掘,建模得出的,其间,市场分析师的工作是必不可少的。<br /> 2.
行业适应性强: 几乎所有的行业都会应用到数据,
所以作为一名数据/市场分析师不仅仅可以在华人传统的IT行业就业,也可以在政府,银行,零售,医药业,制造业和交通传输等领域服务。<br /></strong><strong><span style="color: green;">现状与前景</span> 数据挖掘是适应信息社会从海量的数据库中提取信息的需要而产生的新学科。它是统计学、机器学习、数据库、模式识别、人工智能等学科的交叉。在中国各重点院校中都已经开了数据挖掘的课程或研究课题。比较著名的有中科院计算所、复旦大学、清华大学等。另外,政府机构和大型企业也开始重视这个领域。<br /> 据IDC对欧洲和北美62家采用了商务智能技术的企业的调查分析发现,这些企业的3年平均投资回报率为401%,其中25%的企业的投资回报率超过600%。调查结果还显示,一个企业要想在复杂的环境中获得成功,高层管理者必须能够控制极其复杂的商业结构,若没有详实的事实和数据支持,是很难办到的。因此,随着数据挖掘技术的不断改进和日益成熟,它必将被更多的用户采用,使更多的管理者得到更多的商务智能。<br /> 根据IDC(International
Data
Corporation)预测说2004年估计BI行业市场在140亿美元。现在,随着我国加入WTO,我国在许多领域,如金融、保险等领域将逐步对外开放,这就意味着许多企业将面临来自国际大型跨国公司的巨大竞争压力。国外发达国家各种企业采用商务智能的水平已经远远超过了我国。美国Palo
Alto
管理集团公司1999年对欧洲、北美和日本375家大中型企业的商务智能技术的采用情况进行了调查。结果显示,在金融领域,商务智能技术的应用水平已经达到或接近70%,在营销领域也达到50%,并且在未来的3年中,各个应用领域对该技术的采纳水平都将提高约50%。<br /> 现在,许多企业都把数据看成宝贵的财富,纷纷利用商务智能发现其中隐藏的信息,借此获得巨额的回报。国内暂时还没有官方关于数据挖掘行业本身的市场统计分析报告,但是国内数据挖掘在各个行业都有一定的研究。据国外专家预测,在今后的5—10年内,随着数据量的日益积累以及计算机的广泛应用,数据挖掘将在中国形成一个产业。<br /> 众所周知,IT就业市场竞争已经相当激烈,而数据处理的核心技术---数据挖掘更是得到了前所未有的重视。数据挖掘和商业智能技术位于整个企业IT-业务构架的金字塔塔尖,目前国内数据挖掘专业的人才培养体系尚不健全,人才市场上精通数据挖掘技术、商业智能的供应量极小,而另一方面企业、政府机构和和科研单位对此类人才的潜在需求量极大,供需缺口极大。如果能将数据挖掘技术与个人已有专业知识相结合,您必将开辟职业生涯的新天地!<br /><br /> </strong><strong><span style="color: green;">职业薪酬</span> 就目前来看,和大多IT业的职位一样,数据仓库和数据挖掘方面的人才在国内的需求工作也是低端饱和,高端紧缺,在二线成熟,高端数据仓库和数据挖掘方面的人才尤其稀少。高端数据仓库和数据挖掘人才需要熟悉多个行业,至少有3年以上大型DWH和BI经验,英语读写流利,具有项目推动能力,这样的人才年薪能达到20万以上。<br /></strong><strong><span style="color: green;">职业认证</span> 1、SAS认证的应用行业及职业前景<br />SAS全球专业认证是国际上公认的数据挖掘和商业智能领域的权威认证,随着我国IT环境和应用的日渐成熟,以上两个领域将有极大的行业发展空间。获取SAS全球专业认证,为您在数据挖掘、分析方法论领域积累丰富经验奠定良好的基础,帮助您开辟职业发展的新天地。<br /> 2、SAS认证的有效期<br /> 目前SAS五级认证没有特定有效期,但是时间太久或版本太老的认证证书会有所贬值。<br /> 3、五级认证的关系<br /> 五级认证为递进式关系,即只有通过上一级考试科目才能参加下一级认证考试。<br /> 4、SAS全球认证的考试方式<br /> 考试为上机考试,时间2个小时,共70道客观题。<br /></strong><strong><span style="color: green;">相关链接</span> 随着中国物流行业的整体快速发展,物流信息化建设也取得一定进展。无论在IT硬件市场、软件市场还是信息服务市场,物流行业都具有了一定的投资规模,近两年的总投资额均在20-30亿元之间。政府对现代物流业发展的积极支持、物流市场竞争的加剧等因素有力地促进了物流信息化建设的稳步发展。<br /> 易观国际最新报告《中国物流行业信息化年度综合报告2006》中指出,中国物流业正在从传统模式向现代模式实现整体转变,现代物流模式将引导物流业信息化需求,而产生这种转变的基本动力来自市场需求。报告中的数据显示:2006-2010年,传统物流企业IT投入规模将累计超过100亿元人民币。2006-2010年,第三方物流企业IT投入规模将累计超过20亿元人民币。<br /> 由于目前行业应用软件系统在作业层面对终端设备的硬件提出的应用要求较高,而软件与硬件的集成性普遍不理想,对应性单一,因此企业将对软件硬件设备的集成提出更高要求。<br /> 物流行业软件系统研发将更多的考虑运筹学与数据挖掘技术,专业的服务商将更有利于帮助解决研发问题。<br /> 物流科学的理论基础来源于运筹学,并且非常强调在繁杂的数据处理中找到关联关系(基于成本-服务水平体系),因此数据挖掘技术对于相关的软件系统显得更为重。</strong></td></tr>
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<span>[<a href="javascript:;">收藏此页</a>] [<a href="javascript:window.print();">打印</a>] [<a href="mailto:?subject=从IBM收购SPSS看数据挖掘的未来&body=http://tech.it168.com/a2009/0814/624/000000624197.shtml" target="_blank">推荐</a>] [<a href="http://comment.it168.com/view/1/624197-all-1.html" target="_blank">评论</a>]</span> </div>
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从IBM收购SPSS看数据挖掘的未来</h1>
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<span><b>责任编辑:</b><a href="http://archive.it168.com/user/%cf%fe%d0%dc/" target="_blank">晓熊</a></span>作者:<b class="red">IT168 黄永兵 编译</b> <a href="http://archive.it168.com/10004/2009/2009-08-14.shtml" target="_blank">2009-08-14</a> </div>
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文本Tag: <a href="http://tech.it168.com/lists/10221/0/10221.shtml" target="_blank">BI</a> <a href="http://tech.it168.com/lists/8336/0/8336.shtml" target="_blank">数据仓库</a> <a href="http://tech.it168.com/lists/8337/0/8337.shtml" target="_blank">数据挖掘</a> <a href="http://tech.it168.com/lists/10222/0/10222.shtml" target="_blank">商业智能</a>
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<b> 【IT168
技术评论】</b>IBM最近宣布收购专业统计分析公司SPSS,IBM的这一举动不仅仅是为了完善其<strong><u><span style="color: blue;">统计分析产品结构,更是看好数据挖掘这片市场</span></u></strong>,数据挖掘正好是我关注的焦点。 </div>
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<img border="0" id="img5705869" src="http://image4.it168.com/2009/8/14/d186044e-c60b-40bb-9f48-4505c204a1e0.jpg" /><br />图:数据挖掘
工具成为重点</div>
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<br /> 要从两方面来分析:首先要为用户提供真正可用有效的数据挖掘工具,第二是在数据库内进行数据挖掘。我想先谈谈第二个问题。</div>
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传统上,为了执行数据挖掘操作,需要从<strong><u><span style="color: blue;">数据仓库或数据集市中提取数据到数据挖掘工具由你处理</span></u></strong>。这样做有一个明显的性能问题,要想提取所有数据并不是一件容易的事。当然你可以通过数据</div>
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抽样降低影响,但准确性也随之降低了,最近的发展趋势是<strong><u><span style="color: blue;">直接在数据库中执行数据挖掘。我们可以做个大胆的预测,IBM在完成对SPSS的收购之后第一个宣布的公告肯定是DB2将可以实现SPSS</span></u></strong></div>
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<strong><u><span style="color: blue;">统计功能。</span></u></strong></div>
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目前,<strong><u><span style="color: blue;">甲骨文和微软都有能力在数据库中直接执行数据挖掘,但IBM却不行,但他们都没有像SPSS这样的专业统计分析</span></u></strong><a class="nounderline" href="http://software.it168.com/" target="_blank"><strong><span style="color: blue;">软件</span></strong></a><strong><u><span style="color: blue;">,因此这宗收购将使IBM获得巨大的优势</span></u></strong>,几乎数据仓库市场的</div>
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其它公司都不具有这种能力,有一个例外是<strong><u><span style="background-color: #ffaf00; color: #c41200;">Teradata和SAS</span></u></strong>,<strong><u>Netezza已经在数据库中实现了SAS功能,另一个值得赞扬的是,Netezza去年收购了</u></strong></div>
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<strong><u>NuTech</u></strong>,NuTech是一种可以建立<strong><u><span style="background-color: #ffaf00; color: #c41200;">预测应用数据挖掘</span></u></strong>的工具。</div>
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所有这一切都意味着<strong><u><span style="color: blue;">大部分数据仓库都将完全依赖SAS,但这些数据仓库厂商说不服SAS直接包含在其数据库中</span></u></strong>,这对于Tibco是一个好消息。</div>
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从历史来看,<strong><u><span style="color: blue;">只有一个主要的数据挖掘厂商(SAS),一个中间角色(SPSS)</span></u></strong>和一些小虾米,如Angoss,<span style="color: blue; font-size: large;"><u>Kxen</u></span>和Insightful,但种种迹象表明这些小虾米还没有能力打破由SAS和SPSS制定的游戏规则。</div>
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但去年Tibco收购了Spotfire之后紧接着又收购了Insightful,由此可见Tibco想证明自己还是有实力的,这个公司还拥有领先的事件处理引擎,我非常希望有SAS竞争对手成长起来,有竞争才会促进大发展。</div>
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原文出处:<a href="http://www.it-analysis.com/technology/applications/content.php?cid=11451">http://www.it-analysis.com/technology/applications/content.php?cid=11451</a></div>
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2009/2/17</div>
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fyi:
数据挖掘软件大评比</h4>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;">去年年底(2008年11月),德国一家技术咨询公司,<a href="http://www.mayato.com/">mayato</a>,发布了一篇数据挖掘挖掘软件的评估报告,考察了以下12种产品:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;">传统的<strong><u><span style="color: blue;">数据挖掘套件(Classic suites):</span></u></strong><span style="color: blue;"><strong><u>SAS Enterprise Miner 5.3<br />SPSS Clementine
12</u></strong></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;">开源数据挖掘软件(Open
Source):<br />RapidMiner 4.2<br />KNIME 1.3.5<br />Weka 3.4.13</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #ffaf00; color: #c41200; font-family: Arial;"><strong><u>自动化数据挖掘软件(Self-Acting):<br />KXEN
Analytic Framework 4.04</u></strong></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;">专门化的数据挖掘软件(Specialized):<br />Viscovery SOMiner 5.0<br />prudsys
Discovery 5.5 / Basket Analyzer 5.2<br />Bissantz Delta Master 5.3.6</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: blue;"><u>BI产品内置的数据挖掘软件(BI Vendors):<br />SAP NetWear 7.0 Data Mining
Workbench</u></span>Oracle 11g Data Mining<br />Microsoft SQL Server 2005
Analysis Services</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;">最近数据挖掘市场呈现出多元化的态势,除了传统的数据挖掘厂商SAS、SPSS的产品外,又有各种专有用途的数据挖掘软件,加上开源软件和BI产商提供的数据挖掘功能,这个市场看着是红红火火,给</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;">各种层次的用户提供了灵活的选择空间。mayato这篇报告的题目就叫做
<a href="http://www.mayato.com/downloads/Summary_mayato_Data-Mining-Study_2009.pdf"><em>Data
Mining Software 2009: Successful Analyses at Affordable Prices</em>
</a>(November 2008)。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;">可惜mayato这次的评估不够深入,所用的标准也嫌太过粗糙。在对Enterprise Miner (SAS), Rapidminer
(Rapid-I), Analytic Framework (KXEN), and NetWeaver Data Mining Workbench
(SAP)这四种产品</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;">进行了所谓thoroughly的评估后,它的结果是,<span style="background-color: #ffaf00; color: #c41200; font-size: large;">Analytic Framework
(KXEN)综合排名第一</span>,Enterprise Miner (SAS)紧接其后,然后是SAP NetWeaver Data
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<span style="font-family: Arial;">Mining
Workbench和Rapidminer。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;">这次KXEN排名第一,我们并不感到吃惊(mayato是KXEN的合作伙伴)。不过,KXEN处理数据的速度的确非常值得称道。<span style="background-color: #ffaf00; color: #c41200; font-size: medium;"><u><strong>KXEN号称自动化数据挖掘软件(Self-Acting),</strong></u></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;">客户定制调优的空间比较小,在默认选项下,其他软件在运行速度上就吃亏不少了。最后提一下,这次评估,KXEN在速度上占优,而SAS在性能上最为突出。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;">总的来说,这份评估过于简单,只能作为参考。不过它所展现的(以及遗漏的)数据挖掘软件市场,还是让人比较兴奋的(这次评估,当然有非常多的遗漏,如重要的Teradata
Warehouse Miner、</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;">IBM的<strong><u><span style="background-color: #ffaf00; color: #c41200; font-size: large;">DB2 Intelligence
Miner</span></u></strong>、<strong><u><span style="background-color: #ffaf00; color: #c41200;">Angoss</span></u></strong>、Unica等)。</span></div>
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<nobr id="blogDT">14:16</nobr> | <nobr><a href="javascript:BlogIt('cns!2053CD511E6D5B1E!1031');" id="blogThis0">写入日志</a>
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谁能说说spss,matlab,sas,excel在统计应用方面的区别</div>
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<span class="red"><img align="absMiddle" src="http://img.baidu.com/img/iknow/icn_point.gif" style="height: 16px; width: 16px;" /> 悬赏分:5</span> - <span class="gray">提问时间2006-9-25 16:11</span> <a href="http://www.baidu.com/search/zhidao_help.html#问题为何被关闭" target="_blank">问题为何被关闭</a> </div>
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<pre>excel也能作统计分析,他的分析功能与matlab和sas有何区别 </pre>
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提问者: <a href="http://passport.baidu.com/?business&aid=6&un=lycjf2005#2" target="_blank">lycjf2005</a> - <a class="gradeholder" href="http://www.baidu.com/search/zhidao_help.html#如何选择头衔" target="_blank"><span class="level1">一级</span></a></div>
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答复 <span class="f12 gray" style="font-weight: normal;">共 <span id="total_count">1</span>
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<pre>个人认为些都是数据处理应用的软件,其中excel界面最为友好,但功能是在太过单一,仅适用于日常的简单数据处理,不适于较复杂的模型分析,因此科研上应用不多;matlab采用</pre>
<pre><strong><u><span style="color: #c41200; font-size: large;">图形</span></u></strong><strong><u><span style="color: #c41200; font-size: large;">界面,功能比较强大,目前研究中应用最广</span></u></strong>;spss和sas都有比较强的专业性,前者主要用于社科类研究,后者主要用于自然科学</pre>
<pre>及经济的研究方面,另外<strong><u><span style="background-color: #ffaf00; color: #930e00; font-size: large;">spss也采用图形界面,友好性方面要强于全部由编程语言进行操作的sas</span></u></strong>,</pre>
<pre>但spss的主要缺点是数据输出,不能用word等文字处理工具直接打开。 以下是我找到的一些资料,比较详细,楼主可以参考。
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MATLAB 的名称源自 Matrix Laboratory ,它是一种科学计算软件,专门以矩阵的形式处理数据。 MATLAB 将高性能的数值计算和可视化集成在一起,并提供了大量的内置函数,</pre>
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<pre>从而被广泛地应用于科学计算、控制系统、<strong><u><span style="color: blue;">信息处理</span></u></strong>等领域的分析、仿真和设计工作,而且利用 MATLAB 产品的开放式结构,可以非常容易地对 MATLAB 的功能进行扩充,从而在不断</pre>
<pre>深化对问题认识的同时,不断完善 MATLAB 产品以提高产品自身的竞争能力。
目前 MATLAB 产品族可以用来进行:
数值分析
数值和符号计算
工程与科学绘图
控制系统的设计与方针
数字图像处理
数字信号处理
通讯系统设计与仿真
<span style="background-color: #ffaf00; color: #c41200;"><span><u>财务与金融工程</u></span> </span>MATLAB 是 MATLAB 产品家族的基础,它提供了基本的数学算法,例如矩阵运算、数值分析算法, MATLAB 集成了 2D 和 3D 图形功能,以完成相应数值可视化的工作,并且提供了一种</pre>
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<strong><u><span style="background-color: #ffaf00; color: #c41200; font-size: large;">交互式的高级编程语言—— M
语言</span></u></strong>,利用 M 语言可以通过<span style="color: blue;"><strong><u>编写脚本或者函数文件实现用户自己的算法</u></strong>。</span> <br /><br />MATLAB
Compiler 是一种编译工具,它能够将那些利用 MATLAB 提供的编程语言—— M 语言编写的<strong><u><span style="color: blue;">函数文件编译生成为函数库、可执行文件 COM 组件</span></u></strong>等等。这样就可以扩展</div>
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<pre> MATLAB 功能,使 MATLAB 能够同其他高级编程语言例如 C/C++ 语言进行混合应用,取长补短,以提高程序的运行效率,丰富程序开发的手段。
利用 M 语言还开发了相应的 MATLAB <strong><u><span style="color: blue;">专业工具箱函数供用户直接使用</span></u></strong>。这些<strong><u><span style="color: blue;">工具箱应用的算法是开放的可扩展的</span></u></strong>,用户不仅可以查看其中的算法,还可以针对一些算法进行修改,</pre>
甚至允许开发自己的算法扩充工具箱的功能。目前
MATLAB 产品的工具箱有四十多个,分别涵盖了<strong><u><span style="color: blue;">数据获取</span></u></strong>、科学计算、控制系统设计与分析、数字信号处理、数字图像处理、</div>
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<pre><strong><u><span style="background-color: #ffaf00; color: #c41200; font-size: large;">金融财务分析</span></u></strong>以及生物遗传工程等专业领域。
<strong><u><span style="color: blue;">Simulink 是基于 MATLAB 的框图设计环境,可以用来对各种动态系统进行建模、分析和仿真</span></u></strong>,它的建模范围广泛,可以针对任何能够用数学来描述的系统进行建模,例如航空航天</pre>
动力学系统、卫星控制制导系统、通讯系统、船舶及汽车等等,其中了包括连续、离散,条件执行,事件驱动,单速率、多速率和混杂系统等等。
<strong><u><span style="color: blue;">Simulink 提供了利用鼠标拖放的方法</span></u></strong></div>
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<pre><strong><u><span style="color: blue;">建立系统框图模型的图形界面</span></u></strong>,而且 <strong><u><span style="color: blue;">Simulink 还提供了丰富的功能块以及不同的专业模块集合,利用 Simulink 几乎可以做到不书写一行代码完成整个动态系统的建模工作。</span></u></strong>
<strong><u><span style="color: blue;">Stateflow 是一个交互式的设计工具</span><span style="color: blue;">,它基于有限状态机的理论,可以用来对复杂的事件驱动系统进行建模和仿真</span></u></strong>。 Stateflow 与 Simulink 和 MATLAB 紧密集成,可以将</pre>
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Stateflow 创建的复杂控制逻辑有效地结合到
Simulink 的模型中。 <br /><br />在 MATLAB 产品族中,<span style="color: blue; font-size: large;"><strong><u>自动化的代码生成工具主要有 Real-Time Workshop ( RTW )和
Stateflow</u></strong></span></div>
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<pre><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;"><strong><u>Coder ,</u></strong></span><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;"><strong><u>这两种代码生成工具可以直接将 Simulink 的模型框图和 Stateflow </u></strong></span><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;"><strong><u>的状态图</u></strong></span></pre>
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<span style="color: blue; font-size: large;"><strong><u>转换成高效优化的程</u></strong></span><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;"><strong><u>序代码</u></strong></span>。利用 RTW 生成的代码简洁、可靠、易读。目前
<strong><u><span style="color: blue;">RTW 支持生成标准的 C
语言代码,并且具备了生成其他语言代码的能力</span></u></strong>。</div>
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<pre><strong><u><span style="color: blue;">整个代码的生成、编译以及相应的目标下载过程都是自动完成的</span></u></strong>,用户需要做得仅仅使用鼠标点击几个按钮即可。 MathWorks 公司针对不同的实时或非实时操作系统平台,开发了</pre>
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相应的目标选项,配合不同的软硬件系统,可以完成<strong><u><span style="color: blue;">快速控制原型( Rapid
Control Prototype )开发</span></u></strong>、硬件在回路的实时仿真( Hardware-in-Loop
)、产品代码生成等工作。</div>
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<pre>另外, MATLAB 开放性的可扩充体系允许用户开发自定义的系统目标,利用 Real-Time Workshop Embedded Coder 能够直接将 Simulink 的模型转变成效率优化的产品级代码。</pre>
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代码不仅可以是浮点的,还可以是定点的。
<br /><br />MATLAB <strong><u><span style="color: blue;">开放的产品体系</span></u></strong>使
MATLAB 成为了诸多领域的<strong><u><span style="background-color: #ffaf00; color: #c41200;">开发首选软件</span></u></strong>,并且, MATLAB 还具有 300
余家第三方合作伙伴,分布在科学计算、机械动力、</div>
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化工、计算机通讯、</div>
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<pre>汽车、<strong><u><span style="color: blue;">金融</span></u></strong>等领域。<strong><u><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;">接口方式包括了联合建模、数据共享、开发流程衔接</span></u></strong>等等。
MATLAB 结合第三方软硬件产品组成了在不同领域内的<strong><u><span style="background-color: #ffaf00; color: #c41200; font-size: large;">完整解决方案,实现了从算法开发到实时仿真再到代码生成与</span></u></strong></pre>
<strong><u><span style="background-color: #ffaf00; color: #c41200; font-size: large;">最终产品实现的完整过程</span></u></strong>主要的典型应用包括:<br /><br />控制系统的应用与开发——<strong><u><span style="color: blue;">快速控制原型</span></u></strong>与硬件在回路仿真的统一平台 dSPACE
<br /><br />信号处理系统的设计与开发——全系统仿真与快速原型验证, TI DSP 、 Lyrtech 等信号处理产品软硬件平台
<br /><br />通信系统设计与开发——结合 RadioLab 3G 和 Candence 等产品 <br /><br />机电一体化设计与开发——全系统的联合仿真,结合
Easy 5 、 Adams 等
<br />***************************************<br />本人用得比较多的模块式:base, stat,insight,
em,
ets模块(针对8.2,9的liscense不全,没用过),逐一点评:<br /><br />base:功能强大,sas之本。对于一个真正的高手而言,base+iml就可以实现绝大多数功能了,他在数据管理和数据前期处理方面的强大性能是我非常喜爱的。当初处理+分析100万条通话</div>
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<pre>记录的时候,手头也只有sas能够胜任,excel的六万多条限制和spss奇慢无比的速度实在受不了。宏也是非常得好用,几千个数据文件的导入拆分只需点击一下run。还有逻辑库的设定实</pre>
在是非常的方便。另外base
proc sql比MS SQL Server跑Sql还要快,可见sas底层做的技术之好!<br /><strong><u><span style="color: blue;">stat:统计模块</span></u></strong>,够用就好。常用的统计功能在这里都能实现了,基本相当于spss了(速度远过,常用功能略逊,特殊功能较多)。<strong><u><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;">Analyst是它的可视化界面</span></u></strong>,虽然方便,</div>
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但是省略了</div>
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<pre>太多的功能,连因子分析都不能做,不得不说遗憾。当然了,对于大多数用户来说,恐怕连因子分析和主成分分析都分不清楚,还是不要让他们做得好!
<strong><u><span style="color: blue;">insight</span></u></strong>:方便灵活。看名字就知道,<strong><u><span style="color: blue;">互动式数据分析</span></u></strong>,最适合用来观察数据,探索性数据分析,非常得方便,缺点是结果好像无法保存。
<strong><u><span style="background-color: #ffaf00; color: #f5d8d5;">em</span></u></strong>:强大,美观,昂贵!<strong><u><span style="color: blue;">数据挖掘模块</span></u></strong>,一年的租借费用据说是$1million,乖乖!不过实在是sas的巅峰之作,目前最优秀的数据挖掘软件!Insight也被集成为子模块之一。
<u><span style="background-color: #ffaf00; color: #c41200;"><strong>ets</strong></span></u>:终于到时间序列了,比Eviews要强大,不过可惜绝大多数的功能要编程,菜单可以做一部分,太少的一部分。
iml:好东西,用于矩阵运算,可以当个matlab用,正准备学......
总而言之:sas是给懂得人用的,<span style="background-color: #ffaf00; color: #c41200;"><u><strong>界面不友好,大多数要编程,这正是sas公司的良苦用心</strong></u></span>!统计不是那么容易玩的,很多人模型前提假设都没搞懂,就在那里瞎做,用excel,spss还容</pre>
<pre>易,sas就难了。
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SPSS是软件英文名称的首字母缩写,原意为Statistical Package for the Social Sciences,即“社会科学统计软件包”。但是随着SPSS产品服务领域的扩大和服务深度的增加,</pre>
<pre>SPSS公司已于2000年正式将英文全称更改为Statistical Product and Service Solutions,意为“统计产品与服务解决方案”,标志着SPSS的战略方向正在做出重大调整。
SPSS是世界上最早的统计分析软件,由美国斯坦福大学的三位研究生于20世纪60年代末研制,同时成立了SPSS公司,并于1975年在芝加哥组建了SPSS总部。1984年SPSS总部首先推出了</pre>
<pre>世界上第一个统计分析软件微机版本SPSS/PC+,开创了SPSS微机系列产品的开发方向,极大地扩充了它的应用范围,并使其能很快地应用于自然科学、技术科学、社会科学的各个领域,</pre>
<pre>世界上许多有影响的报刊杂志纷纷就SPSS的<strong><u>自动统计绘图、数据的深入分析、使用方便、功能齐全</u></strong>等方面给予了高度的评价与称赞。迄今SPSS软件已有30余年的成长历史。全球约有25万</pre>
<pre>家产品用户,它们分布于通讯、医疗、银行、<strong><u><span style="background-color: #ffaf00; color: #c41200;">证券</span></u></strong>、保险、制造、商业、市场研究、<strong><u><span style="background-color: #ffaf00; color: #c41200;">科研教育</span></u></strong>等多个领域和行业,是世界上应用最广泛的专业统计软</pre>
<pre>件。
<strong><u><span style="color: blue;">SPSS是世界上最早采用图形菜单驱动界面的统计软件,它最突出的特点就是操作界面极为友好,输出结果美观漂亮</span></u></strong>。它将几乎所有的功能都以统一、规范的界面展现出来,</pre>
<pre>使用Windows的窗口方式展示各种管理和分析数据方法的功能,对话框展示出各种功能选择项。用户只要掌握一定的Windows操作技能,粗通统计分析原理,就可以使用该软件为特定的科</pre>
<pre>研工作服务<strong><u><span style="background-color: #ffaf00; color: #c41200;">。是非专业统计人员的首选统计软件</span></u></strong>。在众多用户对国际常用统计软件SAS、BMDP、GLIM、GENSTAT、EPILOG、MiniTab的总体印象分的统计中,其诸项功能均获得最高分。</pre>
<pre>SPSS采用类似EXCEL表格的方式输入与管理数据,数据接口较为通用,能方便的从其他数据库中读入数据。其统计过程包括了常用的、较为成熟的统计过程,完全可以满足非统计专业人士</pre>
<pre>的工作需要。</pre>
<pre>输出结果十分美观,存储时则是专用的SPO格式,可以转存为HTML格式和文本格式。对于熟悉老版本编程运行方式的用户,SPSS还特别设计了语法生成窗口,用户只需在菜单中选好各个选</pre>
<pre>项,然后按<strong><u><span style="color: blue;">“粘贴”</span></u></strong>按钮就可以<strong><u><span style="background-color: #ffaf00; color: #c41200; font-size: large;">自动生成标准的SPSS程序</span></u></strong>。极大的方便了中、高级用户。
SPSS输出结果虽然漂亮,但不能为WORD等常用文字处理软件直接打开,只能采用拷贝、粘贴的方式加以交互。这可以说是SPSS软件的缺陷。</pre>
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<h1>
<a href="http://anyall.org/blog">AI and Social Science - Brendan
O’Connor</a></h1>
<div class="descri">
Cognition, systems, decisions, visualization, machine
learning, etc.</div>
</div>
<div id="sidebar">
<h4>
About</h4>
<div class="about">
This is a blog on artificial intelligence and social science —
call it "Social Science++" — with an emphasis on computation and statistics. My
general website is <a href="http://anyall.org/">anyall.org</a>.</div>
<br />
<h4>
All Posts</h4>
Best posts are bold.
<ul class="new">
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2010/08/an-mlai-approach-to-p-np/">An ML/AI
approach to P != NP</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2010/04/updates-cmu-facebook/">Updates: CMU,
Facebook</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2010/04/quick-note-cer-et-al-2010/">quick
note: cer et al 2010</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2010/03/how-facebook-privacy-failed-me/">How
Facebook privacy failed me</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/12/list-of-probabilistic-model-mini-language-toolkits/">List
of probabilistic model mini-language toolkits</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/09/seeing-how-art-and-pharmaceuticals-are-linguistically-similar-in-web-text/">Seeing
how “art” and “pharmaceuticals” are linguistically similar in web text</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/09/quiz-art-and-pharmaceuticals/">Quiz:
“art” and “pharmaceuticals”</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/09/dont-mawk-awk-the-fastest-and-most-elegant-big-data-munging-language/">Don’t
MAWK AWK - the fastest and most elegant big data munging language!</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/09/patches-to-rainbow-the-old-text-classifier-that-wont-go-away/">Patches
to Rainbow, the old text classifier that won’t go away</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/09/another-r-flashmob-today/">Another R
flashmob today</a>
</li>
<li><span class="best_of"><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/08/beautiful-data-book-chapter/">Beautiful
Data book chapter</a></span>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/08/haghighi-and-klein-2009-simple-coreference-resolution-with-rich-syntactic-and-semantic-features/">Haghighi
and Klein (2009): Simple Coreference Resolution with Rich Syntactic and Semantic
Features</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/08/blogger-to-wordpress-migration-helper/">Blogger
to Wordpress migration helper</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/07/r-questions-on-stackoverflow/">R
questions on StackOverflow</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/07/fft-friedman-fortran-tricks/">FFT:
Friedman + Fortran + Tricks</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/07/road-in-a-forest/">Road in a
forest</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/07/beta-conjugate-explorer/">Beta
conjugate explorer</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/06/michael-jackson-in-persepolis/">Michael
Jackson in Persepolis</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/06/psychometrics-quote/">Psychometrics
quote</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/06/june-4/">June 4</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/05/where-tweets-get-sent-from/">Where
tweets get sent from</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/05/zipfs-law-and-world-city-populations/">Zipf’s
law and world city populations</a>
</li>
<li><span class="best_of"><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/05/announcing-tweetmotif-for-summarizing-twitter-topics-with-a-dash-of-nlp/">Announcing
TweetMotif for summarizing twitter topics</a></span>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/04/performance-comparison-keyvalue-stores-for-language-model-counts/">Performance
comparison: key/value stores for language model counts</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/04/1-billion-web-page-dataset-from-cmu/">1
billion web page dataset from CMU</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/04/pirates-killed-by-president/">Pirates
killed by President</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/04/binary-classification-evaluation-in-r-via-rocr/">Binary
classification evaluation in R via ROCR</a>
</li>
<li><span class="best_of"><span class="current_post"><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/">Comparison
of data analysis packages: R, Matlab, SciPy, Excel, SAS, SPSS,
Stata</a></span></span>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/la-jetee/">La Jetee</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/01/logic-bomb/">“Logic Bomb”</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/01/sf-conference-for-data-mining-mercenaries/">SF
conference for data mining mercenaries</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/01/love-it-and-hate-it-r-has-come-of-age/">Love
it and hate it, R has come of age</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/12/facebook-sentiment-mining-predicts-presidential-polls/">Facebook
sentiment mining predicts presidential polls</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/12/can-social-media-prevent-genocide/">Can
social media prevent genocide?</a>
</li>
<li><span class="best_of"><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/12/statistics-vs-machine-learning-fight/">Statistics
vs. Machine Learning, fight!</a></span>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/11/calculating-running-variance-in-python-and-c/">Calculating
running variance in Python and C++</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/11/python-bindings-to-googles-ajax-search-api/">Python
bindings to Google’s “AJAX” Search API</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/11/netflix-prize/">Netflix Prize</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/11/youtube-the-wire-chicken-mcnuggets/">The
Wire: Mr. Nugget</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/11/correlations-cotton-picking-vs-2008-presidential-votes/">Correlations
- cotton picking vs. 2008 Presidential votes</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/11/disease-tracking-with-web-queries-and-social-messaging-google-twitter-facebook/">Disease
tracking with web queries and social messaging (Google, Twitter, Facebook…)</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/11/obama-street-celebrations-in-san-francisco/">Obama
street celebrations in San Francisco</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/10/twitter-graphs-of-the-debate/">Twitter
graphs of the debate</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/10/is-religion-the-opiate-of-the-elite/">Is
religion the opiate of the elite?</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/10/financial-market-theory-on-the-daily-show/">Financial
market theory on the Daily Show</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/10/the-universal-declaration-of-human-rights-animated/">The
Universal Declaration of Human Rights Animated</a>
</li>
<li><span class="best_of"><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/10/it-is-accurate-to-determine-a-blogs-bias-by-what-it-links-to/">It
is accurate to determine a blog’s bias by what it links to</a></span>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/10/blog-move-has-landed/">Blog move has
landed</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/10/mydebatesorg-online-polling-and-potentially-the-coolest-question-corpus-ever/">MyDebates.org,
online polling, and potentially the coolest question corpus ever</a>
</li>
<li><span class="best_of"><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/09/palinspeakcom/">PalinSpeak.com</a></span>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/09/machine-translationvision-stanford-ai-courses-online/">"Machine"
translation/vision (Stanford AI courses online)</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/08/fukuyama-authoritarianism-is-still-against-history/">Fukuyama:
Authoritarianism is still against history</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/08/a-better-obama-vs-mccain-poll-aggregation/">A
better Obama vs McCain poll aggregation</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/08/east-vs-west-cultural-psychology/">East vs
West cultural psychology!</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/07/the-macgyver-of-data-analysis/">The
MacGyver of data analysis</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/07/link-todays-international-organizations/">Link:
Today’s international organizations</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/07/bias-correction-sneak-peek/">Bias
correction sneak peek!</a>
</li>
<li><span class="best_of"><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/06/turker-classifiers-and-binary-classification-threshold-calibration/">Turker
classifiers and binary classification threshold calibration</a></span>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/06/pairwise-comparisons-for-relevance-evaluation/">Pairwise
comparisons for relevance evaluation</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/06/clinton-obama-support-visualization/">Clinton-Obama
support visualization</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/05/sub-reddit-for-systems-science-and-or/">Sub-reddit
for Systems Science and OR</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/05/conplot-a-console-plotter/">conplot
- a console plotter</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/05/the-best-natural-language-search-commentary-on-the-internet/">The
best natural language search commentary on the internet</a>
</li>
<li><span class="best_of"><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/04/are-women-discriminated-against-in-graduate-admissions-simpsons-paradox-via-r-in-three-easy-steps/">Are
women discriminated against in graduate admissions? Simpson’s paradox via R in
three easy steps!</a></span>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/04/a-regression-slope-is-a-weighted-average-of-pairs-slopes/">a
regression slope is a weighted average of pairs’ slopes!</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/04/datawocky-more-data-usually-beats-better-algorithms/">Datawocky:
More data usually beats better algorithms</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/03/allendes-cybernetic-economy-project/">Allende’s
cybernetic economy project</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/03/quick-r-the-only-decent-r-documentation-on-the-internet/">Quick-R,
the only decent R documentation on the internet</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/03/spending-money-on-others-makes-you-happy/">Spending
money on others makes you happy</a>
</li>
<li><span class="best_of"><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/03/color-name-study-i-did/">color name study i
did</a></span>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/03/phd-comics-humanities-vs-social-sciences/">PHD
Comics: Humanities vs. Social Sciences</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/03/data-data-data/">data data data</a>
</li>
<li><span class="best_of"><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/01/food-fight/">Food Fight</a></span>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/01/graphics-atari-breakout-and-religious-text-nlp/">Graphics!
Atari Breakout and religious text NLP</a>
</li>
<li><span class="best_of"><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/01/moral-psychology-on-amazon-mechanical-turk/">Moral
psychology on Amazon Mechanical Turk</a></span>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/01/will-the-humanities-save-us/">Will
the humanities save us?</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/01/indicators-of-a-crackpot-paper/">Indicators
of a crackpot paper</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2007/12/what-is-experimental-philosophy/">What is
experimental philosophy?</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2007/12/data-driven-charity/">Data-driven
charity</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2007/12/race-and-iq-debate-links/">Race and
IQ debate - links</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2007/11/how-did-freud-become-a-respected-humanist/">How
did Freud become a respected humanist?!</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2007/11/actually-that-2008-elections-voter-fmri-study-is-batshit-insane-and-sleazy-too/">Actually
that 2008 elections voter fMRI study is batshit insane (and sleazy too)</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2007/11/pop-cog-neuro-is-so-sigh/">Pop cog
neuro is so sigh</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2007/11/authoritarian-great-power-capitalism/">Authoritarian
great power capitalism</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2007/10/neo-institutional-economic-fun/">neo
institutional economic fun!</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2007/10/verificationism-dinosaur-comics/">Verificationism
dinosaur comics</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2007/09/eeg-for-the-wii-and-in-your-basement/">EEG
for the Wii and in your basement</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2007/09/dollar-auction/">Dollar auction</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2007/08/connectucom-sql-injection-vulnerability-a-story-of-pathetic-hubris-and-fun-with-the-password-password/">ConnectU.com
SQL injection vulnerability: a story of pathetic hubris (and fun with the
password ‘password’)</a>
</li>
<li><span class="best_of"><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2007/08/its-all-in-a-name-kingdom-of-norway-vs-democratic-peoples-republic-of-korea/">It’s
all in a name: "Kingdom of Norway" vs. "Democratic People’s Republic of
Korea"</a></span>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2007/08/whens-the-last-time-you-dug-through-19th-century-english-mortuary-records/">When’s
the last time you dug through 19th century English mortuary records</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2007/08/are-ideas-interesting-or-are-they-true/">Are
ideas interesting, or are they true?</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2007/07/cooperation-dynamics-martin-nowak/">Cooperation
dynamics - Martin Nowak</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2007/07/china-fines-for-bad-maps/">China:
fines for bad maps</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2007/07/cerealitivity/">Cerealitivity</a>
</li>
<li><span class="best_of"><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2007/07/game-outcome-graphs-prisoners-dilemma-with-fun-arrows/">Game
outcome graphs — prisoner’s dilemma with FUN ARROWS!!!</a></span>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2007/07/washington-in-1774/">Washington in
1774</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2007/07/happiness-incarnate-on-the-colbert-report/">Happiness
incarnate on the Colbert Report</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2007/06/evangelicals-vs-aquarians/">Evangelicals
vs. Aquarians</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2007/06/time-will-tell-epistemology-wont/">"Time
will tell, epistemology won’t"</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2007/06/richard-rorty-has-died/">Richard
Rorty has died</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2007/06/freak-freakonomics-ariel-rubinstein-is-the-shit/">Freak-Freakonomics
(Ariel Rubinstein is the shit!)</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2007/05/stanford-impostor/">"Stanford
Impostor"</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2007/05/rock-paper-scissors-psychology/">Rock Paper
Scissors psychology</a>
</li>
<li><span class="best_of"><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2007/05/simpsons-paradox-is-so-totally-solved/">Simpson’s
paradox is so totally solved</a></span>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2007/04/more-fun-with-gapminder-trendalyzer/">More
fun with Gapminder / Trendalyzer</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2007/04/gapminderorg-terrific-world-data-visualizations/">Gapminder.org
— terrific world data visualizations</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2007/04/random-search-engine-searcher/">Random
search engine searcher</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2007/04/evil/">Evil</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2007/03/seth-roberts-and-academic-blogging/">Seth
Roberts and academic blogging</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2007/03/statistics-is-big-n-logic/">Statistics is
big-N logic?</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2007/03/feminists-anarchists-computational-complexity-bounded-rationality-nethack-and-other-things-to-do/">Feminists,
anarchists, computational complexity, bounded rationality, nethack, and other
things to do</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2007/03/computability-and-induction-and-ideal-rationality-and-the-simpsons/">Computability
and induction and ideal rationality and the simpsons</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2007/02/iraq-is-the-9th-deadliest-civil-war-since-ww2/">Iraq
is the 9th deadliest civil war since WW2</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2007/02/pascals-wager/">Pascal’s Wager</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2007/02/when-linguists-appear-on-ironic-parody-talk-shows/">When
linguists appear on ironic parody talk shows</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2007/01/the-jungle-economy/">The Jungle
Economy</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2007/01/funny-comic/">funny comic</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2007/01/anarchy-vs-social-order-in-somalia/">Anarchy
vs. social order in Somalia</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2006/09/double-thesis-action/">Double thesis
action</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2006/08/a-big-fun-list-of-links-im-reading/">A big,
fun list of links I’m reading</a>
</li>
<li><span class="best_of"><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2006/07/4-move-rock-paper-scissors/">4-move rock,
paper, scissors!</a></span>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2006/07/two-middle-east-politics-visualizations/">Two
Middle East politics visualizations</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2006/07/neuroscience-and-economics-both-ways/">neuroscience
and economics both ways</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2006/06/social-network-ized-economic-markets/">Social
network-ized economic markets</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2006/06/rock-paper-scissors/">Rock, Paper,
Scissors</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2006/06/neuroeconomics-reviews/">Neuroeconomics
reviews</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2006/05/lordi-goes-to-eurovision/">Lordi
goes to Eurovision</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2006/05/drunken-monkeys-experiment/">Drunken
monkeys experiment!</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2006/04/easterly-vs-sachs-on-global-poverty/">Easterly
vs. Sachs on global poverty</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2006/04/high-irony/">high irony</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2006/04/the-identity-politics-of-satananic-zombie-alien-man-beasts/">The
identity politics of satananic zombie alien man-beasts</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2006/03/new-kind-of-science-for-real/">new
kind of science, for real</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2006/03/mark-turner-toward-the-founding-of-cognitive-social-science/">Mark
Turner: Toward the Founding of Cognitive Social Science</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2006/02/libertarianism-and-evolution-dont-mix/">Libertarianism
and evolution don’t mix</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2005/11/academic-blogging/">academic
blogging</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2005/11/science-writing-bad/">science
writing bad!</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2005/10/34/">Bush approval ratings</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2005/09/kurzweil-interview/">Kurzweil
interview</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2005/09/cognitive-modelling-is-rational-choice/">cognitive
modelling is rational choice++</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2005/09/submit-your-poker-data/">Submit your
poker data!</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2005/08/bayesian-analysis-of-intelligent-design-revised/">Bayesian
analysis of intelligent design (revised!)</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2005/08/searchin-for-our-friend-homo-economicus/">searchin’
for our friend, homo economicus</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2005/07/balkanized-usa/">balkanized USA</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2005/07/war-death-statistics/">war death
statistics</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2005/07/guns-germs-steel-pbs-show/">guns,
germs, & steel pbs show?!</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2005/07/the-psychology-of-design-as-explanation/">the
psychology of design as explanation</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2005/07/another-blog-cog-psych-and-politicalsocial-stuff/">another
blog: cog psych and political/social stuff</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2005/07/a-bayesian-analysis-of-intelligent-design/">a
bayesian analysis of intelligent design</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2005/07/22/">Statistical inference and
social science</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2005/07/finding-some-decision-science-blogs/">finding
some decision science blogs</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2005/07/20/">Social economics and
rationality</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2005/07/city-crisis-simulation-eg-terrorist-attack/">City
crisis simulation (e.g. terrorist attack)</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2005/07/freakonomics-blog/">freakonomics
blog</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2005/07/supreme-court-agreement/">Supreme
Court justices’ agreement levels</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2005/07/echo-pse-cbs/">$ echo
{political,social,economic}{cognition,behavior,systems}</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2005/07/modelling-environmentalism-thinking/">Modelling
environmentalism thinking</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2005/06/monkey-economics-and-brothels/">monkey
economics (and brothels)</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2005/06/more-argumentation-aiformal-modelling-links/">more
argumentation & AI/formal modelling links</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2005/06/zombies/">zombies!</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2005/06/looking-for-related-blogslinks/">looking
for related blogs/links</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2005/06/idea-morals-are-heuristics-for-socially-optimal-behavior/">idea:
Morals are heuristics for socially optimal behavior</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2005/06/1st-international-conference-on-computational-models-of-argument-comma06/">1st
International Conference on Computational Models of Argument (COMMA06)</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2005/05/online-deliberation-2005-conference-blog-more-is-up/">Online
Deliberation 2005 conference blog & more is up!</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2004/12/go-science/">go science</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2004/11/addiction-2-problems-of-economics/">addiction
& 2 problems of economics</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2004/11/gintis-theoretical-unity-in-the-social-sciences/">gintis:
theoretical unity in the social sciences</a></li>
</ul>
<div style="clear: both;">
</div>
<div class="leftbar">
</div>
</div>
<div id="content">
<div class="entry">
<h1>
Comparison of data analysis packages: R, Matlab, SciPy, Excel, </h1>
<h1>
SAS, SPSS, Stata</h1>
<a href="http://lukasbiewald.com/">Lukas</a> and I were trying to write a
succinct comparison of the most popular packages that are typically used for
data analysis. I think most people choose one based on what people around them
use or what they learn in school, so I’ve found it hard to find comparative
information. I’m posting the table here in hopes of useful comments.<br />
<table border="1" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><strong>Name</strong></td>
<td><strong>Advantages</strong></td>
<td><strong>Disadvantages</strong></td>
<td><strong>Open source?</strong></td>
<td valign="top"><strong>Typical </strong><strong>users</strong></td></tr>
<tr>
<td>R</td>
<td>Library support; visualization</td>
<td>Steep learning curve</td>
<td>Yes</td>
<td valign="top">Finance; Statistics</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Matlab</td>
<td>Elegant matrix support; visualization</td>
<td>Expensive; incomplete statistics support</td>
<td>No</td>
<td valign="top">Engineering</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>SciPy/NumPy/Matplotlib</td>
<td>Python (general-purpose programming language)</td>
<td>Immature</td>
<td>Yes</td>
<td valign="top">Engineering</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Excel</td>
<td>Easy; visual; flexible</td>
<td>Large datasets</td>
<td>No</td>
<td valign="top">Business</td></tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top">SAS</td>
<td valign="top">Large datasets</td>
<td valign="top">Expensive; outdated programming language</td>
<td valign="top">No</td>
<td valign="top">Business; Government</td></tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top">Stata</td>
<td valign="top">Easy statistical analysis</td>
<td valign="top">
</td><td valign="top">No</td>
<td valign="top">Science</td></tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top">SPSS</td>
<td colspan="4" valign="top">Like Stata but more expensive and
worse</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
[<b>7/09 update:</b> tweaks incorporating some of the excellent comments
below, esp. for SAS, SPSS, and Stata.]<br />
There’s a bunch more to be said for every cell. Among other things: <br />
<ul>
<li>Two big divisions on the table: The more programming-oriented solutions are
R, Matlab, and Python. More analytic solutions are Excel, SAS, Stata, and SPSS.
</li>
<li>Python “immature”: matplotlib, numpy, and scipy are all separate libraries
that don’t always get along. Why does matplotlib come with “pylab” which is
supposed to be a unified namespace for everything? Isn’t scipy supposed to do
that? Why is there duplication between numpy and scipy (e.g. numpy.linalg vs.
scipy.linalg)? And then there’s package compatibility version hell. You can
use SAGE or Enthought but neither is standard (yet). In terms of functionality
and approach, SciPy is closest to Matlab, but it feels much less mature.
</li>
<li>Matlab’s language is certainly weak. It sometimes doesn’t seem to be much
more than a scripting language wrapping the matrix libraries. Python is clearly
better on most counts. R’s is surprisingly good (Scheme-derived, smart use of
named args, etc.) if you can get past the bizarre language constructs and weird
functions in the standard library. Everyone says SAS is very bad.
</li>
<li>Matlab is the best for developing new mathematical algorithms. Very popular
in machine learning.
</li>
<li>I’ve never used the Matlab Statistical Toolbox. I’m wondering, how good is
it compared to R?
</li>
<li>Here’s an <a href="http://www.reddit.com/r/programming/comments/7fg6i/why_are_sasstata_the_default_statistical_tools/">interesting
reddit thread</a> on SAS/Stata vs R.
</li>
<li>SPSS and Stata in the same category: they seem to have a similar role so we
threw them together. Stata is a lot cheaper than SPSS, people usually seem to
like it, and it seems popular for introductory courses. I personally haven’t
used either…
</li>
<li>SPSS and Stata for “Science”: we’ve seen biologists and social scientists
use lots of Stata and SPSS. My impression is they get used by people who want
the easiest way possible to do the sort of standard statistical analyses that
are very orthodox in many academic disciplines. (ANOVA, multiple regressions,
t- and chi-squared significance tests, etc.) Certain types of scientists, like
physicists, computer scientists, and statisticians, often do weirder stuff that
doesn’t fit into these traditional methods.
</li>
<li>Another important thing about SAS, from my perspective at least, is that
it’s used mostly by an older crowd. I know dozens of people under 30 doing
statistical stuff and only one knows SAS. At that <a href="http://dataspora.com/blog/predictive-analytics-using-r/">R meetup</a> last
week, <a href="http://www.meetup.com/R-Users/members/7654264/">Jim Porzak</a>
asked the audience if there were any recent grad students who had learned R in
school. Many hands went up. Then he asked if SAS was even offered as an
option. All hands went down. There were boatloads of SAS representatives at
that conference and they sure didn’t seem to be on the leading edge.
</li>
<li>But: is there ANY package besides SAS that can do analysis for datasets that
don’t fit into memory? That is, ones that mostly have to stay on disk? And
exactly how good as SAS’s capabilities here anyway?
</li>
<li>If your dataset can’t fit on a single hard drive and you need a cluster,
none of the above will work. There are a few multi-machine data processing
frameworks that are somewhat standard (e.g. Hadoop, MPI) but It’s an open
question what the standard distributed data analysis framework will be. (Hive?
Pig? Or quite possibly something else.)
</li>
<li>(This was an interesting point at the R meetup. Porzak was talking about
how going to MySQL gets around R’s in-memory limitations. But Itamar Rosenn and
Bo Cowgill (Facebook and Google respectively) were talking about multi-machine
datasets that require cluster computation that R doesn’t come close to touching,
at least right now. It’s just a whole different ballgame with that large a
dataset.)
</li>
<li>SAS people complain about poor graphing capabilities.
</li>
<li>R vs. Matlab visualization support is controversial. One view I’ve heard
is, R’s visualizations are great for exploratory analysis, but you want
something else for very high-quality graphs. Matlab’s interactive plots are
super nice though. Matplotlib follows the Matlab model, which is fine, but is
uglier than either IMO.
</li>
<li>Excel has a far, far larger user base than any of these other options.
That’s important to know. I think it’s underrated by computer scientist sort of
people. But it does massively break down at >10k or certainly >100k rows.
</li>
<li>Another option: Fortran and C/C++. They are super fast and memory
efficient, but tricky and error-prone to code, have to spend lots of time
mucking around with I/O, and have zero visualization and data management
support. Most of the packages listed above run Fortran numeric libraries for
the heavy lifting.
</li>
<li>Another option: Mathematica. I get the impression it’s more for theoretical
math, not data analysis. Can anyone prove me wrong?
</li>
<li>Another option: the pre-baked data mining packages. The open-source ones I
know of are Weka and Orange. I hear there are zillions of commercial ones too.
Jerome Friedman, a big statistical learning guy, has an interesting complaint
that they should focus more on traditional things like significance tests and
experimental design. (<a href="http://www-stat.stanford.edu/~jhf/ftp/dm-stat.pdf">Here</a>; the article
that inspired <a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/12/statistics-vs-machine-learning-fight/">this
rant</a>.)
</li>
<li>I think knowing where the typical users come from is very informative for
what you can expect to see in the software’s capabilities and user community.
I’d love more information on this for all these options.</li>
</ul>
What do people think?<br />
<div class="indicator">
•</div>
<h2 class="comments-template" id="comments">
114 comments to “Comparison of data
analysis packages: R, Matlab, SciPy, Excel, SAS, SPSS, Stata”</h2>
<div class="comments-template">
<ol class="commentlist">
<li id="comment-3183">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/fd67478d286b87e0aeb30d157962abda?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>Eric
Sun wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3183">23.
February 2009 at 8:53 pm</a> : </div>
>>I know dozens of people under 30 doing statistical stuff and only one
knows SAS.<br />
I’m assuming the “one” is me, so I’ll just say a few points:<br />I’m taking
John Chambers’s R class at Stanford this quarter, so I’m slowly and steadily
becoming an R convert.<br />That said, I don’t think anything besides SAS can do
well with datasets that don’t fit in memory. We used SAS in litigation
consulting because we frequently had datasets in the 1-20 GB range (i.e. can fit
easily on one hard disk but difficult to work with in R/Stata where you have to
load it all in at once) and almost never larger than 20GB. In this relatively
narrow context, it makes a lot of sense to use SAS: it’s very efficient and easy
to get summary statistics, look at a few observations here and there, and do
lots of different kinds of analyses. I recall a Cournot Equilibrium-finding
simulation that we wrote using the SAS macro language, which would be quite
difficult in R, I think. I don’t have quantitative stats on SAS’s capabilities,
but I would certainly not think twice about importing a 20 GB file into SAS and
working with it in the same way as I would a 20 MB file. <br />
That said, if you have really huge internet-scale data that won’t fit on one
hard drive, then SAS won’t be too useful either. I’ll be very interested if this
R + Hadoop system ever becomes mature: <a href="http://www.stat.purdue.edu/~sguha/rhipe/">http://www.stat.purdue.edu/~sguha/rhipe/</a><br />
In my work at Facebook, Python + RPy2 is a good solution for large datasets
that don’t need to be loaded into memory all at once (for example, analyzing one
facebook network at a time). If you have mutliple machines, these computations
can be speeded up using iPython’s parallel computing facilities.<br />
Also, R’s graphical capabilities continue to surprise me; you can actually do
a lot of advanced stuff. I don’t do much graphics, but perhaps check out “R
Graphics” by Murrell or Deepayan Sarkar’s book on Lattice Graphics.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3184">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/fd67478d286b87e0aeb30d157962abda?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>Eric
Sun wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3184">23.
February 2009 at 8:55 pm</a> : </div>
I thought that most people consider SAS to have the highest learning curve,
certainly higher than R. but maybe I’m mistaken about that.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3186">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/9afa1a12e74de7c233e6ccaa4239810a?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>Justin
wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3186">23.
February 2009 at 10:24 pm</a> : </div>
Calling scipy immature sounds somehow “wrong”. The issues you come up with
are more of early design flaws that will not go away, no matter how “mature”
scipy is getting.<br />
That said, these are flaws, but they seem pretty minor to me.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3189">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/8918a69120d4c944a40c07e3cc1f0e08?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://www.inference.phy.cam.ac.uk/ear23/">Edward Ratzer</a>
wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3189">23.
February 2009 at 10:42 pm</a> : </div>
I’ve recently seen GNU DAP mentioned as an open-source equivalent to SAS.
Know if it’s any good?<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3191">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/7230661fec9e3def0c5498c20456743f?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>TS
Waterman wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3191">23.
February 2009 at 10:49 pm</a> : </div>
Have you considered Octave in this regard? It’s a GNU-licensed Matlab clone.
Very nice graphing capability, Matlab syntax and library functions, open
source.<br />
<a href="http://www.gnu.org/software/octave/FAQ.html#MATLAB-compatibility">http://www.gnu.org/software/octave/FAQ.html#MATLAB-compatibility</a><br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3192">
<div class="commentmetadata_author">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/fd4b164e15fa2a834d16fb8743ec4f1b?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://anyall.org/">brendano</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3192">23.
February 2009 at 10:52 pm</a> : </div>
@Eric - oops, yeah should’ve put SAS as hardest. Good point that the standard
of judging how good large dataset support is, is whether you can manipulate a
big dataset the same way you manipulate a small dataset. I’ve loaded 1-2 GB of
data into R and you definitely have to do things differently (e.g. never use
by()). <br />
@Justin - scipy certainly seems like it keeps improving. I just keep
comparing it to matlab and it’s constantly behind. I remember once watching
someone try to make a 3d plot. He spent quite a while going through various
half-baked python solutions that didn’t work. Then he booted up matlab and had
one in less than a minute. Matlab’s functionality is well-designed,
well-put-together and well-documented.<br />
@Edward - I have seen it mentioned too. From glancing at its home page, it
seems like a pretty small-time project.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3193">
<div class="commentmetadata_author">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/fd4b164e15fa2a834d16fb8743ec4f1b?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://anyall.org/">brendano</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3193">23.
February 2009 at 10:58 pm</a> : </div>
@TS - yeah, i used octave just once for something simple. it worked fine. my
issues were: first, i’m not impressed with gnuplot graphing. second, the
interactive environment isn’t too great. third, trying to clone the matlab
language seems crazy since it’s kind of crappy. i think i’d usually pick scipy
over octave if being free is a requirement, else go with matlab if i have access
to it.<br />
otoh it looks like it supports some nice things like sparse matrices that
i’ve had a hard time with lately in R and scipy. i guess worth another look at
some point…<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3194">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/faef2c296b5989d5df52e251bf3105fb?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://www.dataspora.com/blog">Michael E. Driscoll</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3194">23.
February 2009 at 11:05 pm</a> : </div>
Brendan, <br />
Nice overview, I think another dimension you don’t mention — but which Bo
Cowgill alluded to at our R panel talk — is performance. Matlab is typically
stronger in this vein, but R has made significant progress with more recent
versions. Some benchmark results can be found at:<br />
<a href="http://mlg.eng.cam.ac.uk/dave/rmbenchmark.php">http://mlg.eng.cam.ac.uk/dave/rmbenchmark.php</a><br />
MD<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3195">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/701c39d544a44d698b158c054b3fd872?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>Mike
wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3195">23.
February 2009 at 11:27 pm</a> : </div>
In high energy particle physics, ROOT is the package of choice. It’s
distributed by CERN, but it’s open source, and is multi-platform (though the
Linux flavor is best supported). It does solve some of the problems you
mentioned, like running over large datasets that can’t be entirely
memory-resident. The syntax is C++ based, and has both an interpreter and the
ability to compile/execute scripts from the command line.<br />
There are lots of reasons to prefer other packages (like R) over ROOT for
certain tasks, but in the end there’s little that can be done with other
packages that one cannot do with ROOT.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3197">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/96984307e7fc179d722dc9c41ea4a52f?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://www.datawrangling.com/">Pete Skomoroch</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3197">24.
February 2009 at 12:32 am</a> : </div>
This is obviously oversimplified - but that is the point of a succinct
comparison. I would add that you are missing a lot of disadvantages for Excel -
it has incomplete statistics support and an outdated “language” :) <br />
Python actually really shines above the others for handling large datasets
using memmap files or a distributed computing approach. R obviously has a
stronger statistics user base and more complete libraries in that area - along
with better “out-of-the-box” visualizations. Also, some of the benefits overlap
- using numpy/scipy you get that same elegant matrix support / syntax that
matlab has, basically slicing arrays and wrapping lapack.<br />
The advantages of having a real programming language and all the additional
non-statistical libraries & frameworks available to you make Python the
language of choice for me. If there is something scipy is weak at that I need,
I’ll also use R in a pinch or move down to C. I think you are basically
operating at a disadvantage if you are using the other packages at this point.
The only other reason I can see to use them is if you have no choice, for
example if you inherited a ton of legacy code within your organization.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3202">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/a7f4f9dcbbf1d46d660b0a6c98435751?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://www.johndcook.com/blog">John</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3202">24.
February 2009 at 3:09 am</a> : </div>
I’m sure you’ve stirred up a lot of controversy. Thanks for calling ‘em like
you see ‘em.<br />
As for Mathematica, I haven’t used it for statistics beyond some basic
support for common distributions. But one thing it does well is very consistent
syntax. I used it when it first came out, then didn’t use if for years, and then
started using it again. When I came back to it, I was able to pick it up right
where I left off. I can’t put R down for a <em>week</em> and remember the
syntax. Mathematica may not do everything, but what it does do, it does
elegantly.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3207">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/efa66f8a0c80fbf096bd1f5ffccf7652?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://blog.quaternio.net/">jessy</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3207">24.
February 2009 at 6:34 am</a> : </div>
it would be awesome to have an informal, hands on tutorial comparison of
several of these languages (looking at ease, performance, features, etc.). maybe
a meetup at something like <a href="http://www.superhappydevhouse.org/">super
happy dev house</a>, or even something separate. just a thought!<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3208">
<div class="commentmetadata_author">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/fd4b164e15fa2a834d16fb8743ec4f1b?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://anyall.org/">brendano</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3208">24.
February 2009 at 6:34 am</a> : </div>
@Michael Driscoll - good point! I was afraid to make performance claims since
I’ve heard that Matlab is getting faster, they have a JIT or a nice compiler or
something now, and I haven’t used it too much recently. (That benchmark page
doesn’t even say which matlab version was used, though I emailed the guy…) I’m
also suspicious of performance comparisons since I’d expect much of it to be
very dependent on the matrix library and there are several LAPACKs out there
(ATLAS and others) and many compiletime parameters to fiddle with. I think I
read something claiming many binary builds of R don’t use the best LAPACK they
could. I’m not totally sure of this though. But if it’s true that Matlab knows
how to vectorize for-loops, that’s really impressive.<br />
@Mike - ah yes, i remember looking at ROOT a long time ago and thinking it
was impressive. But then I forgot about it because all the cs/stats people whose
stuff I usually read don’t know about it. I think it just goes to show you that
the data analysis tools problem is tackled so differently by different groups of
people, it’s very easy to not miss out on better options just due to lack of
information!<br />
@Pete - yeah I whine about python. but I seem to use numpy plenty still :)
actually its freeness is a huge win over matlab for cluster environments since
you dont’ have to pay for a zillion licenses…<br />
Hm I seem to be talking myself into thinking it’s down to R vs Python vs
Matlab. then the rosetta stone <a href="http://mathesaurus.sourceforge.net/matlab-python-xref.pdf">http://mathesaurus.sourceforge.net/matlab-python-xref.pdf</a>
should be my guide…<br />
@John - very interesting. I think many R users have had the experience of
quickly forgetting how to do basic things.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3211">
<div class="commentmetadata_author">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/fd4b164e15fa2a834d16fb8743ec4f1b?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://anyall.org/">brendano</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3211">24.
February 2009 at 9:33 am</a> : </div>
From David Knowles, who did the comparison Mike Driscoll linked to
(http://mlg.eng.cam.ac.uk/dave/rmbenchmark.php):<br />
> Nice comparison. I would add to the pros of R/Python that the
data<br />> structures are much richer than Matlab. The big pro of Matlab
still<br />> seems to be performance (and maybe the GUI for some people). On
top of<br />> being expensive Matlab is a nightmare if you want to run a
program on<br />> lots of nodes because you need a license for every
node!<br />><br />> It’s 2008b I did the comparison with - I should mention
that!<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3227">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/2b94584c2604c7639f12223430ed3a95?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://evendolite.net/newjournal.php3?who=Lord+Omlette">Capt. Jean-Luc
Pikachu</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3227">24.
February 2009 at 2:45 pm</a> : </div>
From <a href="http://blinkdagger.com/category/statistics">Rob Slaza’s
statistics toolbox tutorials</a>, it *seems* like using MATLAB for stats is
reasonably simple…<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3234">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/690c5ff58965b8f030e2368d31372477?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://www.mathworks.com/products/parallel-computing">Gaurav</a>
wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3234">24.
February 2009 at 9:27 pm</a> : </div>
<blockquote>
On top of being expensive Matlab is a nightmare if you want to run a program
on lots of nodes because you need a license for every node! </blockquote>
@Brendan: <br />
Re David Knowles’ comment… <br />
There are specialized parallel/distributed computing tools available from
MathWorks for writing large-scale applications (for clusters, grid etc.). You
should check out: <a href="http://www.mathworks.com/products/parallel-computing">http://www.mathworks.com/products/parallel-computing</a>.
<br />
Running full-fledged desktop MATLAB on a huge number of nodes is messy and of
course very expensive not to mention that a single user would take away several
licenses for which other users will have to wait. <br />
<i>Disclosure: I work for the parallel computing team at The MathWorks
</i><br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3240">
<div class="commentmetadata_author">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/fd4b164e15fa2a834d16fb8743ec4f1b?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://anyall.org/">brendano</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3240">25.
February 2009 at 12:27 am</a> : </div>
Another guy from Mathworks, their head of Matlab product management Scott
Hirsch, contacted me about the language issue and was very kind and
clarifi-cative. The most interesting bits below.<br />
On Tue, Feb 24, 2009 at 7:20 AM, Scott Hirsch <scott>wrote:<br />>>
Brendan –<br />>><br />>> Thanks for the interesting discussion you got
rolling on several popular<br />>> data analysis
packages<br />[...]<br />>> I’m always very interested to hear the
perspectives of MATLAB users, and<br />>> appreciate your comments about
what you like and what you don’t like. I was<br />>> interested in following
up on this comment:<br />>><br />>> “Matlab’s language is certainly
weak. It sometimes doesn’t seem to be<br />>> much more than a scripting
language wrapping the matrix libraries. “<br />>><br />>> I have my own
assumptions about what you might mean, but I’d be very<br />>> interested in
hearing your perspectives here. I would greatly appreciate it<br />>> if you
could share your thoughts on this subject.<br />><br />> sure. most of my
experiences are with matlab 6. just briefly,<br />><br />> * leave out
semicolon => print the expression. that is insane.<br />> * each function
has to be defined in its own file<br />> * no optional arguments<br />> * no
named arguments<br />> * no way to group variables together in a structure. (i
don’t need object<br />> orientation, just a bunch of named items)<br />> * no
perl/python-style hashes<br />> * no object orientation (or just a message
dispatch system) … less<br />> important<br />> * poor/no support for
text<br />> * or other things a general purpose language knows how to do (sql,
networks,<br />> etc etc)</scott><br />
On Tue, Feb 24, 2009 at 11:27 AM, Scott Hirsch <scott>wrote:<br />>
Thanks, Brendan. This is very helpful. Some of the things have been<br />>
addressed, but not all. Here are some quick notes on where we are today.<br />>
Just to be clear – I have no intention (or interest) in changing your<br />>
perspectives, just figured I could let you know in case you were
curious.<br />><br />><br />><br />> > * leave out semicolon => print
the expression. that is insane.<br />> No plans to change this. Our solution is
a bit indirect, but doesn’t break<br />> the behavior that lots of users have
come to expect. We have a code<br />> analysis tool (M-Lint) that will point
out missing semi-colons, either while<br />> you are editing a file, or in a
batch process for all files in a directory.<br />><br />> > * each function
has to be defined in its own file<br />> You can include multiple functions in
a file, but it introduces unique<br />> semantics – primarily that the scope of
these functions is limited to within<br />> the file.</scott><br />
[[ addendum from me: yeah, exactly. if you want to make functions that
are<br />shared in different pieces of your code, you usually have to do 1
function per<br />file. ]]<br />
> > * no optional arguments<br />> Nothing yet.<br />><br />> > *
no named arguments<br />> Nope.<br />><br />> > * no way to group
variables together in a structure. (i don’t need object<br />> orientation,
just a bunch of named items)<br />> We’ve had structures since MATLAB 5.<br />
[[ addendum from me: well, structures aren't very conventional in
standard<br />matlab style, or at least certainly not the standard library. most
algorithm<br />functions return a tuple of variables, instead of packaging things
together<br />into a structure. ]]<br />
> > * no perl/python-style hashes<br />> We just added a Map container
last year.<br />><br />> > * no object orientation (or just a message
dispatch system) … less<br />> important<br />> We had very weak OO
capabilities in MATLAB 6, but introduced a modern system<br />> in
R2008a.<br />><br />> > * poor/no support for text<br />> This has gotten
a bit better, primarily through the introduction of regular<br />> expressions,
but can still be awkward.<br />><br />> > * or other things a general
purpose language knows how to do (sql, networks,<br />> etc etc)<br />> Not
much here, other than a smattering (Database Toolbox for SQL,<br />>
miscellaneous commands for web interaction, WSDL, …)<br />><br />> Thanks
again. I really do appreciate getting your perspective. It’s<br />> helpful for
me to understand how MATLAB is perceived.<br />><br />> -scott<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3241">
<div class="commentmetadata_author">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/fd4b164e15fa2a834d16fb8743ec4f1b?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://anyall.org/">brendano</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3241">25.
February 2009 at 12:38 am</a> : </div>
@Gaurav - it sure would be nice if i could see how much this parallel toolbox
costs without having to register for a login!<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3256">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/96984307e7fc179d722dc9c41ea4a52f?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://www.datawrangling.com/">Peter Skomoroch</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3256">25.
February 2009 at 11:30 am</a> : </div>
There is another good numpy/matlab comparison here:<br />
<a href="http://www.scipy.org/NumPy_for_Matlab_Users">http://www.scipy.org/NumPy_for_Matlab_Users</a><br />
As of the last year, a standard ipython install ( “easy_install
IPython[kernel]” ) now includes parallel computing right out of the box, no
licenses required:<br />
<a href="http://ipython.scipy.org/doc/rel-0.9.1/html/parallel/index.html">http://ipython.scipy.org/doc/rel-0.9.1/html/parallel/index.html</a><br />
If this is going to turn into a performance shootout, then I’ll add that from
what I’ve seen Python with numpy/scipy outperforms Matlab for vectorized
code.<br />
My impression has been that performance order is Numpy > Matlab > R,
but as my friend Mike Salib used to say - “All benchmarks are lies”. Anyway,
competition is good and discussions like this keep everyone thinking about how
to improve their platforms.<br />
Also, keep in mind that performance is often a sticking point for people when
it need not be. One of the things I’ve found with dynamically typed languages is
that ease of use often trumps raw performance - and you can always move the
intensive stuff down to a lower level. <br />
For people who like poking at numbers:<br />
<a href="http://www.scipy.org/PerformancePython">http://www.scipy.org/PerformancePython</a><br /><a href="http://www.mail-archive.com/numpy-discussion@scipy.org/msg14685.html">http://www.mail-archive.com/numpy-discussion@scipy.org/msg14685.html</a><br /><a href="http://www.mail-archive.com/numpy-discussion@scipy.org/msg01282.html">http://www.mail-archive.com/numpy-discussion@scipy.org/msg01282.html</a><br />
Sturla has some strong points here:<br /><a href="http://www.mail-archive.com/numpy-discussion@scipy.org/msg14697.html">http://www.mail-archive.com/numpy-discussion@scipy.org/msg14697.html</a><br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3258">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/651cb9236431f9aa7cabe4ae35a7dced?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>thrope
wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3258">25.
February 2009 at 11:44 am</a> : </div>
@brendano - I think it might be a case of “if you have to ask you can’t
afford it” :)<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3259">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/cb441db5c161337378e5fa5d1a8ca433?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>devicerandom
wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3259">25.
February 2009 at 11:48 am</a> : </div>
What about Origin (and Linux/Unix open source clones like Qtiplot)? I know a
lot of people using them, and they allow fast, easy statistical analysis with
beautiful graphs out of the box. Qtiplot is quite immature but it is
Python-scriptable, which is a definitive plus for me -I don’t know about
Origin.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3264">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/a66ddcd0ac65b425edf020e3babcce9a?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://www.xubuntix.org/">Stefan</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3264">25.
February 2009 at 12:49 pm</a> : </div>
Hi. I think this is a very incomplete comparison. If you want to make a real
comparison, it should be more complete than <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_numerical_analysis_software">this
wiki article </a>. And to give a bit of personal feedback:<br />I know 2 people
using STATA (social science), 2 people using Excel (philosophy and economics),
several using LabView (engineers), some using R (statistical science,
astronomy), several using S-Lang (astronomy), several using Python (astronomy)
and by using Python, I mean that they are using the packages they need, which
might be numpy, scipy, matplotlib, mayavi2, pymc, kapteyn, pyfits, pytables and
many more. And this is the main advantage of using a real language for data
analysis: you can choose among the many solutions the one that fits you best. I
also know several people who use IDL and ROOT (astronomy and physics).<br />I have
used IDL, ROOT, PDL, (Excel if you really want to count that in) and Python and
I like Python best :-)<br />@brendano: One other note: I think that you really
have to distinguish between data analysis and data visualization. In astronomy
this is often handled by completely different software. The key here is to
support standardized file storage/ exchange formats. In your example the people
used scipy which does <b>not offer a single visualization routine</b>, so you
can not blame scipy for difficulties with 3D plots…<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3265">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/f3cb0908274c7ca0edb59d99bdbbd202?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://cournape.wordpress.com/">david</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3265">25.
February 2009 at 12:58 pm</a> : </div>
I am a core scipy/numpy developer, and I don’t think calling them immature
from a user POV is totally unfair. Every time someone tries
numpy/scipy/matplotlib and cannot plot something simple in a couple of minutes
is a failure of our side. I can only say that we are improving - projects like
pythonxy or enthought are really helpful too for people who want something more
integrated.<br />
There is no denying than if you are into an integrated solution, numpy/scipy
is not the best solution of the ones mentioned today - it may well be the worse
(I don’t know them all, but I am very familiar with matlab, and somewhat
familiar with R). There is a fundamental problem for all those integrated
solutions: once you hit their limitations, you can’t go beyond that. Not being
able to handle data which do not fit in memory in matlab, that’s a pretty
fundamental issue, for example. Not having basic data structures (hashmap, tree,
etc…) another one. Making advanced UI in matlab, not easy either. <br />
You can build your own solution with the python stack: the numpy array
capabilities are far beyond matlab’s one, for example (broadcasting, advanced
indexing are much powerful than matlab current capabilities). The C API is
complete, and you can do things which are simply not possible with matlab. You
want to handle very big datasets ? pytables give you a database-like API on top
of hdf5. Things like cython are also very powerful for people who need speed. I
believe those are partially consequences of not being integrated.<br />
Concerning the flaws you mentioned (scipy.linalg vs numpy.linalg, etc…):
those are mostly legacies, or exist because removing them would be too costly.
There are some efforts to remove redundancy, but not all of them will disappear.
They are confusing for a newcomer (they were for me), but they are pretty minor
IMHO, compared to other problems.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3267">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/886f422466feefe00e04225c00c680d6?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>bill
wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3267">25.
February 2009 at 2:29 pm</a> : </div>
You forgot support and continuity. In my experience, SAS offers very good
support and continuity. Others claim SPSS does, too (I have no experience
there). In a commercial environment, the programs need to outlive the analyst
and the whims of the academic/grad student support/development. For one-off
disposable projects, R has lots of advantages. For commercial systems, not so
many.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3272">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/c3716cdfc6df061693ae52de84068352?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>Lou
Pecora wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3272">25.
February 2009 at 4:45 pm</a> : </div>
I’ve looked at several of the “packages” mentioned here (R, Octave, MATLAB,
C, C++, Fortran, Mathematica). I’m a physicist who is often working in new
fields where understanding the phenomena is the main goal. This means my
colleagues and I are often developing new numerical/theoretical/data-analysis
approaches. For anyone in this situation I unequivocally recommend:<br />
Python.<br />
Why? Because given my situation there often are no canned routines. That
means soon or later (usually sooner) I will be programming. Of all the languages
and packages I’ve used Python has no equal. It is object oriented, has very
forgiving run-time behavior, fast turn around (no edit, compile, debug cycles —
just edit and run cycles), great built in structures, good modularity, and very
good libraries. And, it’s easy to learn. I want to spend my time getting
results, not programming, but I have to go through code development since often
nothing like what I want to do exists and I’ve got to link the numerics to I/O
and maybe some interactive things that make it easy to use and run smoothly.
I’ve taken on projects that I would not want to attempt in any of the
packages/languages I’ve listed. <br />
I agree that Python is not wart-free. The version compatibility can sometimes
be frustrating. “One-stop shopping” for a complete Python package is not here,
yet (although Enthought is making good progress). It will never be as fast as
MATLAB for certain things (JIT compiling, etc. makes MATLAB faster at times).
Python plotting is certainly not up to Mathematica standards (although it is
good). <br />
However, the Python community is very nice and very responsive. Python now
has several easy ways to add extensions written in C or C++ for faster numerics.
And for all my desire not to spend time coding, I must admit I find Python
programming fun to do. I cannot say that for anything else I’ve used.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3274">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/b684c02bab6c8d54c0c25c4b69ee1135?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://www.cs.toronto.edu/~dwf">David Warde-Farley</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3274">25.
February 2009 at 6:35 pm</a> : </div>
There is good reason for the duplication of “linalg” in SciPy. SciPy’s brand
has more features which probably aren’t of as much use to as wide an audience,
and (perhaps more importantly) one of the requirements for NumPy is that it not
depend critically on a Fortran compiler. SciPy relaxes this requirement, and
thus can leverage a lot of existing Fortran code. At least that’s my
understanding.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3279">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/77f083909d955b715846250a33340a14?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://lingpipe-blog.com/">Bob Carpenter</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3279">25.
February 2009 at 9:27 pm</a> : </div>
These packages change and it’s easy to get locked-in ideas from the past. I
haven’t used Matlab since the 1990s, but the last time I used it, its I/O and
singular value decomposition was so slow that we switched to S-Plus just to
finish in our lifetimes. <br />
Can any of these packages compute sparse SVDs like folks have used for
Netflix (500K x 25K matrix with 100M partial entries)? Or do regressions with
millions of items and hundreds of thousands of coefficients? I typically wind up
writing my own code to do this kind of thing in LingPipe, as do lots of other
folks (e.g. Langford et al.’s Vowpal Wabbit, Bottou et al.’s SGD, Madigan et
al.’s BMR).<br />
What’s killing me now is scaling Gibbs samplers. BUGS is even worse than R in
terms of scaling, but I can write my own custom samplers that fly in some cases
and easily scale. I think we’ll see more packages like Daume’s HBC for this kind
of thing. <br />
R itself tends to just wrap the real computing in layers of scripts to
massage data and do error checking. The real code is often Fortran, but more
typically C. That must be the same for SciPy given how relatively inefficient
Python is at numerical computing. It’s frustrating that I can’t get basic access
to the underlying functions without rewrapping everything myself.<br />
A problem I see with the way R and BUGS work is that they typically try to
compile a declarative model (e.g. a regression equation in R’s glm package or a
model specification in BUGS), rather than giving you control over the basic
functionality (optimization or sampling). <br />
The other thing to consider with these things from a commercial perspective
is licensing. R may be open source, but its Gnu license means we can’t really
deploy any commercial software on top of it. Sci-Py has a mixed bag of licenses
that is also not redistribution friendly. I don’t know what
licensing/redistribution looks like for the other packages.<br />
@bill Support and continuity (by which I assume you mean stability of
interfaces and functionality) is great in the core R and BUGS. The problem’s in
all the user-contributed packages. Even there, the big ones like lmer are quite
stable.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3281">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/b684c02bab6c8d54c0c25c4b69ee1135?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://www.cs.toronto.edu/~dwf">David Warde-Farley</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3281">25.
February 2009 at 9:46 pm</a> : </div>
As for the rather large speed gains made by recent MATLAB releases that Lou
noted, I believe this is due in most part to their switch to the <a href="http://www.intel.com/cd/software/products/asmo-na/eng/307757.htm">Intel
Math Kernel Library</a> in place of a well-tuned ATLAS (I’m not completely sure
if that’s what they used before, but it’s a good bet). This hung a good number
of people with PowerPC G5’s out to dry rather quickly as newer MATLABs
apparently only run on Intel Macs (probably so they don’t have to maintain two
separate BLAS backends).<br />
Accelerated linear algebra routines written by people who know the processors
inside and out will result in big wins, obviously. You can also license the IKML
separately and use it to compile NumPy (if I recall correctly, David Cournapeau
who commented above was largely responsible for this capability, so bravo!). I
figure it’s only a matter of time before somebody like Enthought latch onto the
idea of selling a Python environment with IKML baked in, so you can get the
speedups without the hassle.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3299">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/af6c39d6943bd4b0e1fde23161e7bb8c?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://mentat.za.net/">Stefan</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3299">26.
February 2009 at 9:32 am</a> : </div>
@ben The SciPy team was also unhappy about the licensing issue, so you’ll be
glad to hear that SciPy 0.7 was released under a single, BSD license.<br />
You said “It’s frustrating that I can’t get basic access to the underlying
functions without rewrapping everything myself.” We are currently working on
ways to expose the mathematical functions underlying NumPy to C, so that you can
access it in your extension code. During the last Google Summer of Code, the
Cython team implemented a friendly interface between Cython and NumPy. This
means that you can code your algorithms in Python, but still have the speed
benefits of C.<br />
A number of posts above refer to plotting in 3D. I can recommend Enthought’s
Mayavi2, which makes interactive data visualisation a pleasure:<br />
<a href="http://code.enthought.com/projects/mayavi/">http://code.enthought.com/projects/mayavi/</a><br />
We are always glad for suggestions on how to improve SciPy, so if you do try
it out, please join the mailing list and tell us more about your experience.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3302">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/5a30df703d672db744e86878bfa1a250?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://www.vsni.co.uk/">Stewart</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3302">26.
February 2009 at 12:05 pm</a> : </div>
You should probably add GenStat to your list, this is a UK package
specialising in the biosciences. It’s a relative heavy-weight in stats having
come from Rothamsted Research (home of Fisher, Yates and Nelder). Nelder was the
actual originator of GenStat. GenStat is also free for teaching world-wide and
free for research to the developing world. It’s popularity is mainly within
Europe, Africa and Oceania, hence why many US researchers may not have heard of
it. I hope this helps<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3325">
<div class="commentmetadata_author">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/fd4b164e15fa2a834d16fb8743ec4f1b?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://anyall.org/">brendano</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3325">27.
February 2009 at 3:06 am</a> : </div>
Wow, this is the funnest language flamewar I’ve seen.<br />
I will note that no one defended SAS. Maybe those people don’t read
blogs.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3326">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/886f422466feefe00e04225c00c680d6?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>bill
wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3326">27.
February 2009 at 3:26 am</a> : </div>
brendano,<br />Hmm, I thought I did. I do production work in SAS and mess
around (test new stuff, experimental analyses) in R.<br />Bill<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3327">
<div class="commentmetadata_author">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/fd4b164e15fa2a834d16fb8743ec4f1b?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://anyall.org/">brendano</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3327">27.
February 2009 at 3:35 am</a> : </div>
Oops. Yes yes. My bad!<br />
OK: no one has defended Stata!<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3492">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/7f5672a17fa1df7927bd7949ab2aa288?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>John
Dudley wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3492">4.
March 2009 at 2:46 pm</a> : </div>
My company has been using StatSoft’s Statistica for years and it does all of
the things that you found to be shortcomings of SAS, SPSS and Matlab…<br />
It’s fast, graphs are great and are virtually no limitations. I’m suprised it
wasn’t listed as one of the packages reviewed. We have been using it for years
and it is absolutely critical to our business model.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3493">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/7b2ac2930b09f134d106edd7397528a5?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://www.statsoft.com/">Andy Malner</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3493">4.
March 2009 at 2:48 pm</a> : </div>
StatSoft is the only major package with R integration…The best of both
worlds.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3522">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/d9d818fdcf775d5a5c13d2602a64528f?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>Abhijit
wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3522">5.
March 2009 at 3:38 am</a> : </div>
In stats there seems to be the S-Plus/R schools and the SAS schools. SAS
people find R obtuse with poor documentation, and the R people say the same
about SAS (myself included). R wins in graphics and flexibility and
customizability (though I certainly won’t argue with a SAS pro who can whip up
macros). SAS seems a bit better with large data sets. R is ever expanding, and
has improved greatly for simulations/looping and memory management. Recently for
large datasets (bioinformatic, not the 5-10G financial ones), I’ve used a
combination of Python and R to great effect, and am very pleased with the
workflow. I think rpy2 is a great addition to Python and works quite well. For
some graphs I actually prefer matplotlib to R. <br />
I’m also a big fan of Stata for more introductory level stuff as well as for
epidemiology-related stuff. It is developing a programming language that seems
useful. One real disadvantage in my book is its ability to hold only one dataset
at a time, as well as a limit on the data size. <br />
I’ve also used Matlab for a few years. It’s statistics toolbox is quite good,
and Matlab is pretty fast and has great graphics. It’s limited in terms of
regression modeling to some degree, as well as survival methods. Syntactically I
find R more intuitive for modeling (though that is the lineage I grew up with).
The other major disadvantage of matlab is distribution of programs, since Matlab
is expensive. The same complaint for SAS, as well:)<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3523">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30 avatar-default" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/?d=identicon&s=30" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://www.johndcook.com/blog/2009/03/04/comparing-statistical-packages-r-sas-spss-etc/">Comparing
statistical packages: R, SAS, SPSS, etc. — The Endeavour</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3523">5.
March 2009 at 4:20 am</a> : </div>
[...] Comparison of data analysis packages: R, Matlab, SciPy, Excel, SAS,
SPSS, Stata ? X [...]<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3549">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/13998805bf33b5f1e5d7662e86e83cdd?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://realizationinbiostatistics.blogspot.com/">John Johnson</a>
wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3549">5.
March 2009 at 2:59 pm</a> : </div>
I’ll sing the same song here as I do elsewhere on this topic.<br />
In large-scale production, SAS is second to none. Of course, large-scale
production shops usually have the $$$ to fork over, and SAS’s workflow
capabilities (and, to a lesser extent, large dataset handling capabilities) save
enough billable hours to justify the cost. However, for graphics, exploratory
data analysis, and analysis beyond the well-established routines, you have to
venture into the world of SAS/IML, which is a rather painful place to be. It’s
PRNGs are also stuck in the last century, top of the line of a class obsolete
for anything other than teaching.<br />
R is great for simulation, exploratory data analysis, and graphics. (I
disagree with the assertion that R can’t do high-quality graphics, and, like
some commenters above, recommend Paul Murrell’s book on the topic.) It’s
language, while arcane, is powerful enough to write outside-the-box analyses.
For example, I was able to quickly write, debug, and validate an unconventional
ROC analysis based on a paper I read. As another example, bootstrapping analyses
are much easier in R than SAS.<br />
In short, I keep both SAS and R around, and use both frequently.<br />
I can’t comment too much on Python. MATLAB (or Octave or Scilab) is great for
roll-your-own statistical analyses as well, though I can’t see using it for,
e.g., a conventional linear models analysis unless I wanted the experience. R’s
matrix capabilities are enough for me at this point. I used Mathematica some
time ago for some chaos theory and Fourier/wavelet analysis of images and it
performed perfectly well. If I could afford to shell out the money for a
non-educational license, I would just to have it around for the tasks it does
really well, like symbolic manipulation. <br />
I used SPSS a long time ago, and have no interest in trying it again.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3552">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/8e8e580be48efbe3945c8b246d8434a2?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://www.spss.com/devcentral">Jon Peck</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3552">5.
March 2009 at 6:11 pm</a> : </div>
SPSS has for several years been offering smooth integration with both Python
and R. There are extensive apis foe both. Check out the possibilities at <a href="http://www.spss.com/devcentral">http://www.spss.com/devcentral</a>. See
also my blog at insideout.spss.com.<br />
You can even easily build SPSS Statistics dialog boxes and syntax for R and
Python programs. DevCentral has a collection of tools to facilitate this.<br />
This integration is free with SPSS Base.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3756">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30 avatar-default" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/?d=identicon&s=30" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://prafalardecoisas.wordpress.com/2009/03/09/a-lot-of-stuff/">A lot of
Stuff « Blog Pra falar de coisas</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3756">9.
March 2009 at 8:14 pm</a> : </div>
[...] comparando software statísticos (R, SAS, SPSS, MATLAB e Stata).
[...]<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3801">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/f463f8bfafaa55d87569d2e8fb632f4b?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>Sean
wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3801">11.
March 2009 at 4:18 am</a> : </div>
I used Matlab, R, stata, spss and SAS over the years.<br />
To me, the only reason for using sas is because of its large data ability.
otherwise, it is a very very bad program. It, from day one, trains it users to
be a third rate programmer.<br />The learning curve for SAS is actually very
steep, particularily for a very logical person. Why? the whole syntax in SAS is
pretty illogical and inconsistent.<br />sometimes, it is ‘/out’ sometimes, it is
‘output’.<br />
In 9.2, SAS started to make variables inside a macro as local variables by
default.<br />This is ridiculous!! SAS company has existed for at least 30 years.
How can this basic programming rule should be implemented after 30 years?!<br />
Also, if a variable is uninitialized, SAS will still let the code run. One
time, I worked in a company, this simple stupid SAS design flaw causes our
project 3 weeks of delay (there is one uninitialized varaible among 80k lines of
log, all blue). A couple of PhDs in the project who used C and Matlab did not
believe why SAS makes such a stupid mistake. Yes, with a big disbelief, it
made!<br />
My ranking is that Matlab and R are about the same, Matlab is better in plots
most times. R is better is manipulation datasets. stata and SAS are the same
level.<br />After taking into account of cost, then the answer is more
obvious.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3849">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/886f422466feefe00e04225c00c680d6?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>bill
r wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3849">12.
March 2009 at 1:37 pm</a> : </div>
SAS was not designed by a language maven, like Pascal. It grew from its PL/1
and Fortran roots. It is a collection of working tools, added to meet the
demands of working statisticians and IT folk, that has grown since its start in
the late ’60s and early ’70s. SAS clearly has kruft that shows its growth over
time. Sort of like the UNIX tools, S, and R, actually. <br />
And, really, what competent programmer would ever use a variable without
initializing or testing it first? That’s a basic programming rule I learned back
in the mid ’60s, after branching off of uninitialized registers, and popping
empty stacks. <br />
Bah, you kids. Get off of my lawn!<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3865">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/82ca3b8fa53d7876d9833258721b6d78?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>tom
p wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3865">13.
March 2009 at 4:57 am</a> : </div>
i work for a retail company that deploys SAS for their large datasets and
complex analysis. just about everything else is done in excel. <br />
we had a demo of omniture’s discover onpremise (formerly visual sciences),
and the visualization tools are fairly amazing. it seems like an interesting
solution for trending real time evolving data, but we aren’t pulling the trigger
on it now.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3875">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/29cb106071d163d703484e63839d89cb?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://transfixedbutnotdead.com/">draegtun</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3875">13.
March 2009 at 9:12 am</a> : </div>
For reference PDL (Perl Data Language) can be found at <a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/pdl.perl.org/">pdl.perl.org/</a>
and is also available via <a href="http://search.cpan.org/dist/PDL/">CPAN</a><br />
/I3az/<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3876">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/29cb106071d163d703484e63839d89cb?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://transfixedbutnotdead.com/">draegtun</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3876">13.
March 2009 at 9:14 am</a> : </div>
opps.. link screwed up… here goes again ;-) <br />
<a href="http://pdl.perl.org/">pdl.perl.org</a><br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3888">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/032e94e39f160fe5f4581f8695564b1b?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://www.gilesthomas.com/">Giles</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3888">13.
March 2009 at 5:52 pm</a> : </div>
Have you seen <a href="http://www.resolversystems.com/">Resolver One</a>?
It’s a spreadsheet like Excel, but has built-in Python support, and allows cells
in the grid to hold objects. This means that numpy mostly works, and you can
have one cell in the grid hold a complete dataset, then manipulate that dataset
in bulk using spreadsheet-like formulae. Someone has also just built <a href="http://www.resolversystems.com/exchange/sheets/40/">an extension that
allows you to connect it to R</a>, too. In theory, this means that you can get
the best of all three — spreadsheet, numpy, and R — in your model, using the
right tool for each job.<br />
On the other hand, the integration with both numpy and R is quite new, so
it’s immature as a stats tool compared to the other packages in this list.<br />
Full transparency: I work for Resolver Systems, so obviously I’m biased
towards it :-) Still, we’re very keen on feedback, and we’re happy to give out
free copies for non-commercial research and for open source projects.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3894">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/a4aad8b5b37f3e6e83eb1fcfefb135ba?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://matlabdatamining.blogspot.com/">Will Dwinnell</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3894">13.
March 2009 at 7:29 pm</a> : </div>
Being the resident MATLAB enthusiast in a house built on another tool, I will
pitch in my two cents, by suggesting another spectrum along which these tools
lie: “canned procedures” versus “roll your own”. Use of general-purpose
programming languages, such as has been suggested in the comments for Fortran or
C/C++ clearly anchor one end of this dimension, whereas the statistical software
sporting canned routines lie all the way at the other. A tool like MATLAB, which
provides some but not complete direct statistical support, is somewhere in the
middle. The trade-off here, naturally, is the ability to customize analysis vs.
convenience.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3980">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/9f645a3a250e5740f8030a4c8223e9f3?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>Jude
Ryan wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3980">16.
March 2009 at 4:37 pm</a> : </div>
Most of the users on this post are biased towards packages like R, rather
than packages like SAS, and I want to offer my perspective of the relative
advantages and disadvantages of SAS relative to R. <br />
I am primarily a SAS user (over 20 years) who has been using R as needed (a
few years) to do things that SAS cannot do (like MARS splines), or cannot do as
well (like exploratory data analysis and graphics), or requires expensive SAS
products like Enterprise Miner to do (like decision trees, neural networks,
etc). <br />
I have worked primarily for financial service (credit cards) companies. SAS
is the primary statistical analysis tool in these companies partly due to
history (S, the precursor to S+ and R, was not yet developed) and partly because
it can run on mainframes (another legacy system) accessing huge amounts of data
stored on tapes, which I am not sure any other statistical package can.
Furthermore, business who have the $ will be the last to embrace open source
software like R, as they generally require quick support when they get stuck
trying to solve a business problem, and researching the problem in a language
like R is generally not an option in a business setting. <br />
Also, SAS’ capabilities for handling large volumes of data are unmatched. I
have read huge compressed files of online data (Double Click), having over 2
billion records, using SAS, to filter the data and keep only the records I
needed. Each of the resulting SAS datasets were anywhere from 35 GB to 60 GB in
size. As far as I know, no other statistical tool can process such large volumes
of data programatically. First we had to be able to read in the data and
understand it. Sampling the data for modeling purposes came later. I would run
the SAS program overnight, and it would generally take anywhere from 6 to 12
hours to complete, depending on the load on the server. In theory, any
statistical software that works with records one at a time should be able to
process such large volumes of data, and maybe the Python based tools can do
this. I do not know as I have never used them. But I do know that R, and even
tools like WEKA cannot process such volumes of data. Reading the data from a
database, using R, can mitigate the large data problems encountered in R (as
does using packages like biglm), but SAS is the clear leader in handling large
volumes of data.<br />
R on the other hand is better suited for academics and research, as cutting
edge methodologies can be and are implemented much more rapidly in R than in
SAS, as R’s programming language has more elegant support for vectors and
matricies than SAS (proc IML). R’s programming language is much more elegant and
logically consistent, while SAS’ programming language(s) are more adhoc with
non-standard programming constructs. Furthermore, people who prefer R generally
have a stronger “theoretical” programming background (most have programmed in C,
Perl, or objected oriented languages) or are able to pick up programming faster,
while most users who feel comfortable with SAS have less of a programming
background and can tolerate many of SAS’ non-standard programming constructs and
inconsistencies. These people do not require or need a comprehensive programming
language to accomplish their tasks, and it takes much less effort to program in
base SAS than in R if one has no “theoretical” programming background. SAS
macros take more time to learn and many programming languages have no equivalent
(one exception I know are C’s pre-processor commands). But languages like R do
not need anything like SAS macros and can achieve the same results all in one,
logically consistent, programming language, and do more, like enabling R users
to write their own functions. The equivalent to writing functions in R, in SAS,
is to now program a new proc in C and know how to integrate it with SAS. An
extremely steep learning curve. SAS is more of a suite of products, many of them
with inconsistent programming constructs (base SAS is totally different from SCL
- formerly Screen Control language but now SAS Component Language), and proc SQL
and proc IML are different from data step programming.<br />
So while SAS has a shallow learning curve initially (learn only base SAS),
the user can only accomplish tasks of “limited” sophistication with SAS, without
resorting to proc IML (which is quite ugly). For the business world this is
generally adequate. R, on the other hand, has a steeper learning curve
initially, but tasks of much greater sophistication can handled more easily in R
than is SAS, once R’s steeper learning curve is behind you.<br />
I forsee an increased use of R relative to SAS over time, as many statistical
departments at Universities have started teaching R (sometimes replacing SAS
with R) and students graduating from these universities will be more conversant
with R, or equally conversant with both SAS and R. Many of these students
entering the workforce will gravitate towards R, and to the extent the companies
they work for do not mandate which statistical software to use, the use of R is
bound to increase over time. With memory becoming cheaper, and Microsoft based
64 bit operating systems becoming more prevalent, bigger data sets can be stored
in RAM, and R’s limitation in handling large volumes of data are starting to
matter less. But the amount of data is also starting to grow, thanks to the
internet, scanners (used in grocery chains), etc., and the volume of data may
very well grow so rapidly that even cheaper RAM and 64 bit operating systems may
not be able to cope with the data deluge. But not every organization works with
such large datasets.<br />
For someone who has started their careers using SAS, SAS is more than
adequate to solve all problems faced in the business world, and there may seem
to be no real reason, or even justification to learn packages like R or other
statistical tools. To learn R, I have put in much personal time and effort, and
I do like R and have been and forsee using it more frequently over time for
exploratory data analysis, and in areas where I want to implement cutting edge
methodologies, and where I am not hampered by large data issues. Personally,
both SAS and R will always be part of my “tool kit” and I will leverage the
strengths of both. For those who do not currently use R, it would be wise to
start doing so, as R is going to be more widely used over time. The number of R
users has already reached critical mass, and since R is free, this is bound to
increase the usage of R as the R community grows. Furthermore, the R Help
Digest, and the incredibly talented R users that support it, is an invaluable
aid to anyone interested in learning R.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3992">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30 avatar-default" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/?d=identicon&s=30" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://cendres.net/2009/03/17/dailycious-140309/">Dailycious 14.03.09 «
cendres.net</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3992">17.
March 2009 at 1:08 am</a> : </div>
[...] Comparison of data analysis packages: R, Matlab, SciPy, Excel, SAS,
SPSS, Stata - Brendan O’Co… statistics software No comments yet. [...]<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-4067">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/d699140a2b10ff316e64fe8db0e3313a?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://anapproximation.org/">Y-H Chen</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-4067">20.
March 2009 at 3:36 am</a> : </div>
Interesting. I don’t think I would have put SPSS and Stata in the same
category. I haven’t spend a tremendous amount of time working with SPSS, but I
have spent a fair amount of time with Stata, and my biased perspective is that
Stata is more sophisticated and powerful than SPSS. Certainly, Stata’s language
isn’t as powerful as R’s, but I definitely wouldn’t say it’s “weak.” Stata’s not
my favorite statistical program in the world (that would, of course, be R), but
there are definitely things I like about it; it’s a definite second to R in my
book.<br />
By the way, here’s my (unfair) generalization regarding usage:<br />– R:
academic statisticians<br />– SAS: statisticians and data-y people in non-academic
settings, plus health scientists in academic and non-academic settings<br />–
SPSS: social scientists<br />– Stata: health scientists<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-4181">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30 avatar-default" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/?d=identicon&s=30" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://www.walkingrandomly.com/?p=813">Walking Randomly » R Compared to
MATLAB (or ‘learning a thing or two from your students’)</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-4181">23.
March 2009 at 5:58 pm</a> : </div>
[...] matrices. You don’t get much more MATLABy than matrices! Other
articles such as this comparison between various data analysis packages also
proved interesting and [...]<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-5266">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/0e20a106226fa2cd2014a2055f437120?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>xin
wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-5266">19.
April 2009 at 2:03 am</a> : </div>
Sean:<br />I am a junior SAS user with only 3 year experience. But even I know
that you need to press ‘ctrl’ and ‘F’ to search for ‘uninitialized’ and ‘more
than’ in SAS log to ensure everything is OK.<br />As far as a couple C++PHD in
your group is concerned, they need to understand to play with rules of whatever
system they are using……<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-5267">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/0e20a106226fa2cd2014a2055f437120?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>xin
wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-5267">19.
April 2009 at 2:07 am</a> : </div>
by the way, I found the comments of SAS people left are more tolerant,
open-minded (maybe they are older, lol). Instad the majority of ‘R’ers on this
thread act like a bunch of rebellious teens…..<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-5704">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/6c09b0b31f55dc95134c37278c66d3ac?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>Joe
wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-5704">30.
April 2009 at 6:58 pm</a> : </div>
I am a big fan of Stata over SAS for medium and small businesses. SAS is the
mercedes-benz of stats I’ll admit for Govt and Big business. I use Stata a LOT
for economics, it has all the most-used predictive methods (OLS, MLE, GLS, 2SLS,
binary choice, etc) models built it. I think the model would have to be pretty
essoteric not to be found in Stata.<br />
I ran Stata on linux server with 16GB ram and about 2TB of disk storage. The
Hardware config was about $12K. I would not recommend using virtual memory for
Stata. That said, you can stick a lot of data in 16GB ram! If I pay attention to
the variable sizes (keep textual ones out), I got 100s of millons of rows into
memory. <br />
Stata supports scripting (*do files) and are very easy to use as is the GUI.
The GUI is probably the best feauture.<br />
The Hardware ($12,000) + Software ($3000 - 2 user license) costs $15,000. The
equivilient SAS software was about $100,000. You do the math. <br />
I’ve used SPSS, but that was a while ago. At that time I felt Stata was the
superior product.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-5713">
<div class="commentmetadata_author">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/fd4b164e15fa2a834d16fb8743ec4f1b?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://anyall.org/">brendano</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-5713">1.
May 2009 at 2:08 am</a> : </div>
Finally a direct Stata vs SAS comparison! Very interesting. Thanks for
posting. I can’t believe SAS = $100,000.<br />
> I ran Stata on linux server with 16GB ram and about 2TB of disk
storage.<br />> I would not recommend using virtual memory for Stata.<br />
In my experience, virtual memory is *always* a bad idea. I remember working
with ops guys who would consider a server as good as dead once it started using
swap.<br />
All programs that effectively use hard disks always have custom code to
control when to move data on and off the disk. Disk seeks and reads are just too
slow and cumbersome compared to RAM to have the OS try to automatically handle
it.<br />
This would be my guess why SAS handles on-disk data so well - they put a lot
of engineering work into supporting that feature. Same for SQL databases, data
warehouses, and inverted text indexes. (Or the widespread popuarity of Memcached
among web engineers.) R, Matlab, Stata and the rest were originally written for
memory data and still work pretty much only in that setting.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-5714">
<div class="commentmetadata_author">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/fd4b164e15fa2a834d16fb8743ec4f1b?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://anyall.org/">brendano</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-5714">1.
May 2009 at 2:48 am</a> : </div>
And also, on the RAM vs hard disk issue — according to Jude Ryan’s very
interesting comment above, SAS has a heritage of working with datasets on *tape*
drives. Tape, of course, is even further along the size-vs-latency spectrum than
RAM or hard disk. Now hard disk sizes are rapidly growing but seek times are not
catching up, so people like to say “hard disk is the new tape” — therefore, if
your software was originally designed for tape, it may do best! :)<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-5740">
<div class="commentmetadata_author">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/fd4b164e15fa2a834d16fb8743ec4f1b?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://anyall.org/">brendano</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-5740">1.
May 2009 at 9:02 pm</a> : </div>
Here’s an overly detailed comparison of Stata, SAS, and SPSS. Basically no
coverage of R beyond the complaint that it’s too hard.<br /><a href="http://www.ats.ucla.edu/stat/technicalreports/">http://www.ats.ucla.edu/stat/technicalreports/</a><br />
There’s also an interesting reply from Patrick Burns, defending R and
comparing it to those 3.<br /><a href="http://www.ats.ucla.edu/stat/technicalreports/Number1/R_relative_statpack.pdf">http://www.ats.ucla.edu/stat/technicalreports/Number1/R_relative_statpack.pdf</a><br />
(Found linked from a comment on John D. Cook’s blog here:<br /><a href="http://www.johndcook.com/blog/2009/05/01/r-the-good-parts/">http://www.johndcook.com/blog/2009/05/01/r-the-good-parts/</a>
)<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-6501">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/f6947c14c72a17e3bd8a264b03819980?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>Jaime
wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-6501">27.
May 2009 at 9:37 pm</a> : </div>
I feel so old. Been using SAS for many years. But what the hell is this R
?????? That’s what the kids are using now?<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-6509">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/748a01e87a6635688871a3f7dddbb032?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>Gye
Greene wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-6509">28.
May 2009 at 4:54 am</a> : </div>
Great comparison of SPSS, SAS, and Stata by Acock (a summary of his findings
here — <a href="http://www.ocair.org/files/KnowledgeBase/willard/StatPgmEvalAb.pdf">http://www.ocair.org/files/KnowledgeBase/willard/StatPgmEvalAb.pdf</a>)<br />
Below is a summary of the summary — !!! — with my own observations added
on.<br />
SAS: Scripting language is awkward, but it’s great for manipulating complex
data structures; folks that analyze relational DBs (e.g. govt. folks) tend to
use it.<br />
SPSS: Great for the “weekend warriors”; strongly GUI-based; has a scripting
language, but it’s in-elegant. They charge a license for **each** “module” (e.g.
correlations? linear regressions? Poisson regressions? A separate fee!). Also,
charge an annual license. Can read Excel files directly. Used to have nicer
graphs and charts than Stata (but, see below).<br />
Stata: Elegant, short-’n'-punchy scripting language; CLI and script-oriented,
but also allows GUI. Strong user base, with user-written add-ons available for
D/L. **Excellent** tech support! The most recent version (Stata 10) now has some
pretty powerful chart/graph editing options (GUI, plus CLI, your choice) that
makes it competitive with the SPSS graphs. (Minor annoyance: ever few versions,
they make the data format NOT back-compatible with the previous version — have
to remember to “Save As” last-year’s version, or else what you save at work
won’t open at home…)<br />
My background: Took a course on SAS, but haven’t had a reason to use it. I’ve
used SPSS and Stata both, on a reasonably regular basis: I currently teach
“Intro to Methods” courses with SPSS, but use Stata for my own work. I dislike
how SPSS handles missing values. Unlike SPSS, Stata sells a one-time license:
once you buy a version, it’s yours to keep until you feel it’s too obsolete to
use.<br />
–GG<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-6518">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/748a01e87a6635688871a3f7dddbb032?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>Gye
Greene wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-6518">28.
May 2009 at 1:53 pm</a> : </div>
This may be an unfair generalization, but my personal observation is that
SPSS users (within the social sciences, at least) tend to have less quantitative
training than Stata users. Probably highly correlated with the GUI vs. CLI
orientations of the two packages (although each of them allows for both).<br />
Another way of’ differentiating between various statistical software packages
is its Geek Cred. I usually tell my Intro to Research Methods (for the social
sciences), that…<br />
(On a scale of 0-10…)<br />
R, Matlab, etc. = 9<br />
SAS = 7<br />
Stata = 5<br />
SPSS = 3<br />
Excel = 2<br />
YMMV. :)<br />
COMMENT ON EXCEL: It’s a spreadsheet, first and foremost — so it doesn’t
treat rows (cases) as “locked together”, like statistical software does. Thus,
when you highlight a column and ask it to sort, it sorts **only** that column. I
got burned by this once, back in my first year of grad school, T.A.-ing: sorted
HW #1 scores (out of curiosity), and didn’t notice that the rest of the scores
had stayed put. Oops.<br />
I now keep my gradebooks in Stata. :)<br />
–GG<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-6541">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/0392489808c227b1f02d4ba2f31ec8cc?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>Chuck
Moore wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-6541">29.
May 2009 at 1:29 pm</a> : </div>
I began programming in SAS every day at a financial exchange in 1995. SAS has
three main benefits over all other Statistical/Data Analysis packages, as far as
I know.<br />
1) Data size = truly unlimited. I learned to span 6 DASD (Direct Access
Storage Devices) = disk drives on the mainframe for when I was processing >
100 million records = quotes and trading activity from all exchanges. We we went
to Unix, we used 100 GB worth of temp “WORK” space, and were processing > 1
Billion transaction a day in < 1 hour (IBM p630 with 4x 1.45 GHz processors
and 32 GB of memory, only the processing actually used < 4 GB).<br />
2) Tons and tons of preprogrammed statistical functions with just about every
option possible.<br />
3) SAS can read data from almost anything: tapes, disk, etc. fixed field flat
files, delimited text files (any delimiters, not just comma or tab or space),
xml, most any database, all mainframe data file times. It also translates most
any text value into data, and supports custom input and output formats.<br />
SAS is difficult for most real programmers (I took my first programming class
in 1977, and have programmed in more languages than I care to share) because it
has a data centric perspective as opposed to machine/control centric. It is
meant to simplify the processing of large amounts of data for
non-programmers.<br />
SAS used to have incredible documentation and support, at incredibly
reasonable prices. Unforturnately, the new generation of programmers and product
managers have lost their way, and I agree that SAS has been becoming a
beast.<br />
For adhoc work, I immediately fell in love with SAS/EG = Enterprise Guide.
Unfortunately, EG is written in .net and is not that well written. I would have
preferred it being written in Java so that the interface was more portable and
supported a better threading model. Oh well.<br />
One of the better features of SAS is that it is not an intepreted programming
language, but from the start in 197? it was JIT. Basically, a block of code is
read, compiled, and then executed. This is why it is so efficient at processing
huge amounts of data. The concept of the “data step” does allow for some built
in inefficiencies from the standpoint of multiple passes through the data, but
that is because of SAS’s convenience. A C programmer would have done more
things, in fewer passes, but the C programmer would have spent many more hours
writing the programmer than SAS’s few minutes to do the same thing. I know this
because I’ve done it.<br />
Some place I read a complaint about SAS holding only one observation in
memory at a time. That is a gross misunderstanding/mistake. SAS holds one or
more blocks of observations (records) in memory at a time. The number held is
easily configurable. Each observation can be randomly accessed, whether in
memory or not.<br />
SAS 9.2 finally fixes one the bigger complaints with PROC FCMP allowing the
creation of custom functions. Originally SAS did not support custom functions,
SAS wanted to write them for you.<br />
The most unfortunate thing about SAS currently is that it has such a long
legacy on uniprocessor machines, that it is having difficulty getting going in
the SMP world, being able to properly take advantage of multi-threading and
multi-processing. I believe this is due to lack of proper technical vision and
leadership. As such, I believe a Java language HPC derivative and tools will
eventually take over, providing superior ease of use, visualization,
portability, and processing speed on today’s servers and clusters. Since most
data will come from an RDMS these days, flat file input won’t carry enough
weight.<br />
But, for my current profession = Capacity Planning for computer systems, you
still can’t beat SAS + Excel. On the other hand, it looks like I’m going to have
to look into R.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-6542">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/0392489808c227b1f02d4ba2f31ec8cc?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>Chuck
Moore wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-6542">29.
May 2009 at 1:47 pm</a> : </div>
On a side note. As a “real” programmer, having been an expert in Pascal and C
and having programmed in, oh I don’t want to list them all, but I have also done
more than just take classes in Java. Anyway, Macros have a place in programming.
There have been a few times I wished Java supported macros and not just
assertions, out of my own laziness. I am a firm believer in the right tool for
the job, and that not everything is a nail, so I need more than just a hammer.
The unfortunate thing is that macros can be abused, just like goto’s and
programming labels and global variables.<br />
To me, SAS is/was the greatest data processing language/system on the planet.
But, I still also program in Java, C, ksh, VBScript, Perl, etc. as appropriate.
I’d like to see someone do an ARIMA forecast in Excel, or run a regression that
does outlier elimination in only 3 lines of code!<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-6883">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/c6dc0b865cc37bdb2c049c4756bf2af8?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://tmarthal.com/">tom m</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-6883">11.
June 2009 at 1:56 am</a> : </div>
<cite>If your dataset can’t fit on a single hard drive and you need a
cluster, none of the above will work.</cite><br />
One thing you have to consider, is that using SciPy, you get all of the
python libraries for free. That includes the Apache Hadoop code, if you choose
to use that. And as someone above pointed out, there is now parallel processing
built right in in the most recent distributions (but I have no personal
knowledge of that) for MPI or whatever. <br />
Coming from an engineer in industry (not academia), the really neat thing
that I like about SciPy is the ease of creating web-based tools (as in, deployed
to a web server for others to use) via deployment on an apache installation and
mod_python. If you can get other engineers using your analysis, without sending
them a excel spreadsheet, or a .m file (for which they need a matlab license),
etc. it makes your work much more visible.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-7024">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/f4db38622864177d2d5bea69eb914933?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>sohan
wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-7024">14.
June 2009 at 10:30 am</a> : </div>
hello everyone…<br />i want to know about the comrative study between SAS, R,
SPSS in data analysis.<br />can anyone provide me the papers related to those.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-7157">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/255ab2a42373f8876ec771ef2ed71905?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>ed
wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-7157">18.
June 2009 at 11:28 am</a> : </div>
having used sas, spss, matlab, gauss and r, let me say that describing stata
as having a weak programming language is a sign of ignorance.<br />
it has a very powerful interpreted scripting language which allows one to
easily extend stata. there is a very active community and many user written
add-ons are available. see: <a href="http://ideas.repec.org/s/boc/bocode.html">http://ideas.repec.org/s/boc/bocode.html</a><br />
stata also has a full fledged matrix programming language called (mata)
comparable to matlab with a c-like syntax, which is compiled and therefore very
fast.<br />
managing and preparing data for analysis is a breeze in stata.<br />
finally stata is easy to learn.<br />
obviously not many people use stata around here.<br />
some more biased opinions:<br />
sas is handy you have some old punch cards in the cupboard or a huge dataset.
apart from that it truly sucks. some people say that it is good to manage data,
but why not use a good relational database to do that and then use decent
statistical software to do the analysis?<br />
excel sucks obviously infinitely more that sas. apart from its (lack of)
statistical capabilities and reliability, any point-and-click only software is
an obvious no-no from the point of view of scientific reproducability <br />
i don’t care fore spss and cannot imagine anyone does.<br />
matlab is nice, but expensive. not so great for preparing/managing data.<br />
have not used scipy/numpy myself, but have colleagues who love it. one big
advantage is that it uses python (ie good language to master and use)<br />
r is great, but more difficult to get into. i don’t like the loose syntax too
much though. it is also a bitch with big datasets.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-8121">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/56899cb1d85f6476e3a7f7fd06254179?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>Willem
wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-8121">17.
July 2009 at 6:53 am</a> : </div>
On high quality graphics in R, one should certainly check out the
Cairo-package. Many graphics can be output in hip formats like SVG.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-8166">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/f95709624d3c44bb17e0753ddb80b2bf?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://www.clear-lines.com/blog">Mathias</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-8166">17.
July 2009 at 10:57 pm</a> : </div>
On the point of Excel breaking down at 10,000+ rows, apparently Excel 2010
will come with Gemini, an add-on developed by the Excel and SQL team, aiming at
handling large datasets:<br /><a href="http://blogs.msdn.com/excel/archive/2009/07/14/sneak-preview-of-project-gemini.aspx">Project
Gemini sneak preview</a><br />I doubt this would make Excel the platform of choice
for doing anything fancy with large datasets anyways, but I am intrigued.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-8621">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/385479a5b2e71244b466fc7bbf23b5cf?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>Jay
Verkuilen wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-8621">26.
July 2009 at 9:48 pm</a> : </div>
Some reax, as I’ve used most of these at some point:<br />
SAS has great support for large files even on a modest machine. A few years
ago I did a bunch of sims on my dissertation using it and it worked happily away
without so much batting an eyelash on a crappy four year old Windoze XP machine
with 1.5 GB of memory. Also, programs like NLP (nonlinear optimization),
NLMIXED, MIXED, and GLIMMIX are really great for various mixed model
applications—this is quite broad as many common models can be cast in the mixed
model framework. NLMIXED in particular lets you write some pretty interesting
models that would otherwise require special coding. Documentation in SAS/STAT is
really solid and their tech support is great. Graphics suck and I don’t like the
various attempts at a GUI. <br />
I prefer Stata for most “everyday” statistical analysis. Don’t knock that, as
it’s pretty common even for a methodologist such as myself to need to fit
logistic regression or whatever and not want to have to waste a lot of time on
it, which Stata is fantastic for. Stata 11 looks to be even better, as it
incorporates procedures such as Multiple Imputation easily. The sheer amount of
time spent doing MI followed by logistic regression (or whatever) is irritating.
Stata speeds that up. Also when you own Stata you own it all and the upgrade
pricing is quite reasonable. Tech support is also solid. <br />
SPSS has a few gems in its otherwise incomprehensible mass of utter bilge.
IMO it’s a company with highly predatory licensing, too. <br />
R is nice for people who don’t value their time or who are doing lots of
“odd” things that require programming and extensibility. I like it for class
because it’s free, there are nice books for it, and it lets me bypass IT as it’s
possible to put a working R system on a USB drive. I love the graphics.<br />
Matlab has made real strides as a programming language and has superb
numerics in it (or did), at least according to the numerics people I know
(including my numerical analysis professor). However, Statistics Toolbox is iffy
in terms of what procedures it supports, though it might have been updated.
Graphics are also nice. But it is expensive. <br />
Mathematica is nice for symbolic calculation. With the MathStatica addon
(sadly this has been delayed for an unconscionable amount of time) it’s possible
to do quite sophisticated theoretical computations. It’s not a replacement for
your theoretical knowledge, but is very helpful for doing all the inaccurate and
tedious calculations necessary.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-8642">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/31302c24340585f9a9f5a3c998210c1a?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>Brett
D wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-8642">27.
July 2009 at 10:58 am</a> : </div>
I started in Matlab, moved on to R, looked at Octave, and am just getting
into SciPy.<br />
Matlab is good for linear algebra and related multivariate stats. I could
never get any nice plotting out of it. It can do plenty of things I never learnt
about, but I can’t afford to buy it, so I can’t use it now anyway.<br />
R is powerful, but can be very awkward. It can write jpeg, png, and pdf
files, make 3D plots and nice 2D plots as well. Two things put me off it: it’s
an absolute dog to debug (how does “duplicate row names are not allowed” help as
an entire error message when I’ve got 1000 lines of code spread between 4
functions?), and its data types have weird eccentricities that make programming
difficult (like transposing a data frame turns it into a matrix, and using
sapply to loop over something returns a data frame of factors… I hate factors).
There are a lot of packages that can do some really nice things, although some
have pretty thin documentation (that’s open source for you).<br />
Octave is nicer to use than R ( = Matlab is nicer to use than R), but I found
it lacking in most things I wanted to do, and the development team seem to wait
for something to come out in Matlab before they’ll do it themselves, so they’re
always one step behind someone else.<br />
I’m surprised how quickly I’m picking up SciPy. It’s much easier to write,
read and debug than R, and the code looks nicer. I haven’t done much plotting
yet, but it looks promising. The only trick with Python is its assignments for
mutable data types, which I’m still getting my head around.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-8775">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/33b268349fa5e94a56bcb2760d1f2a03?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>Mike
wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-8775">29.
July 2009 at 9:45 pm</a> : </div>
Mathematica is also able to link to R via a third party add-on distributed by
ScienceOps. The numeric capabilities of Mathematica were “ramped” up 6 years ago
so should be thought of as more than a symbolic (only) environment. Further info
here:<br />
<a href="http://reference.wolfram.com/mathematica/note/SomeNotesOnInternalImplementation.html#28959">http://reference.wolfram.com/mathematica/note/SomeNotesOnInternalImplementation.html#28959</a><br />
(I work for Wolfram Research)<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-8836">
<div class="commentmetadata_author">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/fd4b164e15fa2a834d16fb8743ec4f1b?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://anyall.org/">brendano</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-8836">30.
July 2009 at 11:43 pm</a> : </div>
<blockquote>
R is nice for people who don’t value their time or who are doing lots of
“odd” things that require programming and extensibility.</blockquote>
Hah!<br />
Everyone really likes Stata. Interesting.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-9854">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/838fe4f0c962d69777611eed07281bd2?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://yaroslavvb.blogspot.com/">Yaroslav Bulatov</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-9854">19.
August 2009 at 6:17 pm</a> : </div>
I use Python/Matlab for most analysis, but Mathematica is really nice for
building demos and custom visualization interfaces (and for debugging your
formulas)<br />
For instance, here’s an example of taking some mutual fund data, and
visualizing those mutual funds (from 3 different categories) in a Fisher Linear
Discriminant transformed space (down to 3 dimensional from initial 57 or so)<br />
<a href="http://yaroslavvb.com/upload/strands/dim-reduce/dim-reduce.html">http://yaroslavvb.com/upload/strands/dim-reduce/dim-reduce.html</a><br />
</li>
<li id="comment-9910">
<div class="commentmetadata_author">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/fd4b164e15fa2a834d16fb8743ec4f1b?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://anyall.org/">Brendan O'Connor</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-9910">21.
August 2009 at 3:44 am</a> : </div>
A post on R vs. Matlab: <a href="http://undirectedgrad.blogspot.com/2009/08/to-r-or-not-to-r.html">To R or
not to R</a><br />
</li>
<li id="comment-9911">
<div class="commentmetadata_author">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/fd4b164e15fa2a834d16fb8743ec4f1b?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://anyall.org/">brendano</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-9911">21.
August 2009 at 3:48 am</a> : </div>
Also, a discussion looking for solutions that are both fast to prototype and
fast to execute: <a href="http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1257021/suitable-functional-language-for-scientific-statistical-computing">suitable
functional language for scientific/statistical computing</a><br />
</li>
<li id="comment-10596">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/c990ed14e8f91017b32177ef27541286?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>Cristian
wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-10596">1.
September 2009 at 3:21 am</a> : </div>
I do not understand why SAS is so much hailed here because it handles large
datasets. I use Matlab almost exclusively in finance and when I have problems
with how large the data sets are then I don’t use SAS by I use mysql server
instead. Matlab can talk to mysql server and thus I do not see why SAS is needed
in this case.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-11055">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/01bad05d1913d811b4b07f3f747b1d50?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>Mike
wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-11055">11.
September 2009 at 6:38 am</a> : </div>
I have used Stata and R but for my purposes I actually prefer and use
Mathematica. Unsurprisingly nobody has discussed its use so I guess I will.<br />
I work in ecology and I use Mathematica almost exclusively for modeling. I’ve
found that the the elegance of the programming language lends itself to easily
using it for statistical analysis as well. Although it isn’t really a statistics
package being able to generate large amounts of data and then process them in
the same place is extremely useful. To make up for the lack of built in
statistical analysis I’ve built my own package over time by collecting and
refining the tests I’ve used.<br />For most people I would say using Mathematica
for statistics is way more work than it is worth. Nevertheless, those who
already use it for other things may find it is more than capable of performing
almost any data analysis you can come up with using relatively little code. The
addition of functionality targeted at statistics in versions 6 and 7 has made
this use simpler, although the built in ANOVA package is still awkward and
poorly documented. One thing it and Matlab beat other packages at hands down is
list/matrix manipulation which can be extremely useful.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-11248">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/da0185ff1f3fca3ed0439b4fb75513be?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>Paul
Kim wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-11248">14.
September 2009 at 9:10 pm</a> : </div>
I am using MATLAB along with SPSS. Does anyone know about how to connect SPSS
with MATLAB? Or can we use any form of programming (e.g., “for” loops and “if”)
in SPSS to connect with MATLAB?<br />Thank you.<br />
Paul<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-11912">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/eabf7451c9d32ae52346a9365548785f?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>Mattia
wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-11912">25.
September 2009 at 1:39 pm</a> : </div>
I worked at the International Monetary Fund so I thought I’d add the
government perspective, which is pretty much the same as the business one. You
need software that solves the following equation<br />
maximize amount of useful output<br />such that: salaries of staff * hours
worked - cost of software < budget<br />
It turns out IMF achieves that by letting every economist work with whatever
they want. As a matter of fact, economists end up using Stata.<br />
Consider that most economics datasets are smaller than 1Gb. Stata
MultiProcessor will work comfortably with up to 4Gb on the available machines.
Stata has everything you need for econometrics, including a matrix language that
is just like Matlab and state of the art maximum likelihood optimization, so you
can create your own “odd” statistical estimators. Programming has a steeper
learning curve than Matlab but once you know the language it’s much more
powerful, including very nice text data support and I/O (not quite python, but
good enough). If you don’t need some of the fancy add-on packages that engineers
use, like say “hydrodynamics simulation”, that’s all you need. But most
importantly importing, massaging and cleaning data with Stata is so unbelievably
efficient that every time I have to use another program I feel like I am walking
knee-deep in mud.<br />
So why do I have to use other programs, and which?<br />
IMF has one copy of SAS that we use for big jobs, such as when I had 100Gb of
data. I won’t dwell on this because it’s been covered above, but in general SAS
is industrial-grade stuff. One big difference between SAS and other programs is
that SAS will try to keep working when something goes wrong. If you *need*
numbers for the next morning, you go to bed, the next morning you come and Stata
has stopped working because of a mistake. SAS hasn’t, and perhaps your numbers
are garbage, but if you are able to tell that they are simply 0.00001% off then
you are in perfectly good shape to make a decision.<br />
Occasionally I use Matlab or Gauss (yes, Gauss!) because I need to put the
data through some black box written in that language and it would take too long
to understand it and rewrite it.<br />
That’s all folks. Thanks for the attention.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-11920">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/eabf7451c9d32ae52346a9365548785f?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>Mattia
wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-11920">25.
September 2009 at 6:42 pm</a> : </div>
No that was not all, I forgot one thing. Stata can map data using a free
user-written add-in (spmap), so you can save yourself the time of learning some
brainy GIS package. Does anyone know whether R, SAS, SPSS or other programs can
do it?<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-11922">
<div class="commentmetadata_author">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/fd4b164e15fa2a834d16fb8743ec4f1b?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://anyall.org/">brendano</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-11922">25.
September 2009 at 7:37 pm</a> : </div>
R has some packages for plotting geo data, including “maps”, “mapdata”, and
also some ggplot2 routines. Now I just saw an entire “R-GIS” project, so I’m
sure there’s a lot more related stuff for R…<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-12160">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30 avatar-default" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/?d=identicon&s=30" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://idlpress.wordpress.com/2009/09/30/%d9%85%d9%82%d8%a7%db%8c%d8%b3%d9%87-%d8%a8%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%87%e2%80%8c%d9%87%d8%a7%db%8c-%d8%aa%d8%ad%d9%84%db%8c%d9%84-%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%af%d9%87-r-matlab-scipy">مقایسه
بستههای تحلیل داده (R, Matlab, SciPy, Excel, SAS, SPSS, Stata) « دنیای
پیرامون</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-12160">30.
September 2009 at 6:59 am</a> : </div>
[...] اینکه ببینم کدوم مناسبتره شروع به مقایسه کردم. توی یک وبلاگ یک مقایسه
ساده و البته تقریبا عمیقی پیدا کردم. اون رو [...]<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-12194">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/9b4bd6a138582e58ef6168747904f964?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>Tao
Wu wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-12194">30.
September 2009 at 5:56 pm</a> : </div>
Hi, all. I think I should mention about a C++ framework based software, named
as ROOT. see <a href="http://root.cern.ch/">http://root.cern.ch</a><br />
You will see ROOT is definitely better than R.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-12195">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/9b4bd6a138582e58ef6168747904f964?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>Tao
Wu wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-12195">30.
September 2009 at 5:59 pm</a> : </div>
As I can see, the syntax and grammar of R are really stupid. I can not image
that R, S, S+ have been widely used by financial bodies. Furthermore, they are
trying to claim they are very professional and very good at financial data
analysis. I can predict that if they shift to ROOT (a real language with C++),
they will see the power of data analysis.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-19224">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/f790c5f2c1c63f662af1ae03b4ee3c40?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://www.burns-stat.com/">Patrick Burns</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-19224">2.
January 2010 at 7:10 pm</a> : </div>
xin (April 19) writes:<br />> the majority of ‘R’ers on this thread act like
a bunch of rebellious teens …<br />
Well spotted — I’ve been a rebellious teen for decades now.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-19589">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/b0bdfe1930ab0a5f76b50921b34312ff?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>Wei
Zhang wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-19589">10.
January 2010 at 10:35 am</a> : </div>
People in my work place, an economic research trust, love STATA. Economists
love STATA and they ask new comers to use STATA as well. R is discouraged in my
work place for excuses like it is for statisticians. Sigh~~~~<br />
But!!! I keep using it and keep discovering new ways of using it. Now, I use
‘dmsend’ function from the ‘twitteR’ package to inform me the status of my
time-consuming simulations while I am not in office. It is just awesome that
using R makes me feel bounded by nothing.<br />
BTW, anyone knows how to use R to send emails (on various OS, Win, Mac, Unix,
Linux). I googled a bit and not very promising. Any plans to develop a package?
<br />
If we had the package, we can just hit ‘paste to console’ (RWinEdt) or C-c
C-c (ESS+Emacs) and let R to estimate, simulate and send results to co-authors
automatically. What a beautiful world!!<br />
I use Matlab and STATA as well but R completely owns me. Being a bad boy
naturally, I start to encourage new comers to use R in my work place.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-19751">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/0e3efc2331b1c5207e6d304e31c9c094?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>ynte
wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-19751">13.
January 2010 at 8:30 pm</a> : </div>
I happened to hit this page, and I am impressed by the pro’s and
con’s.<br />Been using SPSS for over 30 years and I’ve been appreciating the steep
increase in usability from punch card syntax to pull down menu’s. I only ran
into R today because it can handle Zero Inflated Poisson Regression and SPSS
can’t or won’t.<br />I think it is Great to find open source statistical software.
I guess it requires a special ment framework to actually enjoy struggling
through the command structure, but if I were 25 years younger………<br />It really is
a bugger to find that SPSS (or whatever they like to be called) and R come up
with different parameter estimates on the same dataset [at least in the negative
binomial model I compared].<br />Is there anyone out there with experience in
comparing two or more of these packages on one and the same dataset?<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-19857">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/aa2be688a8870386652dd185cd5a9887?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>Wei
wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-19857">16.
January 2010 at 9:58 am</a> : </div>
@ynte<br />Why don’t you join R: mailing list? If you ask questions properly
there, you will get answers.<br />
I would suggest a place to start: <a href="http://www.r-project.org/mail.html">http://www.r-project.org/mail.html</a><br />
Have fun.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-20412">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/acaf9469f19fd1facd136b32dfa62598?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>peng
wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-20412">27.
January 2010 at 10:22 am</a> : </div>
hi friends,<br />I am new to R.I would like to know R-PLUS.Does any know where
can I get the free training for R-PLUS.<br />
Regards,<br />Peng.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-21431">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/e37178781b8b292ce2b85b07b9d06dfb?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>Wayne
wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-21431">12.
February 2010 at 8:38 pm</a> : </div>
I use R.<br />
I’ve looked at Matlab, but the primitive nature of its language turns my
stomach. (I mean, here’s a language that uses alternating strings and values to
imitate named parameters? A language where it’s not unusual to have a half page
of code in a routine dedicated to filling in parameters based on the number of
supplied arguments.) And the Matlab culture seems to favor Perleqsue obfuscation
of code as a value. Plus it’s expensive. It’s really an engineer’s tool, not a
statistician’s tool.<br />
SAS creeps me out: it was obviously designed for punched cards and it’s an
inconsistent mix of 1950’s and 1960’s languages and batch command systems. I’m
sure it’s powerful, and from what I’ve read the other statistics packages
actually bend their results to match SAS’s, even when SAS’s results are arguably
not good. So it’s the Gold Standard of Statistics ™, literally, but it’s not
flexible and won’t be comfortable for someone expecting a well-designed
language.<br />
R’s language has a good design that has aged well. But it’s definitely open
source: you have two graphical languages that come in the box (base and
lattice), with a third that’s a real contender (ggplot2). Which to choose? There
are over 2,000 packages and it takes a bit of analysis just to decide which of
the four Wavelet packages you want to use for your project — not just current
features, but how well maintained the package appears to be, etc.<br />
There are really three questions to answer here: 1) What field are you
working in, 2) How focused are your needs, and 3) What’s your budget?<br />
In engineering (and Machine Learning and Computer Vision), 95% of the example
code you find in articles, online, and in repositories, will be Matlab. I’ve
done two graduate classes using R where Matlab was the “no brainer” choice, but
I just can’t stomach Matlab “programming”. Python might’ve been a good choice as
well, but with R I got an incredible range of graphics combined with multiple a
huge variety of statistical and learning techniques. You can get some of that in
Python, but it’s really more of a general-purpose tool when you definitely have
to roll your own.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-21454">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30 avatar-default" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/?d=identicon&s=30" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://www.johnnylogic.org/?p=732">Bookmarks for February 12th from 15:49
to 15:54 « Johnny Logic</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-21454">13.
February 2010 at 5:55 am</a> : </div>
[...] Comparison of data analysis packages: R, Matlab, SciPy, Excel, SAS,
SPSS, Stata – Brendan O&#8… – Lukas and I were trying to write a succinct
comparison of the most popular packages that are typically used for data
analysis. I think most people choose one based on what people around them use or
what they learn in school, so I’ve found it hard to find comparative
information. I’m posting the table here in hopes of useful comments. [...]<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-21693">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/d8cf61ad4c89ec2ecb825e9ca08435c6?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>Jay
wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-21693">17.
February 2010 at 9:43 am</a> : </div>
Yeah, quite the odd list. If *Py stuff is in there, then PDL definitely
should be too.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-21699">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30 avatar-default" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/?d=identicon&s=30" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://www.johndcook.com/blog/2010/02/17/statistical-functions-in-excel/">Statistical
functions in Excel — The Endeavour</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-21699">17.
February 2010 at 12:03 pm</a> : </div>
[...] Comparison of data analysis packages from Brendan O’Connor [...]<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-22132">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/3f95ffd4f24d4673fdc2b8076e68317e?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>stat_stuff
wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-22132">25.
February 2010 at 10:24 am</a> : </div>
i like what you wrote to describe spss, clear and consise….nuf said :-)<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-22223">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/af95a5dfff7c60b767c17be2e6032c0a?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>forkandwait
wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-22223">27.
February 2010 at 12:05 am</a> : </div>
I would like to comment on SAS versus R versus Matlab/ Octave.<br />
SAS seems to excel at data handling, both with large datasets and with wacked
proprietary formats (how else can you read a 60GB text file and merge it with an
access database from 1998). It is really ugly though, not interactive/
exploratory, and graphics aren’t great.<br />
R is awesome because it is a fully featured language (things like named
parameters, object orientation, typing) etc, and because every new data analysis
algorithm probably gets implemented in it first these days. I rather like the
graphics. However, it is a mess, with bad naming conventions that have evolved
badly over time, conflicting types, etc.<br />
Matlab is awesome in its niche, which is NOT data analysis, but rather math
modeling with scripts between 10 and 1000 lines. It is really easy to get up an
running if you have a math (ie linear algebra) background, the function file
system is great for a medium level of software engineering, plotting is awesome
and simpler than R, the datatypes (structs) are complex enough but dont’ involve
the headaches of a “well developed” type system. If you are doing data
management, gui interaction, or dealing with categorical data, it might be best
to use SQL/ SAS or something else and export your data into matrices of
numbers.<br />
I would like numpy and friends, but ZERO BASED INDEXING IS NOT
MATHEMETICAL.<br />
Just my 2c<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-25050">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/02163f5f94097f5987b1c32f7c43be5c?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>anlaystenheini
wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-25050">16.
April 2010 at 4:52 pm</a> : </div>
This is a great compilation, thank you.<br />After working as an econometrics
analyst for a while mainly using stata, I can tell the following about
STATA:<br />Stata is relativly easy to get startet with and to produce some
graphics quickly (that’s what all the business people want, click click here’s
your powerpoint presentation with lots of colourful graphics and no real
content).<br />BUT if you want to automate things and if you want to make stata to
do things it isn’t capable of out of the box, it is pure pain!<br />
The big problem is: On one hand Stata has a scripting/command interface,
which is not very powerful and very very inconsistent. On the other Hand, stata
has a fully featured matrix-orientated programming language with c-like syntax,
which is c-like, therefore not very handy (c is old and not made for
mathematics, the matlab language is much more convenient), and which doesn’t
work well with the rest of stata (you have a superflous level for interchanging
data from one part to the other).<br />
All together programming STATA feels like persuading STATA:<br />Error messages
are almost useless, the macro text expansion used in the scripting language is
not very suitable for things that has to do with mathematics (texts can’t
calculate), and many other little things.<br />It is very inconsitent sometimes
very clumsy to handle and has silly limitations like string expressions limited
to 254 chars like in the early 20th century.<br />
So go with stata for a little ad hoc statistics but do not use it for more
sophisticated stuff, in that case learn R!<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-25305">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/ffa09cf6afa1d8e2bcefe018112c1695?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>George
Wolfe wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-25305">19.
April 2010 at 11:13 pm</a> : </div>
I’ve used Mathematica as a general purpose programming language for the past
couple of years. I’ve built a portfolio optimizer, various tools to manipulate
data and databases, and a lot of statistics and graphs routines. People who use
commercial portfolio optimizers are always surprised at how fast the Mathamatica
optimizations run - faster then their own optimizers. Based on my experience, I
can say that Mathematica is great for numerical and ordinary computational
tasks. <br />
I did have to spent a lot of time learning how to think in Mathematica - it’s
most powerful when used as a functional language, and I was a procedural
programmer. However, if you want to use a procedural programming approach,
Mathematica supports that.<br />
Regarding some of the other topics discussed above: (1) Mathematica has build
in support for parallel computing, and can be run on supercomputing clusters
(Wolfram Alpha is written in Mathematica). (2) The language is highly evolved
and is being actively entended and improved every year. It seems to be in an
exponential phase of development currently - Stephen Wolfram outlines the
development plans every year and the annual user conferenced - and his
expectations seem to be pretty much on target. (3) Wolfram has a stated goal of
making Mathematica a universal computing platform which smoothly integrates
theoretical and applied mathematics with general purpose, graphics, and
computation. I admit to a major case of hero worship, but I think he is achiving
this goal.<br />
I’m going on and on about Mathematica because, in spite of its wonderfulness,
it doesn’t seem to have taken it’s rightful place in these discussions. Maybe
Mathematica users drop out of the “what’s the best language for x” after they
start using it. I don’t know, really. But anyway, that’s the way I see it.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-25723">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/42d678f84a13ded268bf0e89b184c35b?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>Dale
wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-25723">25.
April 2010 at 12:54 am</a> : </div>
I am amazed that nobody has mentioned JMP. It is essentially equivalent to
SPSS or STATA in capabilities but far easier to use (certainly to teach or
learn). The main reason why it is not so well known is that it is a SAS product
and they don’t want to market it well for fear that nobody will want SAS any
more.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-25740">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/553018f3031ba4a8e6bdb0cf2e878306?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>ad
wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-25740">25.
April 2010 at 1:23 pm</a> : </div>
In the comparison I did not see Freemat. This is a open source tool that
follows along the lines of MATLAB. It would interesting to see how the community
compares Freemat to Matlab<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-25845">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/dc72820b627e20aa02a3fd77f994c205?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://bupka.wordpress.com/">bupka's online</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-25845">27.
April 2010 at 4:26 am</a> : </div>
bupka’s online menyediakan buku terpakai (used books) berkualitas dan
asli<br />original dengan harga miring,banyak buku teknik. silahkan kunjungi<br /><a href="http://bupka.wordpress.com/">http://bupka.wordpress.com</a><br />
buku MATLAB yg dibicarakan diatas, ada stok saat ini.<br />silahkan liat2
lainnya juga.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-25867">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/ad931f8b5a3394f6a1f85c712a2cb7ea?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>Farhat
wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-25867">27.
April 2010 at 9:37 am</a> : </div>
@Wolfe: I have used Mathematica a lot over the past 8 years and still use it
for testing ideas as small pieces of code can do fairly sophisticated stuff,
I’ve found it poor for large datasets and longer code development. It even
lacked things like support for a code versioning system until recently. The cost
is also a major detractor. Mathematica costs like $2500 or so last time I
checked. Also, some of the newer features like Manipulate seem to create issues,
I had a small piece of code using that for interactivity which sent the CPU
usage to 100% regardless of whether any change was happening or not. <br />
Also, SAGE ( <a href="http://www.sagemath.org/">http://www.sagemath.org</a>
), the open source alternative to Mathematica has gotten quite powerful in the
last few years.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-26573">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/846d25e446188b015601015adb1eb004?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://www.aliencitizens.com/">yinyangwriter</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-26573">8.
May 2010 at 6:16 am</a> : </div>
I just wanted to mention that Maple, which has not been commented on yet in
this post or in the subsequent thread, generates beautiful visuals and I used to
program in it all the time (as an alternative to Mathematica which was used by
the “other camp” and I wouldn’t touch). <br />
Also, I’m starting to use Matlab now and loving how intuitive it is (for
someone with programming experience anyway). st<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-26631">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/5ad8006a40b8438acf0e751fc6320aa5?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>Jason
wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-26631">9.
May 2010 at 5:40 pm</a> : </div>
let me quote some of Ross Ihaka’s reflection on R’s efficiency….<br />
“I’m one of the two originators of R. After reading Jan’s<br />paper I wrote to
him and said I thought it was interesting<br />that he was choosing to jump from
Lisp to R at the same<br />time I was jumping from R to Common Lisp……<br />
We started work on R in the early ’90s. At the time<br />decent Lisp
implementations required much more resources<br />than our target machines had. We
therefore wrote a small<br />scheme-like interpreter and implemented over
that.<br />Being rank amateurs we didn’t do a great job of the<br />implementation
and the semantics of the S language which<br />we borrowed also don’t lead to
efficiency (there is a<br />lot of copying of big objects).<br />R is now being
applied to much bigger problems than we<br />ever anticipated and efficiency is a
real issue. What<br />we’re looking at now is implementing a thin syntax
over<br />Common Lisp. The reason for this is that while Lisp is<br />great for
programming it is not good for carrying out<br />interactive data analysis. That
requires a mindset better<br />expressed by standard math notation. We do plan to
make<br />the syntax thin enough that it is possible to still work<br />at the Lisp
level. (I believe that the use of Lisp syntax<br />was partially responsible for
why XLispStat failed to gain<br />a large user community).<br />The payoff (we hope)
will be much greater flexibility and<br />a big boost in performance (we are
working with SBCL so<br />we gain from compilation). For some simple
calculations<br />we are seeing orders of magnitude increases in
performance<br />over R, and quite big gains over Python…..”<br />
the full post is here:<br /><a href="http://r.789695.n4.nabble.com/Ross-Ihaka-s-reflections-on-Common-Lisp-and-R-td920197.html#a920197">http://r.789695.n4.nabble.com/Ross-Ihaka-s-reflections-on-Common-Lisp-and-R-td920197.html#a920197</a><br />
it is quite interesting to note that such a “provactive” post from one of R’s
originators got 0 response from R-dev list………..<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-27214">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30 avatar-default" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/?d=identicon&s=30" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://www.skriptfoundry.com/wordpress/?p=193">Business Intelligence
Tools: looking at R as a platform for big BI. - SkriptFounders</a>
wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-27214">23.
May 2010 at 5:36 am</a> : </div>
[...] is some more information I thought was nice on the best packages for
stat analysis. The only thing thats wrong here is the [...]<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-28250">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/be41377f61030ea88573734eb313c3a9?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>Sam
wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-28250">16.
June 2010 at 4:12 pm</a> : </div>
I came across this thread and I’m finding the comments very useful. Thanks to
all!<br />
I’m trying to decide which software package to use. I’m a researcher working
with clinical (patient-related) data. I have data sets with <10,000 rows
(usually just a few thousand). I need software that will generate multivariate
and logistic regression, and Kaplan-Meier survival curves. Visualization is very
important.<br />
Of note, I’m an avid programmer as a hobby (C++, assembly, most anything), so
I’m very comfortable with a more complex package, but I need something that just
works. I’ve been using SPSS, which works, but clunky.<br />
Any suggestions? Stata? Systat? S-Plus? Maple?<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-28252">
<div class="commentmetadata_author">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/fd4b164e15fa2a834d16fb8743ec4f1b?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://anyall.org/">brendano</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-28252">16.
June 2010 at 5:13 pm</a> : </div>
I still haven’t used Stata, but its users have very strong praise for it, for
situations that sound like yours. That might be the best option to start
with.<br />
R might be worth trying too.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-29285">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/8b3d0fc890d535f5fd510dc30f458958?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>Rashad
wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-29285">5.
July 2010 at 12:48 am</a> : </div>
I am working on my undergraduate degree in statistics in the SAS direction,
which has surprised people in the field I meet. The choice was somewhat
arbitrary; I just wanted something applied to complement a pure mathematics
degree. This post has opened many (…..many) options to consider. Thanks for the
great discussion.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-31571">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/0402c7edf0ae3fc53498b01a69a2ed0b?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>Donovan
wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-31571">2.
August 2010 at 2:44 am</a> : </div>
So my question here is simple:<br />
After you peel back all the layers and look at the solution that would
require the least effort, the most power, with the greatest flexibility, why
anyone would choose anything other than RPy first, and then the language du
joire that your employer would be using second as a backup and scrap the code
war?<br />
I mean for my money, you make sure you can build a model in Excel, learn RPy
& C# and search for APIs if you need to user other languages or just plain
partner with someone who can code C++ {if you can’t} and simply inject it. <br />
I mean I plan on learning Java, PHP and SAS as well, but that is really a
personal choice. Coming from IT with in Finance, not knowing Java and SAS means
you either won’t get in the door or reach a glass ceiling pretty quickly unless
you play corporate politics really, really well. So for me, it is a necessity.
But the flip side is, wanting to make the leap into Financial Engineering after
completing a doctorate in Engineering, RPy has also become a near Realistically,
unless you just like coding, I have to say that what I have suggested makes the
most sense for the average analysis pro. But then alot of this is based upon
whether you’re a Quant Research, Quant Developer, Analyst, etc. — different
tools for different functions. <br />
Just thought<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-32797">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/e21c919b246137b987217d951331f47c?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>Mark
Smith wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-32797">14.
August 2010 at 11:06 pm</a> : </div>
Sas and r <br />
1. there is a book out on the topic
(http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1420070576?ie=UTF8&tag=sasandrblog-20&linkCode=as2&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=1420070576)<br />
2. R interface available in SAS 9.2<br />
“While SAS is committed to providing the new statistical methodologies that
the marketplace demands and will deliver new work more quickly with a recent
decoupling of the analytical product releases from Base SAS, a commercial
software vendor can only put out new work so fast. And never as as fast as a
professor and a grad student writing an academic implementation of brand-new
methodology.<br />Both R and SAS are here to stay, and finding ways to make them
work better with each other is in the best interests of our customers.<br />“We
know a lot of our users have both R and SAS in their toolkit, and we decided to
make it easier for them to access R by making it available in the SAS 9.2
environment,” said Rodriguez.<br />The SAS/IML Studio interface allows you to
integrate R functionality with SAS/IML or SAS programs. You can also exchange
data between SAS and R as data sets or matrices.<br />“This is just the first
step,” said Radhika Kulkarni, Vice President of Advanced Analytics. “We are busy
working on an R interface that can be surfaced in the SAS server or via other
SAS clients. In the future, users will be able to interface with R through the
IML procedure.“<br />
<a href="http://support.sas.com/rnd/app/studio/Rinterface2.html">http://support.sas.com/rnd/app/studio/Rinterface2.html</a><br />
While this is probably more for SAS users than R, I thought both camps might
be interested in case you get coerced into using SAS one day… doesn’t mean you
have to give up your experience with R.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-33881">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/b069f94ecb61698187c272e1b2db2d42?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>Iskander
wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-33881">26.
August 2010 at 4:51 pm</a> : </div>
I am also amazed how few people here have said anything about StatSoft
Statistica. I’ve been using it for close to 6 years and don’t see any
shortcomings at all. Consider this:<br />- full support of R<br />- fully
scriptable, which means you can call DLLs written in whatever programming
language possible and implementing things which you didn’t find inbuilt in
Statistica (which doesn’t mean it’s not there)<br />- the Statistica solver /
engine can be called externally from Excel and other applications via the
COM/OLE interface<br />- untrammelled graphics of virtually any complexity —
extremely flexible and customizable (and scriptable)<br />- the Data Miner (with
its brand new ‘Data Miner Recipes’) is another extremely powerful tool that
leaves only your imagination to limit you<br />….it would be tedious to list all
its advantages (again, the Statistica Neural Networks and the Six Sigma modules
are IMO very professionally implemented).<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-34319">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/846f468ea65b38cb673e63e9868691d2?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>ZZ
wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-34319">31.
August 2010 at 12:08 pm</a> : </div>
No package other than sas can load the unstructured data like blogs posted
here, analyze and extract the sentiments (positive, negative, neutral) about
each of the packages debated here in pretty decent precision after sas bought
teragram a few years ago.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-34631">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30 avatar-default" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/?d=identicon&s=30" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://thewebminer.com/2010/09/links-for-2010-09-04/">links for 2010-09-04
: Web Data Mining & Data Visualisation</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-34631">4.
September 2010 at 2:01 pm</a> : </div>
[...] Comparison of data analysis packages: R, Matlab, SciPy, Excel, SAS,
SPSS, Stata – Brendan O&#0… Excellent comparison between data analysis
packages: R, Matlab, SciPy, Excel, SAS, SPSS, Stata. (tags: python r matlab)
[...]<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-36368">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30 avatar-default" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/?d=identicon&s=30" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://lexis.ccpr.ucla.edu/wp/?p=526">Interesting Comparison of data
analysis packages - CCPR Computing</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-36368">23.
September 2010 at 10:31 pm</a> : </div>
[...] <a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-st..">http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-st..</a>.
Uncategorized none [...]<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-38663">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30 avatar-default" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/?d=identicon&s=30" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://alexmajy.wordpress.com/2010/10/15/some-links-about-statistical-tools/">some
links about statistical tools « 西瓜,桃子,坚果岛</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-38663">15.
October 2010 at 4:16 am</a> : </div>
[...] 1. Comparison of data analysis packages: R, Matlab, SciPy, Excel, SAS,
SPSS, Stata [...]<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-38918">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/f7b30e5e839709e7a9946a4fbf90af9c?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>John
wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-38918">17.
October 2010 at 4:40 am</a> : </div>
A post above commented: “sas is handy you have some old punch cards in the
cupboard or a huge dataset. apart from that it truly sucks. some people say that
it is good to manage data, but why not use a good relational database to do that
and then use decent statistical software to do the analysis?” A good relational
database is good at supporting online transactional processing and will in most
organizations come with a bureaucracy of gatekeepers whose role is to ensure the
integrity of the database to support mission critical transactional
applications. In other words it takes a mountain of paperwork to merely add one
field to a table. The paradigm assume a business area of ‘users’ who have their
requirements spelled out before anyone even thinks of designing let alone
programming anything. It just kills analysis. Where SAS is used data must be
extracted from such systems and loaded into text files for SAS to read, or
SAS/Access used. Generally DBAs are loath to install the latter as it is
difficult to optimize in the sense of minimizing the drain on operational
systems. <br />
On IBM mainframes the choice of languages to use is limited and by default
this will usually be SAS. Most large organisations have SAS, at least Base SAS,
installed by default because the Merrill MXG capacity planning software uses it.
Hence cost is sort of irrelevant. It then tends to be used for anything
requiring processing of text files even in production applications and this
often means processing text as text, e.g. JCL with date dependent parameters,
rather than as preparing data for loading into SAS datasets for statistical
analysis.<br />
I know nothing about R but seeing a few code sample it struck me how it
resembled APL to which we were introduced in our stats course in college in the
early 70s, not surprising as both are matrix oriented.</li>
</ol>
</div>
<hr style="margin: 10px 0px 15px;" />
</div>
<div class="entry">
<div id="wrapper">
<div id="header">
<h1>
<a href="http://anyall.org/blog">AI and Social Science - Brendan
O’Connor</a></h1>
<div class="descri">
Cognition, systems, decisions, visualization, machine
learning, etc.</div>
</div>
<div id="sidebar">
<h4>
About</h4>
<div class="about">
This is a blog on artificial intelligence and social science —
call it "Social Science++" — with an emphasis on computation and statistics. My
general website is <a href="http://anyall.org/">anyall.org</a>.</div>
<br />
<h4>
All Posts</h4>
Best posts are bold.
<ul class="new">
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2010/08/an-mlai-approach-to-p-np/">An ML/AI
approach to P != NP</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2010/04/updates-cmu-facebook/">Updates: CMU,
Facebook</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2010/04/quick-note-cer-et-al-2010/">quick
note: cer et al 2010</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2010/03/how-facebook-privacy-failed-me/">How
Facebook privacy failed me</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/12/list-of-probabilistic-model-mini-language-toolkits/">List
of probabilistic model mini-language toolkits</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/09/seeing-how-art-and-pharmaceuticals-are-linguistically-similar-in-web-text/">Seeing
how “art” and “pharmaceuticals” are linguistically similar in web text</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/09/quiz-art-and-pharmaceuticals/">Quiz:
“art” and “pharmaceuticals”</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/09/dont-mawk-awk-the-fastest-and-most-elegant-big-data-munging-language/">Don’t
MAWK AWK - the fastest and most elegant big data munging language!</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/09/patches-to-rainbow-the-old-text-classifier-that-wont-go-away/">Patches
to Rainbow, the old text classifier that won’t go away</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/09/another-r-flashmob-today/">Another R
flashmob today</a>
</li>
<li><span class="best_of"><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/08/beautiful-data-book-chapter/">Beautiful
Data book chapter</a></span>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/08/haghighi-and-klein-2009-simple-coreference-resolution-with-rich-syntactic-and-semantic-features/">Haghighi
and Klein (2009): Simple Coreference Resolution with Rich Syntactic and Semantic
Features</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/08/blogger-to-wordpress-migration-helper/">Blogger
to Wordpress migration helper</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/07/r-questions-on-stackoverflow/">R
questions on StackOverflow</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/07/fft-friedman-fortran-tricks/">FFT:
Friedman + Fortran + Tricks</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/07/road-in-a-forest/">Road in a
forest</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/07/beta-conjugate-explorer/">Beta
conjugate explorer</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/06/michael-jackson-in-persepolis/">Michael
Jackson in Persepolis</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/06/psychometrics-quote/">Psychometrics
quote</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/06/june-4/">June 4</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/05/where-tweets-get-sent-from/">Where
tweets get sent from</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/05/zipfs-law-and-world-city-populations/">Zipf’s
law and world city populations</a>
</li>
<li><span class="best_of"><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/05/announcing-tweetmotif-for-summarizing-twitter-topics-with-a-dash-of-nlp/">Announcing
TweetMotif for summarizing twitter topics</a></span>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/04/performance-comparison-keyvalue-stores-for-language-model-counts/">Performance
comparison: key/value stores for language model counts</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/04/1-billion-web-page-dataset-from-cmu/">1
billion web page dataset from CMU</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/04/pirates-killed-by-president/">Pirates
killed by President</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/04/binary-classification-evaluation-in-r-via-rocr/">Binary
classification evaluation in R via ROCR</a>
</li>
<li><span class="best_of"><span class="current_post"><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/">Comparison
of data analysis packages: R, Matlab, SciPy, Excel, SAS, SPSS,
Stata</a></span></span>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/la-jetee/">La Jetee</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/01/logic-bomb/">“Logic Bomb”</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/01/sf-conference-for-data-mining-mercenaries/">SF
conference for data mining mercenaries</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/01/love-it-and-hate-it-r-has-come-of-age/">Love
it and hate it, R has come of age</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/12/facebook-sentiment-mining-predicts-presidential-polls/">Facebook
sentiment mining predicts presidential polls</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/12/can-social-media-prevent-genocide/">Can
social media prevent genocide?</a>
</li>
<li><span class="best_of"><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/12/statistics-vs-machine-learning-fight/">Statistics
vs. Machine Learning, fight!</a></span>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/11/calculating-running-variance-in-python-and-c/">Calculating
running variance in Python and C++</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/11/python-bindings-to-googles-ajax-search-api/">Python
bindings to Google’s “AJAX” Search API</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/11/netflix-prize/">Netflix Prize</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/11/youtube-the-wire-chicken-mcnuggets/">The
Wire: Mr. Nugget</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/11/correlations-cotton-picking-vs-2008-presidential-votes/">Correlations
- cotton picking vs. 2008 Presidential votes</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/11/disease-tracking-with-web-queries-and-social-messaging-google-twitter-facebook/">Disease
tracking with web queries and social messaging (Google, Twitter, Facebook…)</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/11/obama-street-celebrations-in-san-francisco/">Obama
street celebrations in San Francisco</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/10/twitter-graphs-of-the-debate/">Twitter
graphs of the debate</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/10/is-religion-the-opiate-of-the-elite/">Is
religion the opiate of the elite?</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/10/financial-market-theory-on-the-daily-show/">Financial
market theory on the Daily Show</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/10/the-universal-declaration-of-human-rights-animated/">The
Universal Declaration of Human Rights Animated</a>
</li>
<li><span class="best_of"><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/10/it-is-accurate-to-determine-a-blogs-bias-by-what-it-links-to/">It
is accurate to determine a blog’s bias by what it links to</a></span>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/10/blog-move-has-landed/">Blog move has
landed</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/10/mydebatesorg-online-polling-and-potentially-the-coolest-question-corpus-ever/">MyDebates.org,
online polling, and potentially the coolest question corpus ever</a>
</li>
<li><span class="best_of"><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/09/palinspeakcom/">PalinSpeak.com</a></span>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/09/machine-translationvision-stanford-ai-courses-online/">"Machine"
translation/vision (Stanford AI courses online)</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/08/fukuyama-authoritarianism-is-still-against-history/">Fukuyama:
Authoritarianism is still against history</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/08/a-better-obama-vs-mccain-poll-aggregation/">A
better Obama vs McCain poll aggregation</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/08/east-vs-west-cultural-psychology/">East vs
West cultural psychology!</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/07/the-macgyver-of-data-analysis/">The
MacGyver of data analysis</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/07/link-todays-international-organizations/">Link:
Today’s international organizations</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/07/bias-correction-sneak-peek/">Bias
correction sneak peek!</a>
</li>
<li><span class="best_of"><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/06/turker-classifiers-and-binary-classification-threshold-calibration/">Turker
classifiers and binary classification threshold calibration</a></span>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/06/pairwise-comparisons-for-relevance-evaluation/">Pairwise
comparisons for relevance evaluation</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/06/clinton-obama-support-visualization/">Clinton-Obama
support visualization</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/05/sub-reddit-for-systems-science-and-or/">Sub-reddit
for Systems Science and OR</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/05/conplot-a-console-plotter/">conplot
- a console plotter</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/05/the-best-natural-language-search-commentary-on-the-internet/">The
best natural language search commentary on the internet</a>
</li>
<li><span class="best_of"><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/04/are-women-discriminated-against-in-graduate-admissions-simpsons-paradox-via-r-in-three-easy-steps/">Are
women discriminated against in graduate admissions? Simpson’s paradox via R in
three easy steps!</a></span>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/04/a-regression-slope-is-a-weighted-average-of-pairs-slopes/">a
regression slope is a weighted average of pairs’ slopes!</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/04/datawocky-more-data-usually-beats-better-algorithms/">Datawocky:
More data usually beats better algorithms</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/03/allendes-cybernetic-economy-project/">Allende’s
cybernetic economy project</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/03/quick-r-the-only-decent-r-documentation-on-the-internet/">Quick-R,
the only decent R documentation on the internet</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/03/spending-money-on-others-makes-you-happy/">Spending
money on others makes you happy</a>
</li>
<li><span class="best_of"><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/03/color-name-study-i-did/">color name study i
did</a></span>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/03/phd-comics-humanities-vs-social-sciences/">PHD
Comics: Humanities vs. Social Sciences</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/03/data-data-data/">data data data</a>
</li>
<li><span class="best_of"><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/01/food-fight/">Food Fight</a></span>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/01/graphics-atari-breakout-and-religious-text-nlp/">Graphics!
Atari Breakout and religious text NLP</a>
</li>
<li><span class="best_of"><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/01/moral-psychology-on-amazon-mechanical-turk/">Moral
psychology on Amazon Mechanical Turk</a></span>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/01/will-the-humanities-save-us/">Will
the humanities save us?</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/01/indicators-of-a-crackpot-paper/">Indicators
of a crackpot paper</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2007/12/what-is-experimental-philosophy/">What is
experimental philosophy?</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2007/12/data-driven-charity/">Data-driven
charity</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2007/12/race-and-iq-debate-links/">Race and
IQ debate - links</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2007/11/how-did-freud-become-a-respected-humanist/">How
did Freud become a respected humanist?!</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2007/11/actually-that-2008-elections-voter-fmri-study-is-batshit-insane-and-sleazy-too/">Actually
that 2008 elections voter fMRI study is batshit insane (and sleazy too)</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2007/11/pop-cog-neuro-is-so-sigh/">Pop cog
neuro is so sigh</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2007/11/authoritarian-great-power-capitalism/">Authoritarian
great power capitalism</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2007/10/neo-institutional-economic-fun/">neo
institutional economic fun!</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2007/10/verificationism-dinosaur-comics/">Verificationism
dinosaur comics</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2007/09/eeg-for-the-wii-and-in-your-basement/">EEG
for the Wii and in your basement</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2007/09/dollar-auction/">Dollar auction</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2007/08/connectucom-sql-injection-vulnerability-a-story-of-pathetic-hubris-and-fun-with-the-password-password/">ConnectU.com
SQL injection vulnerability: a story of pathetic hubris (and fun with the
password ‘password’)</a>
</li>
<li><span class="best_of"><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2007/08/its-all-in-a-name-kingdom-of-norway-vs-democratic-peoples-republic-of-korea/">It’s
all in a name: "Kingdom of Norway" vs. "Democratic People’s Republic of
Korea"</a></span>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2007/08/whens-the-last-time-you-dug-through-19th-century-english-mortuary-records/">When’s
the last time you dug through 19th century English mortuary records</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2007/08/are-ideas-interesting-or-are-they-true/">Are
ideas interesting, or are they true?</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2007/07/cooperation-dynamics-martin-nowak/">Cooperation
dynamics - Martin Nowak</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2007/07/china-fines-for-bad-maps/">China:
fines for bad maps</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2007/07/cerealitivity/">Cerealitivity</a>
</li>
<li><span class="best_of"><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2007/07/game-outcome-graphs-prisoners-dilemma-with-fun-arrows/">Game
outcome graphs — prisoner’s dilemma with FUN ARROWS!!!</a></span>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2007/07/washington-in-1774/">Washington in
1774</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2007/07/happiness-incarnate-on-the-colbert-report/">Happiness
incarnate on the Colbert Report</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2007/06/evangelicals-vs-aquarians/">Evangelicals
vs. Aquarians</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2007/06/time-will-tell-epistemology-wont/">"Time
will tell, epistemology won’t"</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2007/06/richard-rorty-has-died/">Richard
Rorty has died</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2007/06/freak-freakonomics-ariel-rubinstein-is-the-shit/">Freak-Freakonomics
(Ariel Rubinstein is the shit!)</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2007/05/stanford-impostor/">"Stanford
Impostor"</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2007/05/rock-paper-scissors-psychology/">Rock Paper
Scissors psychology</a>
</li>
<li><span class="best_of"><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2007/05/simpsons-paradox-is-so-totally-solved/">Simpson’s
paradox is so totally solved</a></span>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2007/04/more-fun-with-gapminder-trendalyzer/">More
fun with Gapminder / Trendalyzer</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2007/04/gapminderorg-terrific-world-data-visualizations/">Gapminder.org
— terrific world data visualizations</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2007/04/random-search-engine-searcher/">Random
search engine searcher</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2007/04/evil/">Evil</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2007/03/seth-roberts-and-academic-blogging/">Seth
Roberts and academic blogging</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2007/03/statistics-is-big-n-logic/">Statistics is
big-N logic?</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2007/03/feminists-anarchists-computational-complexity-bounded-rationality-nethack-and-other-things-to-do/">Feminists,
anarchists, computational complexity, bounded rationality, nethack, and other
things to do</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2007/03/computability-and-induction-and-ideal-rationality-and-the-simpsons/">Computability
and induction and ideal rationality and the simpsons</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2007/02/iraq-is-the-9th-deadliest-civil-war-since-ww2/">Iraq
is the 9th deadliest civil war since WW2</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2007/02/pascals-wager/">Pascal’s Wager</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2007/02/when-linguists-appear-on-ironic-parody-talk-shows/">When
linguists appear on ironic parody talk shows</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2007/01/the-jungle-economy/">The Jungle
Economy</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2007/01/funny-comic/">funny comic</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2007/01/anarchy-vs-social-order-in-somalia/">Anarchy
vs. social order in Somalia</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2006/09/double-thesis-action/">Double thesis
action</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2006/08/a-big-fun-list-of-links-im-reading/">A big,
fun list of links I’m reading</a>
</li>
<li><span class="best_of"><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2006/07/4-move-rock-paper-scissors/">4-move rock,
paper, scissors!</a></span>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2006/07/two-middle-east-politics-visualizations/">Two
Middle East politics visualizations</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2006/07/neuroscience-and-economics-both-ways/">neuroscience
and economics both ways</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2006/06/social-network-ized-economic-markets/">Social
network-ized economic markets</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2006/06/rock-paper-scissors/">Rock, Paper,
Scissors</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2006/06/neuroeconomics-reviews/">Neuroeconomics
reviews</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2006/05/lordi-goes-to-eurovision/">Lordi
goes to Eurovision</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2006/05/drunken-monkeys-experiment/">Drunken
monkeys experiment!</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2006/04/easterly-vs-sachs-on-global-poverty/">Easterly
vs. Sachs on global poverty</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2006/04/high-irony/">high irony</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2006/04/the-identity-politics-of-satananic-zombie-alien-man-beasts/">The
identity politics of satananic zombie alien man-beasts</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2006/03/new-kind-of-science-for-real/">new
kind of science, for real</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2006/03/mark-turner-toward-the-founding-of-cognitive-social-science/">Mark
Turner: Toward the Founding of Cognitive Social Science</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2006/02/libertarianism-and-evolution-dont-mix/">Libertarianism
and evolution don’t mix</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2005/11/academic-blogging/">academic
blogging</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2005/11/science-writing-bad/">science
writing bad!</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2005/10/34/">Bush approval ratings</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2005/09/kurzweil-interview/">Kurzweil
interview</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2005/09/cognitive-modelling-is-rational-choice/">cognitive
modelling is rational choice++</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2005/09/submit-your-poker-data/">Submit your
poker data!</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2005/08/bayesian-analysis-of-intelligent-design-revised/">Bayesian
analysis of intelligent design (revised!)</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2005/08/searchin-for-our-friend-homo-economicus/">searchin’
for our friend, homo economicus</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2005/07/balkanized-usa/">balkanized USA</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2005/07/war-death-statistics/">war death
statistics</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2005/07/guns-germs-steel-pbs-show/">guns,
germs, & steel pbs show?!</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2005/07/the-psychology-of-design-as-explanation/">the
psychology of design as explanation</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2005/07/another-blog-cog-psych-and-politicalsocial-stuff/">another
blog: cog psych and political/social stuff</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2005/07/a-bayesian-analysis-of-intelligent-design/">a
bayesian analysis of intelligent design</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2005/07/22/">Statistical inference and
social science</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2005/07/finding-some-decision-science-blogs/">finding
some decision science blogs</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2005/07/20/">Social economics and
rationality</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2005/07/city-crisis-simulation-eg-terrorist-attack/">City
crisis simulation (e.g. terrorist attack)</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2005/07/freakonomics-blog/">freakonomics
blog</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2005/07/supreme-court-agreement/">Supreme
Court justices’ agreement levels</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2005/07/echo-pse-cbs/">$ echo
{political,social,economic}{cognition,behavior,systems}</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2005/07/modelling-environmentalism-thinking/">Modelling
environmentalism thinking</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2005/06/monkey-economics-and-brothels/">monkey
economics (and brothels)</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2005/06/more-argumentation-aiformal-modelling-links/">more
argumentation & AI/formal modelling links</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2005/06/zombies/">zombies!</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2005/06/looking-for-related-blogslinks/">looking
for related blogs/links</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2005/06/idea-morals-are-heuristics-for-socially-optimal-behavior/">idea:
Morals are heuristics for socially optimal behavior</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2005/06/1st-international-conference-on-computational-models-of-argument-comma06/">1st
International Conference on Computational Models of Argument (COMMA06)</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2005/05/online-deliberation-2005-conference-blog-more-is-up/">Online
Deliberation 2005 conference blog & more is up!</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2004/12/go-science/">go science</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2004/11/addiction-2-problems-of-economics/">addiction
& 2 problems of economics</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2004/11/gintis-theoretical-unity-in-the-social-sciences/">gintis:
theoretical unity in the social sciences</a></li>
</ul>
<div style="clear: both;">
</div>
<div class="leftbar">
</div>
</div>
<div id="content">
<div class="entry">
<h1>
Comparison of data analysis packages: R, Matlab, SciPy, Excel, SAS, SPSS,
Stata</h1>
<a href="http://lukasbiewald.com/">Lukas</a> and I were trying to write a
succinct comparison of the most popular packages that are typically used for
data analysis. I think most people choose one based on what people around them
use or what they learn in school, so I’ve found it hard to find comparative
information. I’m posting the table here in hopes of useful comments.<br />
<table border="1" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><strong>Name</strong></td>
<td><strong>Advantages</strong></td>
<td><strong>Disadvantages</strong></td>
<td><strong>Open source?</strong></td>
<td valign="top"><strong>Typical </strong><strong>users</strong></td></tr>
<tr>
<td>R</td>
<td>Library support; visualization</td>
<td>Steep learning curve</td>
<td>Yes</td>
<td valign="top">Finance; Statistics</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Matlab</td>
<td>Elegant matrix support; visualization</td>
<td>Expensive; incomplete statistics support</td>
<td>No</td>
<td valign="top">Engineering</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>SciPy/NumPy/Matplotlib</td>
<td>Python (general-purpose programming language)</td>
<td>Immature</td>
<td>Yes</td>
<td valign="top">Engineering</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Excel</td>
<td>Easy; visual; flexible</td>
<td>Large datasets</td>
<td>No</td>
<td valign="top">Business</td></tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top">SAS</td>
<td valign="top">Large datasets</td>
<td valign="top">Expensive; outdated programming language</td>
<td valign="top">No</td>
<td valign="top">Business; Government</td></tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top">Stata</td>
<td valign="top">Easy statistical analysis</td>
<td valign="top">
</td><td valign="top">No</td>
<td valign="top">Science</td></tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top">SPSS</td>
<td colspan="4" valign="top">Like Stata but more expensive and
worse</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
[<b>7/09 update:</b> tweaks incorporating some of the excellent comments
below, esp. for SAS, SPSS, and Stata.]<br />
There’s a bunch more to be said for every cell. Among other things: <br />
<ul>
<li>Two big divisions on the table: The more programming-oriented solutions are
R, Matlab, and Python. More analytic solutions are Excel, SAS, Stata, and SPSS.
</li>
<li>Python “immature”: matplotlib, numpy, and scipy are all separate libraries
that don’t always get along. Why does matplotlib come with “pylab” which is
supposed to be a unified namespace for everything? Isn’t scipy supposed to do
that? Why is there duplication between numpy and scipy (e.g. numpy.linalg vs.
scipy.linalg)? And then there’s package compatibility version hell. You can
use SAGE or Enthought but neither is standard (yet). In terms of functionality
and approach, SciPy is closest to Matlab, but it feels much less mature.
</li>
<li>Matlab’s language is certainly weak. It sometimes doesn’t seem to be much
more than a scripting language wrapping the matrix libraries. Python is clearly
better on most counts. R’s is surprisingly good (Scheme-derived, smart use of
named args, etc.) if you can get past the bizarre language constructs and weird
functions in the standard library. Everyone says SAS is very bad.
</li>
<li>Matlab is the best for developing new mathematical algorithms. Very popular
in machine learning.
</li>
<li>I’ve never used the Matlab Statistical Toolbox. I’m wondering, how good is
it compared to R?
</li>
<li>Here’s an <a href="http://www.reddit.com/r/programming/comments/7fg6i/why_are_sasstata_the_default_statistical_tools/">interesting
reddit thread</a> on SAS/Stata vs R.
</li>
<li>SPSS and Stata in the same category: they seem to have a similar role so we
threw them together. Stata is a lot cheaper than SPSS, people usually seem to
like it, and it seems popular for introductory courses. I personally haven’t
used either…
</li>
<li>SPSS and Stata for “Science”: we’ve seen biologists and social scientists
use lots of Stata and SPSS. My impression is they get used by people who want
the easiest way possible to do the sort of standard statistical analyses that
are very orthodox in many academic disciplines. (ANOVA, multiple regressions,
t- and chi-squared significance tests, etc.) Certain types of scientists, like
physicists, computer scientists, and statisticians, often do weirder stuff that
doesn’t fit into these traditional methods.
</li>
<li>Another important thing about SAS, from my perspective at least, is that
it’s used mostly by an older crowd. I know dozens of people under 30 doing
statistical stuff and only one knows SAS. At that <a href="http://dataspora.com/blog/predictive-analytics-using-r/">R meetup</a> last
week, <a href="http://www.meetup.com/R-Users/members/7654264/">Jim Porzak</a>
asked the audience if there were any recent grad students who had learned R in
school. Many hands went up. Then he asked if SAS was even offered as an
option. All hands went down. There were boatloads of SAS representatives at
that conference and they sure didn’t seem to be on the leading edge.
</li>
<li>But: is there ANY package besides SAS that can do analysis for datasets that
don’t fit into memory? That is, ones that mostly have to stay on disk? And
exactly how good as SAS’s capabilities here anyway?
</li>
<li>If your dataset can’t fit on a single hard drive and you need a cluster,
none of the above will work. There are a few multi-machine data processing
frameworks that are somewhat standard (e.g. Hadoop, MPI) but It’s an open
question what the standard distributed data analysis framework will be. (Hive?
Pig? Or quite possibly something else.)
</li>
<li>(This was an interesting point at the R meetup. Porzak was talking about
how going to MySQL gets around R’s in-memory limitations. But Itamar Rosenn and
Bo Cowgill (Facebook and Google respectively) were talking about multi-machine
datasets that require cluster computation that R doesn’t come close to touching,
at least right now. It’s just a whole different ballgame with that large a
dataset.)
</li>
<li>SAS people complain about poor graphing capabilities.
</li>
<li>R vs. Matlab visualization support is controversial. One view I’ve heard
is, R’s visualizations are great for exploratory analysis, but you want
something else for very high-quality graphs. Matlab’s interactive plots are
super nice though. Matplotlib follows the Matlab model, which is fine, but is
uglier than either IMO.
</li>
<li>Excel has a far, far larger user base than any of these other options.
That’s important to know. I think it’s underrated by computer scientist sort of
people. But it does massively break down at >10k or certainly >100k rows.
</li>
<li>Another option: Fortran and C/C++. They are super fast and memory
efficient, but tricky and error-prone to code, have to spend lots of time
mucking around with I/O, and have zero visualization and data management
support. Most of the packages listed above run Fortran numeric libraries for
the heavy lifting.
</li>
<li>Another option: Mathematica. I get the impression it’s more for theoretical
math, not data analysis. Can anyone prove me wrong?
</li>
<li>Another option: the pre-baked data mining packages. The open-source ones I
know of are Weka and Orange. I hear there are zillions of commercial ones too.
Jerome Friedman, a big statistical learning guy, has an interesting complaint
that they should focus more on traditional things like significance tests and
experimental design. (<a href="http://www-stat.stanford.edu/~jhf/ftp/dm-stat.pdf">Here</a>; the article
that inspired <a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/12/statistics-vs-machine-learning-fight/">this
rant</a>.)
</li>
<li>I think knowing where the typical users come from is very informative for
what you can expect to see in the software’s capabilities and user community.
I’d love more information on this for all these options.</li>
</ul>
What do people think?<br />
<div class="indicator">
•</div>
<h2 class="comments-template" id="comments">
114 comments to “Comparison of data
analysis packages: R, Matlab, SciPy, Excel, SAS, SPSS, Stata”</h2>
<div class="comments-template">
<ol class="commentlist">
<li id="comment-3183">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/fd67478d286b87e0aeb30d157962abda?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>Eric
Sun wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3183">23.
February 2009 at 8:53 pm</a> : </div>
>>I know dozens of people under 30 doing statistical stuff and only one
knows SAS.<br />
I’m assuming the “one” is me, so I’ll just say a few points:<br />I’m taking
John Chambers’s R class at Stanford this quarter, so I’m slowly and steadily
becoming an R convert.<br />That said, I don’t think anything besides SAS can do
well with datasets that don’t fit in memory. We used SAS in litigation
consulting because we frequently had datasets in the 1-20 GB range (i.e. can fit
easily on one hard disk but difficult to work with in R/Stata where you have to
load it all in at once) and almost never larger than 20GB. In this relatively
narrow context, it makes a lot of sense to use SAS: it’s very efficient and easy
to get summary statistics, look at a few observations here and there, and do
lots of different kinds of analyses. I recall a Cournot Equilibrium-finding
simulation that we wrote using the SAS macro language, which would be quite
difficult in R, I think. I don’t have quantitative stats on SAS’s capabilities,
but I would certainly not think twice about importing a 20 GB file into SAS and
working with it in the same way as I would a 20 MB file. <br />
That said, if you have really huge internet-scale data that won’t fit on one
hard drive, then SAS won’t be too useful either. I’ll be very interested if this
R + Hadoop system ever becomes mature: <a href="http://www.stat.purdue.edu/~sguha/rhipe/">http://www.stat.purdue.edu/~sguha/rhipe/</a><br />
In my work at Facebook, Python + RPy2 is a good solution for large datasets
that don’t need to be loaded into memory all at once (for example, analyzing one
facebook network at a time). If you have mutliple machines, these computations
can be speeded up using iPython’s parallel computing facilities.<br />
Also, R’s graphical capabilities continue to surprise me; you can actually do
a lot of advanced stuff. I don’t do much graphics, but perhaps check out “R
Graphics” by Murrell or Deepayan Sarkar’s book on Lattice Graphics.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3184">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/fd67478d286b87e0aeb30d157962abda?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>Eric
Sun wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3184">23.
February 2009 at 8:55 pm</a> : </div>
I thought that most people consider SAS to have the highest learning curve,
certainly higher than R. but maybe I’m mistaken about that.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3186">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/9afa1a12e74de7c233e6ccaa4239810a?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>Justin
wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3186">23.
February 2009 at 10:24 pm</a> : </div>
Calling scipy immature sounds somehow “wrong”. The issues you come up with
are more of early design flaws that will not go away, no matter how “mature”
scipy is getting.<br />
That said, these are flaws, but they seem pretty minor to me.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3189">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/8918a69120d4c944a40c07e3cc1f0e08?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://www.inference.phy.cam.ac.uk/ear23/">Edward Ratzer</a>
wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3189">23.
February 2009 at 10:42 pm</a> : </div>
I’ve recently seen GNU DAP mentioned as an open-source equivalent to SAS.
Know if it’s any good?<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3191">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/7230661fec9e3def0c5498c20456743f?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>TS
Waterman wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3191">23.
February 2009 at 10:49 pm</a> : </div>
Have you considered Octave in this regard? It’s a GNU-licensed Matlab clone.
Very nice graphing capability, Matlab syntax and library functions, open
source.<br />
<a href="http://www.gnu.org/software/octave/FAQ.html#MATLAB-compatibility">http://www.gnu.org/software/octave/FAQ.html#MATLAB-compatibility</a><br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3192">
<div class="commentmetadata_author">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/fd4b164e15fa2a834d16fb8743ec4f1b?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://anyall.org/">brendano</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3192">23.
February 2009 at 10:52 pm</a> : </div>
@Eric - oops, yeah should’ve put SAS as hardest. Good point that the standard
of judging how good large dataset support is, is whether you can manipulate a
big dataset the same way you manipulate a small dataset. I’ve loaded 1-2 GB of
data into R and you definitely have to do things differently (e.g. never use
by()). <br />
@Justin - scipy certainly seems like it keeps improving. I just keep
comparing it to matlab and it’s constantly behind. I remember once watching
someone try to make a 3d plot. He spent quite a while going through various
half-baked python solutions that didn’t work. Then he booted up matlab and had
one in less than a minute. Matlab’s functionality is well-designed,
well-put-together and well-documented.<br />
@Edward - I have seen it mentioned too. From glancing at its home page, it
seems like a pretty small-time project.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3193">
<div class="commentmetadata_author">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/fd4b164e15fa2a834d16fb8743ec4f1b?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://anyall.org/">brendano</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3193">23.
February 2009 at 10:58 pm</a> : </div>
@TS - yeah, i used octave just once for something simple. it worked fine. my
issues were: first, i’m not impressed with gnuplot graphing. second, the
interactive environment isn’t too great. third, trying to clone the matlab
language seems crazy since it’s kind of crappy. i think i’d usually pick scipy
over octave if being free is a requirement, else go with matlab if i have access
to it.<br />
otoh it looks like it supports some nice things like sparse matrices that
i’ve had a hard time with lately in R and scipy. i guess worth another look at
some point…<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3194">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/faef2c296b5989d5df52e251bf3105fb?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://www.dataspora.com/blog">Michael E. Driscoll</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3194">23.
February 2009 at 11:05 pm</a> : </div>
Brendan, <br />
Nice overview, I think another dimension you don’t mention — but which Bo
Cowgill alluded to at our R panel talk — is performance. Matlab is typically
stronger in this vein, but R has made significant progress with more recent
versions. Some benchmark results can be found at:<br />
<a href="http://mlg.eng.cam.ac.uk/dave/rmbenchmark.php">http://mlg.eng.cam.ac.uk/dave/rmbenchmark.php</a><br />
MD<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3195">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/701c39d544a44d698b158c054b3fd872?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>Mike
wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3195">23.
February 2009 at 11:27 pm</a> : </div>
In high energy particle physics, ROOT is the package of choice. It’s
distributed by CERN, but it’s open source, and is multi-platform (though the
Linux flavor is best supported). It does solve some of the problems you
mentioned, like running over large datasets that can’t be entirely
memory-resident. The syntax is C++ based, and has both an interpreter and the
ability to compile/execute scripts from the command line.<br />
There are lots of reasons to prefer other packages (like R) over ROOT for
certain tasks, but in the end there’s little that can be done with other
packages that one cannot do with ROOT.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3197">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/96984307e7fc179d722dc9c41ea4a52f?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://www.datawrangling.com/">Pete Skomoroch</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3197">24.
February 2009 at 12:32 am</a> : </div>
This is obviously oversimplified - but that is the point of a succinct
comparison. I would add that you are missing a lot of disadvantages for Excel -
it has incomplete statistics support and an outdated “language” :) <br />
Python actually really shines above the others for handling large datasets
using memmap files or a distributed computing approach. R obviously has a
stronger statistics user base and more complete libraries in that area - along
with better “out-of-the-box” visualizations. Also, some of the benefits overlap
- using numpy/scipy you get that same elegant matrix support / syntax that
matlab has, basically slicing arrays and wrapping lapack.<br />
The advantages of having a real programming language and all the additional
non-statistical libraries & frameworks available to you make Python the
language of choice for me. If there is something scipy is weak at that I need,
I’ll also use R in a pinch or move down to C. I think you are basically
operating at a disadvantage if you are using the other packages at this point.
The only other reason I can see to use them is if you have no choice, for
example if you inherited a ton of legacy code within your organization.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3202">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/a7f4f9dcbbf1d46d660b0a6c98435751?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://www.johndcook.com/blog">John</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3202">24.
February 2009 at 3:09 am</a> : </div>
I’m sure you’ve stirred up a lot of controversy. Thanks for calling ‘em like
you see ‘em.<br />
As for Mathematica, I haven’t used it for statistics beyond some basic
support for common distributions. But one thing it does well is very consistent
syntax. I used it when it first came out, then didn’t use if for years, and then
started using it again. When I came back to it, I was able to pick it up right
where I left off. I can’t put R down for a <em>week</em> and remember the
syntax. Mathematica may not do everything, but what it does do, it does
elegantly.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3207">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/efa66f8a0c80fbf096bd1f5ffccf7652?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://blog.quaternio.net/">jessy</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3207">24.
February 2009 at 6:34 am</a> : </div>
it would be awesome to have an informal, hands on tutorial comparison of
several of these languages (looking at ease, performance, features, etc.). maybe
a meetup at something like <a href="http://www.superhappydevhouse.org/">super
happy dev house</a>, or even something separate. just a thought!<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3208">
<div class="commentmetadata_author">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/fd4b164e15fa2a834d16fb8743ec4f1b?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://anyall.org/">brendano</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3208">24.
February 2009 at 6:34 am</a> : </div>
@Michael Driscoll - good point! I was afraid to make performance claims since
I’ve heard that Matlab is getting faster, they have a JIT or a nice compiler or
something now, and I haven’t used it too much recently. (That benchmark page
doesn’t even say which matlab version was used, though I emailed the guy…) I’m
also suspicious of performance comparisons since I’d expect much of it to be
very dependent on the matrix library and there are several LAPACKs out there
(ATLAS and others) and many compiletime parameters to fiddle with. I think I
read something claiming many binary builds of R don’t use the best LAPACK they
could. I’m not totally sure of this though. But if it’s true that Matlab knows
how to vectorize for-loops, that’s really impressive.<br />
@Mike - ah yes, i remember looking at ROOT a long time ago and thinking it
was impressive. But then I forgot about it because all the cs/stats people whose
stuff I usually read don’t know about it. I think it just goes to show you that
the data analysis tools problem is tackled so differently by different groups of
people, it’s very easy to not miss out on better options just due to lack of
information!<br />
@Pete - yeah I whine about python. but I seem to use numpy plenty still :)
actually its freeness is a huge win over matlab for cluster environments since
you dont’ have to pay for a zillion licenses…<br />
Hm I seem to be talking myself into thinking it’s down to R vs Python vs
Matlab. then the rosetta stone <a href="http://mathesaurus.sourceforge.net/matlab-python-xref.pdf">http://mathesaurus.sourceforge.net/matlab-python-xref.pdf</a>
should be my guide…<br />
@John - very interesting. I think many R users have had the experience of
quickly forgetting how to do basic things.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3211">
<div class="commentmetadata_author">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/fd4b164e15fa2a834d16fb8743ec4f1b?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://anyall.org/">brendano</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3211">24.
February 2009 at 9:33 am</a> : </div>
From David Knowles, who did the comparison Mike Driscoll linked to
(http://mlg.eng.cam.ac.uk/dave/rmbenchmark.php):<br />
> Nice comparison. I would add to the pros of R/Python that the
data<br />> structures are much richer than Matlab. The big pro of Matlab
still<br />> seems to be performance (and maybe the GUI for some people). On
top of<br />> being expensive Matlab is a nightmare if you want to run a
program on<br />> lots of nodes because you need a license for every
node!<br />><br />> It’s 2008b I did the comparison with - I should mention
that!<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3227">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/2b94584c2604c7639f12223430ed3a95?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://evendolite.net/newjournal.php3?who=Lord+Omlette">Capt. Jean-Luc
Pikachu</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3227">24.
February 2009 at 2:45 pm</a> : </div>
From <a href="http://blinkdagger.com/category/statistics">Rob Slaza’s
statistics toolbox tutorials</a>, it *seems* like using MATLAB for stats is
reasonably simple…<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3234">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/690c5ff58965b8f030e2368d31372477?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://www.mathworks.com/products/parallel-computing">Gaurav</a>
wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3234">24.
February 2009 at 9:27 pm</a> : </div>
<blockquote>
On top of being expensive Matlab is a nightmare if you want to run a program
on lots of nodes because you need a license for every node! </blockquote>
@Brendan: <br />
Re David Knowles’ comment… <br />
There are specialized parallel/distributed computing tools available from
MathWorks for writing large-scale applications (for clusters, grid etc.). You
should check out: <a href="http://www.mathworks.com/products/parallel-computing">http://www.mathworks.com/products/parallel-computing</a>.
<br />
Running full-fledged desktop MATLAB on a huge number of nodes is messy and of
course very expensive not to mention that a single user would take away several
licenses for which other users will have to wait. <br />
<i>Disclosure: I work for the parallel computing team at The MathWorks
</i><br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3240">
<div class="commentmetadata_author">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/fd4b164e15fa2a834d16fb8743ec4f1b?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://anyall.org/">brendano</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3240">25.
February 2009 at 12:27 am</a> : </div>
Another guy from Mathworks, their head of Matlab product management Scott
Hirsch, contacted me about the language issue and was very kind and
clarifi-cative. The most interesting bits below.<br />
On Tue, Feb 24, 2009 at 7:20 AM, Scott Hirsch <scott>wrote:<br />>>
Brendan –<br />>><br />>> Thanks for the interesting discussion you got
rolling on several popular<br />>> data analysis
packages<br />[...]<br />>> I’m always very interested to hear the
perspectives of MATLAB users, and<br />>> appreciate your comments about
what you like and what you don’t like. I was<br />>> interested in following
up on this comment:<br />>><br />>> “Matlab’s language is certainly
weak. It sometimes doesn’t seem to be<br />>> much more than a scripting
language wrapping the matrix libraries. “<br />>><br />>> I have my own
assumptions about what you might mean, but I’d be very<br />>> interested in
hearing your perspectives here. I would greatly appreciate it<br />>> if you
could share your thoughts on this subject.<br />><br />> sure. most of my
experiences are with matlab 6. just briefly,<br />><br />> * leave out
semicolon => print the expression. that is insane.<br />> * each function
has to be defined in its own file<br />> * no optional arguments<br />> * no
named arguments<br />> * no way to group variables together in a structure. (i
don’t need object<br />> orientation, just a bunch of named items)<br />> * no
perl/python-style hashes<br />> * no object orientation (or just a message
dispatch system) … less<br />> important<br />> * poor/no support for
text<br />> * or other things a general purpose language knows how to do (sql,
networks,<br />> etc etc)</scott><br />
On Tue, Feb 24, 2009 at 11:27 AM, Scott Hirsch <scott>wrote:<br />>
Thanks, Brendan. This is very helpful. Some of the things have been<br />>
addressed, but not all. Here are some quick notes on where we are today.<br />>
Just to be clear – I have no intention (or interest) in changing your<br />>
perspectives, just figured I could let you know in case you were
curious.<br />><br />><br />><br />> > * leave out semicolon => print
the expression. that is insane.<br />> No plans to change this. Our solution is
a bit indirect, but doesn’t break<br />> the behavior that lots of users have
come to expect. We have a code<br />> analysis tool (M-Lint) that will point
out missing semi-colons, either while<br />> you are editing a file, or in a
batch process for all files in a directory.<br />><br />> > * each function
has to be defined in its own file<br />> You can include multiple functions in
a file, but it introduces unique<br />> semantics – primarily that the scope of
these functions is limited to within<br />> the file.</scott><br />
[[ addendum from me: yeah, exactly. if you want to make functions that
are<br />shared in different pieces of your code, you usually have to do 1
function per<br />file. ]]<br />
> > * no optional arguments<br />> Nothing yet.<br />><br />> > *
no named arguments<br />> Nope.<br />><br />> > * no way to group
variables together in a structure. (i don’t need object<br />> orientation,
just a bunch of named items)<br />> We’ve had structures since MATLAB 5.<br />
[[ addendum from me: well, structures aren't very conventional in
standard<br />matlab style, or at least certainly not the standard library. most
algorithm<br />functions return a tuple of variables, instead of packaging things
together<br />into a structure. ]]<br />
> > * no perl/python-style hashes<br />> We just added a Map container
last year.<br />><br />> > * no object orientation (or just a message
dispatch system) … less<br />> important<br />> We had very weak OO
capabilities in MATLAB 6, but introduced a modern system<br />> in
R2008a.<br />><br />> > * poor/no support for text<br />> This has gotten
a bit better, primarily through the introduction of regular<br />> expressions,
but can still be awkward.<br />><br />> > * or other things a general
purpose language knows how to do (sql, networks,<br />> etc etc)<br />> Not
much here, other than a smattering (Database Toolbox for SQL,<br />>
miscellaneous commands for web interaction, WSDL, …)<br />><br />> Thanks
again. I really do appreciate getting your perspective. It’s<br />> helpful for
me to understand how MATLAB is perceived.<br />><br />> -scott<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3241">
<div class="commentmetadata_author">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/fd4b164e15fa2a834d16fb8743ec4f1b?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://anyall.org/">brendano</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3241">25.
February 2009 at 12:38 am</a> : </div>
@Gaurav - it sure would be nice if i could see how much this parallel toolbox
costs without having to register for a login!<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3256">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/96984307e7fc179d722dc9c41ea4a52f?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://www.datawrangling.com/">Peter Skomoroch</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3256">25.
February 2009 at 11:30 am</a> : </div>
There is another good numpy/matlab comparison here:<br />
<a href="http://www.scipy.org/NumPy_for_Matlab_Users">http://www.scipy.org/NumPy_for_Matlab_Users</a><br />
As of the last year, a standard ipython install ( “easy_install
IPython[kernel]” ) now includes parallel computing right out of the box, no
licenses required:<br />
<a href="http://ipython.scipy.org/doc/rel-0.9.1/html/parallel/index.html">http://ipython.scipy.org/doc/rel-0.9.1/html/parallel/index.html</a><br />
If this is going to turn into a performance shootout, then I’ll add that from
what I’ve seen Python with numpy/scipy outperforms Matlab for vectorized
code.<br />
My impression has been that performance order is Numpy > Matlab > R,
but as my friend Mike Salib used to say - “All benchmarks are lies”. Anyway,
competition is good and discussions like this keep everyone thinking about how
to improve their platforms.<br />
Also, keep in mind that performance is often a sticking point for people when
it need not be. One of the things I’ve found with dynamically typed languages is
that ease of use often trumps raw performance - and you can always move the
intensive stuff down to a lower level. <br />
For people who like poking at numbers:<br />
<a href="http://www.scipy.org/PerformancePython">http://www.scipy.org/PerformancePython</a><br /><a href="http://www.mail-archive.com/numpy-discussion@scipy.org/msg14685.html">http://www.mail-archive.com/numpy-discussion@scipy.org/msg14685.html</a><br /><a href="http://www.mail-archive.com/numpy-discussion@scipy.org/msg01282.html">http://www.mail-archive.com/numpy-discussion@scipy.org/msg01282.html</a><br />
Sturla has some strong points here:<br /><a href="http://www.mail-archive.com/numpy-discussion@scipy.org/msg14697.html">http://www.mail-archive.com/numpy-discussion@scipy.org/msg14697.html</a><br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3258">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/651cb9236431f9aa7cabe4ae35a7dced?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>thrope
wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3258">25.
February 2009 at 11:44 am</a> : </div>
@brendano - I think it might be a case of “if you have to ask you can’t
afford it” :)<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3259">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/cb441db5c161337378e5fa5d1a8ca433?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>devicerandom
wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3259">25.
February 2009 at 11:48 am</a> : </div>
What about Origin (and Linux/Unix open source clones like Qtiplot)? I know a
lot of people using them, and they allow fast, easy statistical analysis with
beautiful graphs out of the box. Qtiplot is quite immature but it is
Python-scriptable, which is a definitive plus for me -I don’t know about
Origin.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3264">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/a66ddcd0ac65b425edf020e3babcce9a?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://www.xubuntix.org/">Stefan</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3264">25.
February 2009 at 12:49 pm</a> : </div>
Hi. I think this is a very incomplete comparison. If you want to make a real
comparison, it should be more complete than <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_numerical_analysis_software">this
wiki article </a>. And to give a bit of personal feedback:<br />I know 2 people
using STATA (social science), 2 people using Excel (philosophy and economics),
several using LabView (engineers), some using R (statistical science,
astronomy), several using S-Lang (astronomy), several using Python (astronomy)
and by using Python, I mean that they are using the packages they need, which
might be numpy, scipy, matplotlib, mayavi2, pymc, kapteyn, pyfits, pytables and
many more. And this is the main advantage of using a real language for data
analysis: you can choose among the many solutions the one that fits you best. I
also know several people who use IDL and ROOT (astronomy and physics).<br />I have
used IDL, ROOT, PDL, (Excel if you really want to count that in) and Python and
I like Python best :-)<br />@brendano: One other note: I think that you really
have to distinguish between data analysis and data visualization. In astronomy
this is often handled by completely different software. The key here is to
support standardized file storage/ exchange formats. In your example the people
used scipy which does <b>not offer a single visualization routine</b>, so you
can not blame scipy for difficulties with 3D plots…<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3265">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/f3cb0908274c7ca0edb59d99bdbbd202?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://cournape.wordpress.com/">david</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3265">25.
February 2009 at 12:58 pm</a> : </div>
I am a core scipy/numpy developer, and I don’t think calling them immature
from a user POV is totally unfair. Every time someone tries
numpy/scipy/matplotlib and cannot plot something simple in a couple of minutes
is a failure of our side. I can only say that we are improving - projects like
pythonxy or enthought are really helpful too for people who want something more
integrated.<br />
There is no denying than if you are into an integrated solution, numpy/scipy
is not the best solution of the ones mentioned today - it may well be the worse
(I don’t know them all, but I am very familiar with matlab, and somewhat
familiar with R). There is a fundamental problem for all those integrated
solutions: once you hit their limitations, you can’t go beyond that. Not being
able to handle data which do not fit in memory in matlab, that’s a pretty
fundamental issue, for example. Not having basic data structures (hashmap, tree,
etc…) another one. Making advanced UI in matlab, not easy either. <br />
You can build your own solution with the python stack: the numpy array
capabilities are far beyond matlab’s one, for example (broadcasting, advanced
indexing are much powerful than matlab current capabilities). The C API is
complete, and you can do things which are simply not possible with matlab. You
want to handle very big datasets ? pytables give you a database-like API on top
of hdf5. Things like cython are also very powerful for people who need speed. I
believe those are partially consequences of not being integrated.<br />
Concerning the flaws you mentioned (scipy.linalg vs numpy.linalg, etc…):
those are mostly legacies, or exist because removing them would be too costly.
There are some efforts to remove redundancy, but not all of them will disappear.
They are confusing for a newcomer (they were for me), but they are pretty minor
IMHO, compared to other problems.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3267">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/886f422466feefe00e04225c00c680d6?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>bill
wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3267">25.
February 2009 at 2:29 pm</a> : </div>
You forgot support and continuity. In my experience, SAS offers very good
support and continuity. Others claim SPSS does, too (I have no experience
there). In a commercial environment, the programs need to outlive the analyst
and the whims of the academic/grad student support/development. For one-off
disposable projects, R has lots of advantages. For commercial systems, not so
many.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3272">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/c3716cdfc6df061693ae52de84068352?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>Lou
Pecora wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3272">25.
February 2009 at 4:45 pm</a> : </div>
I’ve looked at several of the “packages” mentioned here (R, Octave, MATLAB,
C, C++, Fortran, Mathematica). I’m a physicist who is often working in new
fields where understanding the phenomena is the main goal. This means my
colleagues and I are often developing new numerical/theoretical/data-analysis
approaches. For anyone in this situation I unequivocally recommend:<br />
Python.<br />
Why? Because given my situation there often are no canned routines. That
means soon or later (usually sooner) I will be programming. Of all the languages
and packages I’ve used Python has no equal. It is object oriented, has very
forgiving run-time behavior, fast turn around (no edit, compile, debug cycles —
just edit and run cycles), great built in structures, good modularity, and very
good libraries. And, it’s easy to learn. I want to spend my time getting
results, not programming, but I have to go through code development since often
nothing like what I want to do exists and I’ve got to link the numerics to I/O
and maybe some interactive things that make it easy to use and run smoothly.
I’ve taken on projects that I would not want to attempt in any of the
packages/languages I’ve listed. <br />
I agree that Python is not wart-free. The version compatibility can sometimes
be frustrating. “One-stop shopping” for a complete Python package is not here,
yet (although Enthought is making good progress). It will never be as fast as
MATLAB for certain things (JIT compiling, etc. makes MATLAB faster at times).
Python plotting is certainly not up to Mathematica standards (although it is
good). <br />
However, the Python community is very nice and very responsive. Python now
has several easy ways to add extensions written in C or C++ for faster numerics.
And for all my desire not to spend time coding, I must admit I find Python
programming fun to do. I cannot say that for anything else I’ve used.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3274">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/b684c02bab6c8d54c0c25c4b69ee1135?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://www.cs.toronto.edu/~dwf">David Warde-Farley</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3274">25.
February 2009 at 6:35 pm</a> : </div>
There is good reason for the duplication of “linalg” in SciPy. SciPy’s brand
has more features which probably aren’t of as much use to as wide an audience,
and (perhaps more importantly) one of the requirements for NumPy is that it not
depend critically on a Fortran compiler. SciPy relaxes this requirement, and
thus can leverage a lot of existing Fortran code. At least that’s my
understanding.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3279">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/77f083909d955b715846250a33340a14?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://lingpipe-blog.com/">Bob Carpenter</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3279">25.
February 2009 at 9:27 pm</a> : </div>
These packages change and it’s easy to get locked-in ideas from the past. I
haven’t used Matlab since the 1990s, but the last time I used it, its I/O and
singular value decomposition was so slow that we switched to S-Plus just to
finish in our lifetimes. <br />
Can any of these packages compute sparse SVDs like folks have used for
Netflix (500K x 25K matrix with 100M partial entries)? Or do regressions with
millions of items and hundreds of thousands of coefficients? I typically wind up
writing my own code to do this kind of thing in LingPipe, as do lots of other
folks (e.g. Langford et al.’s Vowpal Wabbit, Bottou et al.’s SGD, Madigan et
al.’s BMR).<br />
What’s killing me now is scaling Gibbs samplers. BUGS is even worse than R in
terms of scaling, but I can write my own custom samplers that fly in some cases
and easily scale. I think we’ll see more packages like Daume’s HBC for this kind
of thing. <br />
R itself tends to just wrap the real computing in layers of scripts to
massage data and do error checking. The real code is often Fortran, but more
typically C. That must be the same for SciPy given how relatively inefficient
Python is at numerical computing. It’s frustrating that I can’t get basic access
to the underlying functions without rewrapping everything myself.<br />
A problem I see with the way R and BUGS work is that they typically try to
compile a declarative model (e.g. a regression equation in R’s glm package or a
model specification in BUGS), rather than giving you control over the basic
functionality (optimization or sampling). <br />
The other thing to consider with these things from a commercial perspective
is licensing. R may be open source, but its Gnu license means we can’t really
deploy any commercial software on top of it. Sci-Py has a mixed bag of licenses
that is also not redistribution friendly. I don’t know what
licensing/redistribution looks like for the other packages.<br />
@bill Support and continuity (by which I assume you mean stability of
interfaces and functionality) is great in the core R and BUGS. The problem’s in
all the user-contributed packages. Even there, the big ones like lmer are quite
stable.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3281">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/b684c02bab6c8d54c0c25c4b69ee1135?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://www.cs.toronto.edu/~dwf">David Warde-Farley</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3281">25.
February 2009 at 9:46 pm</a> : </div>
As for the rather large speed gains made by recent MATLAB releases that Lou
noted, I believe this is due in most part to their switch to the <a href="http://www.intel.com/cd/software/products/asmo-na/eng/307757.htm">Intel
Math Kernel Library</a> in place of a well-tuned ATLAS (I’m not completely sure
if that’s what they used before, but it’s a good bet). This hung a good number
of people with PowerPC G5’s out to dry rather quickly as newer MATLABs
apparently only run on Intel Macs (probably so they don’t have to maintain two
separate BLAS backends).<br />
Accelerated linear algebra routines written by people who know the processors
inside and out will result in big wins, obviously. You can also license the IKML
separately and use it to compile NumPy (if I recall correctly, David Cournapeau
who commented above was largely responsible for this capability, so bravo!). I
figure it’s only a matter of time before somebody like Enthought latch onto the
idea of selling a Python environment with IKML baked in, so you can get the
speedups without the hassle.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3299">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/af6c39d6943bd4b0e1fde23161e7bb8c?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://mentat.za.net/">Stefan</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3299">26.
February 2009 at 9:32 am</a> : </div>
@ben The SciPy team was also unhappy about the licensing issue, so you’ll be
glad to hear that SciPy 0.7 was released under a single, BSD license.<br />
You said “It’s frustrating that I can’t get basic access to the underlying
functions without rewrapping everything myself.” We are currently working on
ways to expose the mathematical functions underlying NumPy to C, so that you can
access it in your extension code. During the last Google Summer of Code, the
Cython team implemented a friendly interface between Cython and NumPy. This
means that you can code your algorithms in Python, but still have the speed
benefits of C.<br />
A number of posts above refer to plotting in 3D. I can recommend Enthought’s
Mayavi2, which makes interactive data visualisation a pleasure:<br />
<a href="http://code.enthought.com/projects/mayavi/">http://code.enthought.com/projects/mayavi/</a><br />
We are always glad for suggestions on how to improve SciPy, so if you do try
it out, please join the mailing list and tell us more about your experience.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3302">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/5a30df703d672db744e86878bfa1a250?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://www.vsni.co.uk/">Stewart</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3302">26.
February 2009 at 12:05 pm</a> : </div>
You should probably add GenStat to your list, this is a UK package
specialising in the biosciences. It’s a relative heavy-weight in stats having
come from Rothamsted Research (home of Fisher, Yates and Nelder). Nelder was the
actual originator of GenStat. GenStat is also free for teaching world-wide and
free for research to the developing world. It’s popularity is mainly within
Europe, Africa and Oceania, hence why many US researchers may not have heard of
it. I hope this helps<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3325">
<div class="commentmetadata_author">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/fd4b164e15fa2a834d16fb8743ec4f1b?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://anyall.org/">brendano</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3325">27.
February 2009 at 3:06 am</a> : </div>
Wow, this is the funnest language flamewar I’ve seen.<br />
I will note that no one defended SAS. Maybe those people don’t read
blogs.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3326">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/886f422466feefe00e04225c00c680d6?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>bill
wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3326">27.
February 2009 at 3:26 am</a> : </div>
brendano,<br />Hmm, I thought I did. I do production work in SAS and mess
around (test new stuff, experimental analyses) in R.<br />Bill<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3327">
<div class="commentmetadata_author">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/fd4b164e15fa2a834d16fb8743ec4f1b?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://anyall.org/">brendano</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3327">27.
February 2009 at 3:35 am</a> : </div>
Oops. Yes yes. My bad!<br />
OK: no one has defended Stata!<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3492">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/7f5672a17fa1df7927bd7949ab2aa288?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>John
Dudley wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3492">4.
March 2009 at 2:46 pm</a> : </div>
My company has been using StatSoft’s Statistica for years and it does all of
the things that you found to be shortcomings of SAS, SPSS and Matlab…<br />
It’s fast, graphs are great and are virtually no limitations. I’m suprised it
wasn’t listed as one of the packages reviewed. We have been using it for years
and it is absolutely critical to our business model.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3493">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/7b2ac2930b09f134d106edd7397528a5?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://www.statsoft.com/">Andy Malner</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3493">4.
March 2009 at 2:48 pm</a> : </div>
StatSoft is the only major package with R integration…The best of both
worlds.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3522">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/d9d818fdcf775d5a5c13d2602a64528f?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>Abhijit
wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3522">5.
March 2009 at 3:38 am</a> : </div>
In stats there seems to be the S-Plus/R schools and the SAS schools. SAS
people find R obtuse with poor documentation, and the R people say the same
about SAS (myself included). R wins in graphics and flexibility and
customizability (though I certainly won’t argue with a SAS pro who can whip up
macros). SAS seems a bit better with large data sets. R is ever expanding, and
has improved greatly for simulations/looping and memory management. Recently for
large datasets (bioinformatic, not the 5-10G financial ones), I’ve used a
combination of Python and R to great effect, and am very pleased with the
workflow. I think rpy2 is a great addition to Python and works quite well. For
some graphs I actually prefer matplotlib to R. <br />
I’m also a big fan of Stata for more introductory level stuff as well as for
epidemiology-related stuff. It is developing a programming language that seems
useful. One real disadvantage in my book is its ability to hold only one dataset
at a time, as well as a limit on the data size. <br />
I’ve also used Matlab for a few years. It’s statistics toolbox is quite good,
and Matlab is pretty fast and has great graphics. It’s limited in terms of
regression modeling to some degree, as well as survival methods. Syntactically I
find R more intuitive for modeling (though that is the lineage I grew up with).
The other major disadvantage of matlab is distribution of programs, since Matlab
is expensive. The same complaint for SAS, as well:)<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3523">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30 avatar-default" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/?d=identicon&s=30" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://www.johndcook.com/blog/2009/03/04/comparing-statistical-packages-r-sas-spss-etc/">Comparing
statistical packages: R, SAS, SPSS, etc. — The Endeavour</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3523">5.
March 2009 at 4:20 am</a> : </div>
[...] Comparison of data analysis packages: R, Matlab, SciPy, Excel, SAS,
SPSS, Stata ? X [...]<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3549">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/13998805bf33b5f1e5d7662e86e83cdd?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://realizationinbiostatistics.blogspot.com/">John Johnson</a>
wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3549">5.
March 2009 at 2:59 pm</a> : </div>
I’ll sing the same song here as I do elsewhere on this topic.<br />
In large-scale production, SAS is second to none. Of course, large-scale
production shops usually have the $$$ to fork over, and SAS’s workflow
capabilities (and, to a lesser extent, large dataset handling capabilities) save
enough billable hours to justify the cost. However, for graphics, exploratory
data analysis, and analysis beyond the well-established routines, you have to
venture into the world of SAS/IML, which is a rather painful place to be. It’s
PRNGs are also stuck in the last century, top of the line of a class obsolete
for anything other than teaching.<br />
R is great for simulation, exploratory data analysis, and graphics. (I
disagree with the assertion that R can’t do high-quality graphics, and, like
some commenters above, recommend Paul Murrell’s book on the topic.) It’s
language, while arcane, is powerful enough to write outside-the-box analyses.
For example, I was able to quickly write, debug, and validate an unconventional
ROC analysis based on a paper I read. As another example, bootstrapping analyses
are much easier in R than SAS.<br />
In short, I keep both SAS and R around, and use both frequently.<br />
I can’t comment too much on Python. MATLAB (or Octave or Scilab) is great for
roll-your-own statistical analyses as well, though I can’t see using it for,
e.g., a conventional linear models analysis unless I wanted the experience. R’s
matrix capabilities are enough for me at this point. I used Mathematica some
time ago for some chaos theory and Fourier/wavelet analysis of images and it
performed perfectly well. If I could afford to shell out the money for a
non-educational license, I would just to have it around for the tasks it does
really well, like symbolic manipulation. <br />
I used SPSS a long time ago, and have no interest in trying it again.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3552">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/8e8e580be48efbe3945c8b246d8434a2?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://www.spss.com/devcentral">Jon Peck</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3552">5.
March 2009 at 6:11 pm</a> : </div>
SPSS has for several years been offering smooth integration with both Python
and R. There are extensive apis foe both. Check out the possibilities at <a href="http://www.spss.com/devcentral">http://www.spss.com/devcentral</a>. See
also my blog at insideout.spss.com.<br />
You can even easily build SPSS Statistics dialog boxes and syntax for R and
Python programs. DevCentral has a collection of tools to facilitate this.<br />
This integration is free with SPSS Base.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3756">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30 avatar-default" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/?d=identicon&s=30" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://prafalardecoisas.wordpress.com/2009/03/09/a-lot-of-stuff/">A lot of
Stuff « Blog Pra falar de coisas</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3756">9.
March 2009 at 8:14 pm</a> : </div>
[...] comparando software statísticos (R, SAS, SPSS, MATLAB e Stata).
[...]<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3801">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/f463f8bfafaa55d87569d2e8fb632f4b?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>Sean
wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3801">11.
March 2009 at 4:18 am</a> : </div>
I used Matlab, R, stata, spss and SAS over the years.<br />
To me, the only reason for using sas is because of its large data ability.
otherwise, it is a very very bad program. It, from day one, trains it users to
be a third rate programmer.<br />The learning curve for SAS is actually very
steep, particularily for a very logical person. Why? the whole syntax in SAS is
pretty illogical and inconsistent.<br />sometimes, it is ‘/out’ sometimes, it is
‘output’.<br />
In 9.2, SAS started to make variables inside a macro as local variables by
default.<br />This is ridiculous!! SAS company has existed for at least 30 years.
How can this basic programming rule should be implemented after 30 years?!<br />
Also, if a variable is uninitialized, SAS will still let the code run. One
time, I worked in a company, this simple stupid SAS design flaw causes our
project 3 weeks of delay (there is one uninitialized varaible among 80k lines of
log, all blue). A couple of PhDs in the project who used C and Matlab did not
believe why SAS makes such a stupid mistake. Yes, with a big disbelief, it
made!<br />
My ranking is that Matlab and R are about the same, Matlab is better in plots
most times. R is better is manipulation datasets. stata and SAS are the same
level.<br />After taking into account of cost, then the answer is more
obvious.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3849">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/886f422466feefe00e04225c00c680d6?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>bill
r wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3849">12.
March 2009 at 1:37 pm</a> : </div>
SAS was not designed by a language maven, like Pascal. It grew from its PL/1
and Fortran roots. It is a collection of working tools, added to meet the
demands of working statisticians and IT folk, that has grown since its start in
the late ’60s and early ’70s. SAS clearly has kruft that shows its growth over
time. Sort of like the UNIX tools, S, and R, actually. <br />
And, really, what competent programmer would ever use a variable without
initializing or testing it first? That’s a basic programming rule I learned back
in the mid ’60s, after branching off of uninitialized registers, and popping
empty stacks. <br />
Bah, you kids. Get off of my lawn!<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3865">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/82ca3b8fa53d7876d9833258721b6d78?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>tom
p wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3865">13.
March 2009 at 4:57 am</a> : </div>
i work for a retail company that deploys SAS for their large datasets and
complex analysis. just about everything else is done in excel. <br />
we had a demo of omniture’s discover onpremise (formerly visual sciences),
and the visualization tools are fairly amazing. it seems like an interesting
solution for trending real time evolving data, but we aren’t pulling the trigger
on it now.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3875">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/29cb106071d163d703484e63839d89cb?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://transfixedbutnotdead.com/">draegtun</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3875">13.
March 2009 at 9:12 am</a> : </div>
For reference PDL (Perl Data Language) can be found at <a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/pdl.perl.org/">pdl.perl.org/</a>
and is also available via <a href="http://search.cpan.org/dist/PDL/">CPAN</a><br />
/I3az/<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3876">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/29cb106071d163d703484e63839d89cb?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://transfixedbutnotdead.com/">draegtun</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3876">13.
March 2009 at 9:14 am</a> : </div>
opps.. link screwed up… here goes again ;-) <br />
<a href="http://pdl.perl.org/">pdl.perl.org</a><br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3888">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/032e94e39f160fe5f4581f8695564b1b?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://www.gilesthomas.com/">Giles</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3888">13.
March 2009 at 5:52 pm</a> : </div>
Have you seen <a href="http://www.resolversystems.com/">Resolver One</a>?
It’s a spreadsheet like Excel, but has built-in Python support, and allows cells
in the grid to hold objects. This means that numpy mostly works, and you can
have one cell in the grid hold a complete dataset, then manipulate that dataset
in bulk using spreadsheet-like formulae. Someone has also just built <a href="http://www.resolversystems.com/exchange/sheets/40/">an extension that
allows you to connect it to R</a>, too. In theory, this means that you can get
the best of all three — spreadsheet, numpy, and R — in your model, using the
right tool for each job.<br />
On the other hand, the integration with both numpy and R is quite new, so
it’s immature as a stats tool compared to the other packages in this list.<br />
Full transparency: I work for Resolver Systems, so obviously I’m biased
towards it :-) Still, we’re very keen on feedback, and we’re happy to give out
free copies for non-commercial research and for open source projects.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3894">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/a4aad8b5b37f3e6e83eb1fcfefb135ba?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://matlabdatamining.blogspot.com/">Will Dwinnell</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3894">13.
March 2009 at 7:29 pm</a> : </div>
Being the resident MATLAB enthusiast in a house built on another tool, I will
pitch in my two cents, by suggesting another spectrum along which these tools
lie: “canned procedures” versus “roll your own”. Use of general-purpose
programming languages, such as has been suggested in the comments for Fortran or
C/C++ clearly anchor one end of this dimension, whereas the statistical software
sporting canned routines lie all the way at the other. A tool like MATLAB, which
provides some but not complete direct statistical support, is somewhere in the
middle. The trade-off here, naturally, is the ability to customize analysis vs.
convenience.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3980">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/9f645a3a250e5740f8030a4c8223e9f3?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>Jude
Ryan wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3980">16.
March 2009 at 4:37 pm</a> : </div>
Most of the users on this post are biased towards packages like R, rather
than packages like SAS, and I want to offer my perspective of the relative
advantages and disadvantages of SAS relative to R. <br />
I am primarily a SAS user (over 20 years) who has been using R as needed (a
few years) to do things that SAS cannot do (like MARS splines), or cannot do as
well (like exploratory data analysis and graphics), or requires expensive SAS
products like Enterprise Miner to do (like decision trees, neural networks,
etc). <br />
I have worked primarily for financial service (credit cards) companies. SAS
is the primary statistical analysis tool in these companies partly due to
history (S, the precursor to S+ and R, was not yet developed) and partly because
it can run on mainframes (another legacy system) accessing huge amounts of data
stored on tapes, which I am not sure any other statistical package can.
Furthermore, business who have the $ will be the last to embrace open source
software like R, as they generally require quick support when they get stuck
trying to solve a business problem, and researching the problem in a language
like R is generally not an option in a business setting. <br />
Also, SAS’ capabilities for handling large volumes of data are unmatched. I
have read huge compressed files of online data (Double Click), having over 2
billion records, using SAS, to filter the data and keep only the records I
needed. Each of the resulting SAS datasets were anywhere from 35 GB to 60 GB in
size. As far as I know, no other statistical tool can process such large volumes
of data programatically. First we had to be able to read in the data and
understand it. Sampling the data for modeling purposes came later. I would run
the SAS program overnight, and it would generally take anywhere from 6 to 12
hours to complete, depending on the load on the server. In theory, any
statistical software that works with records one at a time should be able to
process such large volumes of data, and maybe the Python based tools can do
this. I do not know as I have never used them. But I do know that R, and even
tools like WEKA cannot process such volumes of data. Reading the data from a
database, using R, can mitigate the large data problems encountered in R (as
does using packages like biglm), but SAS is the clear leader in handling large
volumes of data.<br />
R on the other hand is better suited for academics and research, as cutting
edge methodologies can be and are implemented much more rapidly in R than in
SAS, as R’s programming language has more elegant support for vectors and
matricies than SAS (proc IML). R’s programming language is much more elegant and
logically consistent, while SAS’ programming language(s) are more adhoc with
non-standard programming constructs. Furthermore, people who prefer R generally
have a stronger “theoretical” programming background (most have programmed in C,
Perl, or objected oriented languages) or are able to pick up programming faster,
while most users who feel comfortable with SAS have less of a programming
background and can tolerate many of SAS’ non-standard programming constructs and
inconsistencies. These people do not require or need a comprehensive programming
language to accomplish their tasks, and it takes much less effort to program in
base SAS than in R if one has no “theoretical” programming background. SAS
macros take more time to learn and many programming languages have no equivalent
(one exception I know are C’s pre-processor commands). But languages like R do
not need anything like SAS macros and can achieve the same results all in one,
logically consistent, programming language, and do more, like enabling R users
to write their own functions. The equivalent to writing functions in R, in SAS,
is to now program a new proc in C and know how to integrate it with SAS. An
extremely steep learning curve. SAS is more of a suite of products, many of them
with inconsistent programming constructs (base SAS is totally different from SCL
- formerly Screen Control language but now SAS Component Language), and proc SQL
and proc IML are different from data step programming.<br />
So while SAS has a shallow learning curve initially (learn only base SAS),
the user can only accomplish tasks of “limited” sophistication with SAS, without
resorting to proc IML (which is quite ugly). For the business world this is
generally adequate. R, on the other hand, has a steeper learning curve
initially, but tasks of much greater sophistication can handled more easily in R
than is SAS, once R’s steeper learning curve is behind you.<br />
I forsee an increased use of R relative to SAS over time, as many statistical
departments at Universities have started teaching R (sometimes replacing SAS
with R) and students graduating from these universities will be more conversant
with R, or equally conversant with both SAS and R. Many of these students
entering the workforce will gravitate towards R, and to the extent the companies
they work for do not mandate which statistical software to use, the use of R is
bound to increase over time. With memory becoming cheaper, and Microsoft based
64 bit operating systems becoming more prevalent, bigger data sets can be stored
in RAM, and R’s limitation in handling large volumes of data are starting to
matter less. But the amount of data is also starting to grow, thanks to the
internet, scanners (used in grocery chains), etc., and the volume of data may
very well grow so rapidly that even cheaper RAM and 64 bit operating systems may
not be able to cope with the data deluge. But not every organization works with
such large datasets.<br />
For someone who has started their careers using SAS, SAS is more than
adequate to solve all problems faced in the business world, and there may seem
to be no real reason, or even justification to learn packages like R or other
statistical tools. To learn R, I have put in much personal time and effort, and
I do like R and have been and forsee using it more frequently over time for
exploratory data analysis, and in areas where I want to implement cutting edge
methodologies, and where I am not hampered by large data issues. Personally,
both SAS and R will always be part of my “tool kit” and I will leverage the
strengths of both. For those who do not currently use R, it would be wise to
start doing so, as R is going to be more widely used over time. The number of R
users has already reached critical mass, and since R is free, this is bound to
increase the usage of R as the R community grows. Furthermore, the R Help
Digest, and the incredibly talented R users that support it, is an invaluable
aid to anyone interested in learning R.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3992">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30 avatar-default" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/?d=identicon&s=30" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://cendres.net/2009/03/17/dailycious-140309/">Dailycious 14.03.09 «
cendres.net</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3992">17.
March 2009 at 1:08 am</a> : </div>
[...] Comparison of data analysis packages: R, Matlab, SciPy, Excel, SAS,
SPSS, Stata - Brendan O’Co… statistics software No comments yet. [...]<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-4067">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/d699140a2b10ff316e64fe8db0e3313a?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://anapproximation.org/">Y-H Chen</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-4067">20.
March 2009 at 3:36 am</a> : </div>
Interesting. I don’t think I would have put SPSS and Stata in the same
category. I haven’t spend a tremendous amount of time working with SPSS, but I
have spent a fair amount of time with Stata, and my biased perspective is that
Stata is more sophisticated and powerful than SPSS. Certainly, Stata’s language
isn’t as powerful as R’s, but I definitely wouldn’t say it’s “weak.” Stata’s not
my favorite statistical program in the world (that would, of course, be R), but
there are definitely things I like about it; it’s a definite second to R in my
book.<br />
By the way, here’s my (unfair) generalization regarding usage:<br />– R:
academic statisticians<br />– SAS: statisticians and data-y people in non-academic
settings, plus health scientists in academic and non-academic settings<br />–
SPSS: social scientists<br />– Stata: health scientists<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-4181">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30 avatar-default" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/?d=identicon&s=30" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://www.walkingrandomly.com/?p=813">Walking Randomly » R Compared to
MATLAB (or ‘learning a thing or two from your students’)</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-4181">23.
March 2009 at 5:58 pm</a> : </div>
[...] matrices. You don’t get much more MATLABy than matrices! Other
articles such as this comparison between various data analysis packages also
proved interesting and [...]<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-5266">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/0e20a106226fa2cd2014a2055f437120?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>xin
wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-5266">19.
April 2009 at 2:03 am</a> : </div>
Sean:<br />I am a junior SAS user with only 3 year experience. But even I know
that you need to press ‘ctrl’ and ‘F’ to search for ‘uninitialized’ and ‘more
than’ in SAS log to ensure everything is OK.<br />As far as a couple C++PHD in
your group is concerned, they need to understand to play with rules of whatever
system they are using……<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-5267">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/0e20a106226fa2cd2014a2055f437120?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>xin
wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-5267">19.
April 2009 at 2:07 am</a> : </div>
by the way, I found the comments of SAS people left are more tolerant,
open-minded (maybe they are older, lol). Instad the majority of ‘R’ers on this
thread act like a bunch of rebellious teens…..<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-5704">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/6c09b0b31f55dc95134c37278c66d3ac?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>Joe
wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-5704">30.
April 2009 at 6:58 pm</a> : </div>
I am a big fan of Stata over SAS for medium and small businesses. SAS is the
mercedes-benz of stats I’ll admit for Govt and Big business. I use Stata a LOT
for economics, it has all the most-used predictive methods (OLS, MLE, GLS, 2SLS,
binary choice, etc) models built it. I think the model would have to be pretty
essoteric not to be found in Stata.<br />
I ran Stata on linux server with 16GB ram and about 2TB of disk storage. The
Hardware config was about $12K. I would not recommend using virtual memory for
Stata. That said, you can stick a lot of data in 16GB ram! If I pay attention to
the variable sizes (keep textual ones out), I got 100s of millons of rows into
memory. <br />
Stata supports scripting (*do files) and are very easy to use as is the GUI.
The GUI is probably the best feauture.<br />
The Hardware ($12,000) + Software ($3000 - 2 user license) costs $15,000. The
equivilient SAS software was about $100,000. You do the math. <br />
I’ve used SPSS, but that was a while ago. At that time I felt Stata was the
superior product.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-5713">
<div class="commentmetadata_author">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/fd4b164e15fa2a834d16fb8743ec4f1b?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://anyall.org/">brendano</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-5713">1.
May 2009 at 2:08 am</a> : </div>
Finally a direct Stata vs SAS comparison! Very interesting. Thanks for
posting. I can’t believe SAS = $100,000.<br />
> I ran Stata on linux server with 16GB ram and about 2TB of disk
storage.<br />> I would not recommend using virtual memory for Stata.<br />
In my experience, virtual memory is *always* a bad idea. I remember working
with ops guys who would consider a server as good as dead once it started using
swap.<br />
All programs that effectively use hard disks always have custom code to
control when to move data on and off the disk. Disk seeks and reads are just too
slow and cumbersome compared to RAM to have the OS try to automatically handle
it.<br />
This would be my guess why SAS handles on-disk data so well - they put a lot
of engineering work into supporting that feature. Same for SQL databases, data
warehouses, and inverted text indexes. (Or the widespread popuarity of Memcached
among web engineers.) R, Matlab, Stata and the rest were originally written for
memory data and still work pretty much only in that setting.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-5714">
<div class="commentmetadata_author">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/fd4b164e15fa2a834d16fb8743ec4f1b?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://anyall.org/">brendano</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-5714">1.
May 2009 at 2:48 am</a> : </div>
And also, on the RAM vs hard disk issue — according to Jude Ryan’s very
interesting comment above, SAS has a heritage of working with datasets on *tape*
drives. Tape, of course, is even further along the size-vs-latency spectrum than
RAM or hard disk. Now hard disk sizes are rapidly growing but seek times are not
catching up, so people like to say “hard disk is the new tape” — therefore, if
your software was originally designed for tape, it may do best! :)<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-5740">
<div class="commentmetadata_author">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/fd4b164e15fa2a834d16fb8743ec4f1b?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://anyall.org/">brendano</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-5740">1.
May 2009 at 9:02 pm</a> : </div>
Here’s an overly detailed comparison of Stata, SAS, and SPSS. Basically no
coverage of R beyond the complaint that it’s too hard.<br /><a href="http://www.ats.ucla.edu/stat/technicalreports/">http://www.ats.ucla.edu/stat/technicalreports/</a><br />
There’s also an interesting reply from Patrick Burns, defending R and
comparing it to those 3.<br /><a href="http://www.ats.ucla.edu/stat/technicalreports/Number1/R_relative_statpack.pdf">http://www.ats.ucla.edu/stat/technicalreports/Number1/R_relative_statpack.pdf</a><br />
(Found linked from a comment on John D. Cook’s blog here:<br /><a href="http://www.johndcook.com/blog/2009/05/01/r-the-good-parts/">http://www.johndcook.com/blog/2009/05/01/r-the-good-parts/</a>
)<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-6501">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/f6947c14c72a17e3bd8a264b03819980?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>Jaime
wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-6501">27.
May 2009 at 9:37 pm</a> : </div>
I feel so old. Been using SAS for many years. But what the hell is this R
?????? That’s what the kids are using now?<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-6509">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/748a01e87a6635688871a3f7dddbb032?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>Gye
Greene wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-6509">28.
May 2009 at 4:54 am</a> : </div>
Great comparison of SPSS, SAS, and Stata by Acock (a summary of his findings
here — <a href="http://www.ocair.org/files/KnowledgeBase/willard/StatPgmEvalAb.pdf">http://www.ocair.org/files/KnowledgeBase/willard/StatPgmEvalAb.pdf</a>)<br />
Below is a summary of the summary — !!! — with my own observations added
on.<br />
SAS: Scripting language is awkward, but it’s great for manipulating complex
data structures; folks that analyze relational DBs (e.g. govt. folks) tend to
use it.<br />
SPSS: Great for the “weekend warriors”; strongly GUI-based; has a scripting
language, but it’s in-elegant. They charge a license for **each** “module” (e.g.
correlations? linear regressions? Poisson regressions? A separate fee!). Also,
charge an annual license. Can read Excel files directly. Used to have nicer
graphs and charts than Stata (but, see below).<br />
Stata: Elegant, short-’n'-punchy scripting language; CLI and script-oriented,
but also allows GUI. Strong user base, with user-written add-ons available for
D/L. **Excellent** tech support! The most recent version (Stata 10) now has some
pretty powerful chart/graph editing options (GUI, plus CLI, your choice) that
makes it competitive with the SPSS graphs. (Minor annoyance: ever few versions,
they make the data format NOT back-compatible with the previous version — have
to remember to “Save As” last-year’s version, or else what you save at work
won’t open at home…)<br />
My background: Took a course on SAS, but haven’t had a reason to use it. I’ve
used SPSS and Stata both, on a reasonably regular basis: I currently teach
“Intro to Methods” courses with SPSS, but use Stata for my own work. I dislike
how SPSS handles missing values. Unlike SPSS, Stata sells a one-time license:
once you buy a version, it’s yours to keep until you feel it’s too obsolete to
use.<br />
–GG<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-6518">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/748a01e87a6635688871a3f7dddbb032?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>Gye
Greene wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-6518">28.
May 2009 at 1:53 pm</a> : </div>
This may be an unfair generalization, but my personal observation is that
SPSS users (within the social sciences, at least) tend to have less quantitative
training than Stata users. Probably highly correlated with the GUI vs. CLI
orientations of the two packages (although each of them allows for both).<br />
Another way of’ differentiating between various statistical software packages
is its Geek Cred. I usually tell my Intro to Research Methods (for the social
sciences), that…<br />
(On a scale of 0-10…)<br />
R, Matlab, etc. = 9<br />
SAS = 7<br />
Stata = 5<br />
SPSS = 3<br />
Excel = 2<br />
YMMV. :)<br />
COMMENT ON EXCEL: It’s a spreadsheet, first and foremost — so it doesn’t
treat rows (cases) as “locked together”, like statistical software does. Thus,
when you highlight a column and ask it to sort, it sorts **only** that column. I
got burned by this once, back in my first year of grad school, T.A.-ing: sorted
HW #1 scores (out of curiosity), and didn’t notice that the rest of the scores
had stayed put. Oops.<br />
I now keep my gradebooks in Stata. :)<br />
–GG<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-6541">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/0392489808c227b1f02d4ba2f31ec8cc?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>Chuck
Moore wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-6541">29.
May 2009 at 1:29 pm</a> : </div>
I began programming in SAS every day at a financial exchange in 1995. SAS has
three main benefits over all other Statistical/Data Analysis packages, as far as
I know.<br />
1) Data size = truly unlimited. I learned to span 6 DASD (Direct Access
Storage Devices) = disk drives on the mainframe for when I was processing >
100 million records = quotes and trading activity from all exchanges. We we went
to Unix, we used 100 GB worth of temp “WORK” space, and were processing > 1
Billion transaction a day in < 1 hour (IBM p630 with 4x 1.45 GHz processors
and 32 GB of memory, only the processing actually used < 4 GB).<br />
2) Tons and tons of preprogrammed statistical functions with just about every
option possible.<br />
3) SAS can read data from almost anything: tapes, disk, etc. fixed field flat
files, delimited text files (any delimiters, not just comma or tab or space),
xml, most any database, all mainframe data file times. It also translates most
any text value into data, and supports custom input and output formats.<br />
SAS is difficult for most real programmers (I took my first programming class
in 1977, and have programmed in more languages than I care to share) because it
has a data centric perspective as opposed to machine/control centric. It is
meant to simplify the processing of large amounts of data for
non-programmers.<br />
SAS used to have incredible documentation and support, at incredibly
reasonable prices. Unforturnately, the new generation of programmers and product
managers have lost their way, and I agree that SAS has been becoming a
beast.<br />
For adhoc work, I immediately fell in love with SAS/EG = Enterprise Guide.
Unfortunately, EG is written in .net and is not that well written. I would have
preferred it being written in Java so that the interface was more portable and
supported a better threading model. Oh well.<br />
One of the better features of SAS is that it is not an intepreted programming
language, but from the start in 197? it was JIT. Basically, a block of code is
read, compiled, and then executed. This is why it is so efficient at processing
huge amounts of data. The concept of the “data step” does allow for some built
in inefficiencies from the standpoint of multiple passes through the data, but
that is because of SAS’s convenience. A C programmer would have done more
things, in fewer passes, but the C programmer would have spent many more hours
writing the programmer than SAS’s few minutes to do the same thing. I know this
because I’ve done it.<br />
Some place I read a complaint about SAS holding only one observation in
memory at a time. That is a gross misunderstanding/mistake. SAS holds one or
more blocks of observations (records) in memory at a time. The number held is
easily configurable. Each observation can be randomly accessed, whether in
memory or not.<br />
SAS 9.2 finally fixes one the bigger complaints with PROC FCMP allowing the
creation of custom functions. Originally SAS did not support custom functions,
SAS wanted to write them for you.<br />
The most unfortunate thing about SAS currently is that it has such a long
legacy on uniprocessor machines, that it is having difficulty getting going in
the SMP world, being able to properly take advantage of multi-threading and
multi-processing. I believe this is due to lack of proper technical vision and
leadership. As such, I believe a Java language HPC derivative and tools will
eventually take over, providing superior ease of use, visualization,
portability, and processing speed on today’s servers and clusters. Since most
data will come from an RDMS these days, flat file input won’t carry enough
weight.<br />
But, for my current profession = Capacity Planning for computer systems, you
still can’t beat SAS + Excel. On the other hand, it looks like I’m going to have
to look into R.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-6542">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/0392489808c227b1f02d4ba2f31ec8cc?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>Chuck
Moore wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-6542">29.
May 2009 at 1:47 pm</a> : </div>
On a side note. As a “real” programmer, having been an expert in Pascal and C
and having programmed in, oh I don’t want to list them all, but I have also done
more than just take classes in Java. Anyway, Macros have a place in programming.
There have been a few times I wished Java supported macros and not just
assertions, out of my own laziness. I am a firm believer in the right tool for
the job, and that not everything is a nail, so I need more than just a hammer.
The unfortunate thing is that macros can be abused, just like goto’s and
programming labels and global variables.<br />
To me, SAS is/was the greatest data processing language/system on the planet.
But, I still also program in Java, C, ksh, VBScript, Perl, etc. as appropriate.
I’d like to see someone do an ARIMA forecast in Excel, or run a regression that
does outlier elimination in only 3 lines of code!<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-6883">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/c6dc0b865cc37bdb2c049c4756bf2af8?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://tmarthal.com/">tom m</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-6883">11.
June 2009 at 1:56 am</a> : </div>
<cite>If your dataset can’t fit on a single hard drive and you need a
cluster, none of the above will work.</cite><br />
One thing you have to consider, is that using SciPy, you get all of the
python libraries for free. That includes the Apache Hadoop code, if you choose
to use that. And as someone above pointed out, there is now parallel processing
built right in in the most recent distributions (but I have no personal
knowledge of that) for MPI or whatever. <br />
Coming from an engineer in industry (not academia), the really neat thing
that I like about SciPy is the ease of creating web-based tools (as in, deployed
to a web server for others to use) via deployment on an apache installation and
mod_python. If you can get other engineers using your analysis, without sending
them a excel spreadsheet, or a .m file (for which they need a matlab license),
etc. it makes your work much more visible.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-7024">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/f4db38622864177d2d5bea69eb914933?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>sohan
wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-7024">14.
June 2009 at 10:30 am</a> : </div>
hello everyone…<br />i want to know about the comrative study between SAS, R,
SPSS in data analysis.<br />can anyone provide me the papers related to those.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-7157">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/255ab2a42373f8876ec771ef2ed71905?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>ed
wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-7157">18.
June 2009 at 11:28 am</a> : </div>
having used sas, spss, matlab, gauss and r, let me say that describing stata
as having a weak programming language is a sign of ignorance.<br />
it has a very powerful interpreted scripting language which allows one to
easily extend stata. there is a very active community and many user written
add-ons are available. see: <a href="http://ideas.repec.org/s/boc/bocode.html">http://ideas.repec.org/s/boc/bocode.html</a><br />
stata also has a full fledged matrix programming language called (mata)
comparable to matlab with a c-like syntax, which is compiled and therefore very
fast.<br />
managing and preparing data for analysis is a breeze in stata.<br />
finally stata is easy to learn.<br />
obviously not many people use stata around here.<br />
some more biased opinions:<br />
sas is handy you have some old punch cards in the cupboard or a huge dataset.
apart from that it truly sucks. some people say that it is good to manage data,
but why not use a good relational database to do that and then use decent
statistical software to do the analysis?<br />
excel sucks obviously infinitely more that sas. apart from its (lack of)
statistical capabilities and reliability, any point-and-click only software is
an obvious no-no from the point of view of scientific reproducability <br />
i don’t care fore spss and cannot imagine anyone does.<br />
matlab is nice, but expensive. not so great for preparing/managing data.<br />
have not used scipy/numpy myself, but have colleagues who love it. one big
advantage is that it uses python (ie good language to master and use)<br />
r is great, but more difficult to get into. i don’t like the loose syntax too
much though. it is also a bitch with big datasets.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-8121">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/56899cb1d85f6476e3a7f7fd06254179?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>Willem
wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-8121">17.
July 2009 at 6:53 am</a> : </div>
On high quality graphics in R, one should certainly check out the
Cairo-package. Many graphics can be output in hip formats like SVG.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-8166">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/f95709624d3c44bb17e0753ddb80b2bf?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://www.clear-lines.com/blog">Mathias</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-8166">17.
July 2009 at 10:57 pm</a> : </div>
On the point of Excel breaking down at 10,000+ rows, apparently Excel 2010
will come with Gemini, an add-on developed by the Excel and SQL team, aiming at
handling large datasets:<br /><a href="http://blogs.msdn.com/excel/archive/2009/07/14/sneak-preview-of-project-gemini.aspx">Project
Gemini sneak preview</a><br />I doubt this would make Excel the platform of choice
for doing anything fancy with large datasets anyways, but I am intrigued.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-8621">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/385479a5b2e71244b466fc7bbf23b5cf?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>Jay
Verkuilen wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-8621">26.
July 2009 at 9:48 pm</a> : </div>
Some reax, as I’ve used most of these at some point:<br />
SAS has great support for large files even on a modest machine. A few years
ago I did a bunch of sims on my dissertation using it and it worked happily away
without so much batting an eyelash on a crappy four year old Windoze XP machine
with 1.5 GB of memory. Also, programs like NLP (nonlinear optimization),
NLMIXED, MIXED, and GLIMMIX are really great for various mixed model
applications—this is quite broad as many common models can be cast in the mixed
model framework. NLMIXED in particular lets you write some pretty interesting
models that would otherwise require special coding. Documentation in SAS/STAT is
really solid and their tech support is great. Graphics suck and I don’t like the
various attempts at a GUI. <br />
I prefer Stata for most “everyday” statistical analysis. Don’t knock that, as
it’s pretty common even for a methodologist such as myself to need to fit
logistic regression or whatever and not want to have to waste a lot of time on
it, which Stata is fantastic for. Stata 11 looks to be even better, as it
incorporates procedures such as Multiple Imputation easily. The sheer amount of
time spent doing MI followed by logistic regression (or whatever) is irritating.
Stata speeds that up. Also when you own Stata you own it all and the upgrade
pricing is quite reasonable. Tech support is also solid. <br />
SPSS has a few gems in its otherwise incomprehensible mass of utter bilge.
IMO it’s a company with highly predatory licensing, too. <br />
R is nice for people who don’t value their time or who are doing lots of
“odd” things that require programming and extensibility. I like it for class
because it’s free, there are nice books for it, and it lets me bypass IT as it’s
possible to put a working R system on a USB drive. I love the graphics.<br />
Matlab has made real strides as a programming language and has superb
numerics in it (or did), at least according to the numerics people I know
(including my numerical analysis professor). However, Statistics Toolbox is iffy
in terms of what procedures it supports, though it might have been updated.
Graphics are also nice. But it is expensive. <br />
Mathematica is nice for symbolic calculation. With the MathStatica addon
(sadly this has been delayed for an unconscionable amount of time) it’s possible
to do quite sophisticated theoretical computations. It’s not a replacement for
your theoretical knowledge, but is very helpful for doing all the inaccurate and
tedious calculations necessary.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-8642">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/31302c24340585f9a9f5a3c998210c1a?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>Brett
D wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-8642">27.
July 2009 at 10:58 am</a> : </div>
I started in Matlab, moved on to R, looked at Octave, and am just getting
into SciPy.<br />
Matlab is good for linear algebra and related multivariate stats. I could
never get any nice plotting out of it. It can do plenty of things I never learnt
about, but I can’t afford to buy it, so I can’t use it now anyway.<br />
R is powerful, but can be very awkward. It can write jpeg, png, and pdf
files, make 3D plots and nice 2D plots as well. Two things put me off it: it’s
an absolute dog to debug (how does “duplicate row names are not allowed” help as
an entire error message when I’ve got 1000 lines of code spread between 4
functions?), and its data types have weird eccentricities that make programming
difficult (like transposing a data frame turns it into a matrix, and using
sapply to loop over something returns a data frame of factors… I hate factors).
There are a lot of packages that can do some really nice things, although some
have pretty thin documentation (that’s open source for you).<br />
Octave is nicer to use than R ( = Matlab is nicer to use than R), but I found
it lacking in most things I wanted to do, and the development team seem to wait
for something to come out in Matlab before they’ll do it themselves, so they’re
always one step behind someone else.<br />
I’m surprised how quickly I’m picking up SciPy. It’s much easier to write,
read and debug than R, and the code looks nicer. I haven’t done much plotting
yet, but it looks promising. The only trick with Python is its assignments for
mutable data types, which I’m still getting my head around.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-8775">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/33b268349fa5e94a56bcb2760d1f2a03?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>Mike
wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-8775">29.
July 2009 at 9:45 pm</a> : </div>
Mathematica is also able to link to R via a third party add-on distributed by
ScienceOps. The numeric capabilities of Mathematica were “ramped” up 6 years ago
so should be thought of as more than a symbolic (only) environment. Further info
here:<br />
<a href="http://reference.wolfram.com/mathematica/note/SomeNotesOnInternalImplementation.html#28959">http://reference.wolfram.com/mathematica/note/SomeNotesOnInternalImplementation.html#28959</a><br />
(I work for Wolfram Research)<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-8836">
<div class="commentmetadata_author">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/fd4b164e15fa2a834d16fb8743ec4f1b?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://anyall.org/">brendano</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-8836">30.
July 2009 at 11:43 pm</a> : </div>
<blockquote>
R is nice for people who don’t value their time or who are doing lots of
“odd” things that require programming and extensibility.</blockquote>
Hah!<br />
Everyone really likes Stata. Interesting.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-9854">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/838fe4f0c962d69777611eed07281bd2?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://yaroslavvb.blogspot.com/">Yaroslav Bulatov</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-9854">19.
August 2009 at 6:17 pm</a> : </div>
I use Python/Matlab for most analysis, but Mathematica is really nice for
building demos and custom visualization interfaces (and for debugging your
formulas)<br />
For instance, here’s an example of taking some mutual fund data, and
visualizing those mutual funds (from 3 different categories) in a Fisher Linear
Discriminant transformed space (down to 3 dimensional from initial 57 or so)<br />
<a href="http://yaroslavvb.com/upload/strands/dim-reduce/dim-reduce.html">http://yaroslavvb.com/upload/strands/dim-reduce/dim-reduce.html</a><br />
</li>
<li id="comment-9910">
<div class="commentmetadata_author">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/fd4b164e15fa2a834d16fb8743ec4f1b?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://anyall.org/">Brendan O'Connor</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-9910">21.
August 2009 at 3:44 am</a> : </div>
A post on R vs. Matlab: <a href="http://undirectedgrad.blogspot.com/2009/08/to-r-or-not-to-r.html">To R or
not to R</a><br />
</li>
<li id="comment-9911">
<div class="commentmetadata_author">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/fd4b164e15fa2a834d16fb8743ec4f1b?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://anyall.org/">brendano</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-9911">21.
August 2009 at 3:48 am</a> : </div>
Also, a discussion looking for solutions that are both fast to prototype and
fast to execute: <a href="http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1257021/suitable-functional-language-for-scientific-statistical-computing">suitable
functional language for scientific/statistical computing</a><br />
</li>
<li id="comment-10596">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/c990ed14e8f91017b32177ef27541286?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>Cristian
wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-10596">1.
September 2009 at 3:21 am</a> : </div>
I do not understand why SAS is so much hailed here because it handles large
datasets. I use Matlab almost exclusively in finance and when I have problems
with how large the data sets are then I don’t use SAS by I use mysql server
instead. Matlab can talk to mysql server and thus I do not see why SAS is needed
in this case.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-11055">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/01bad05d1913d811b4b07f3f747b1d50?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>Mike
wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-11055">11.
September 2009 at 6:38 am</a> : </div>
I have used Stata and R but for my purposes I actually prefer and use
Mathematica. Unsurprisingly nobody has discussed its use so I guess I will.<br />
I work in ecology and I use Mathematica almost exclusively for modeling. I’ve
found that the the elegance of the programming language lends itself to easily
using it for statistical analysis as well. Although it isn’t really a statistics
package being able to generate large amounts of data and then process them in
the same place is extremely useful. To make up for the lack of built in
statistical analysis I’ve built my own package over time by collecting and
refining the tests I’ve used.<br />For most people I would say using Mathematica
for statistics is way more work than it is worth. Nevertheless, those who
already use it for other things may find it is more than capable of performing
almost any data analysis you can come up with using relatively little code. The
addition of functionality targeted at statistics in versions 6 and 7 has made
this use simpler, although the built in ANOVA package is still awkward and
poorly documented. One thing it and Matlab beat other packages at hands down is
list/matrix manipulation which can be extremely useful.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-11248">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/da0185ff1f3fca3ed0439b4fb75513be?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>Paul
Kim wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-11248">14.
September 2009 at 9:10 pm</a> : </div>
I am using MATLAB along with SPSS. Does anyone know about how to connect SPSS
with MATLAB? Or can we use any form of programming (e.g., “for” loops and “if”)
in SPSS to connect with MATLAB?<br />Thank you.<br />
Paul<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-11912">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/eabf7451c9d32ae52346a9365548785f?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>Mattia
wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-11912">25.
September 2009 at 1:39 pm</a> : </div>
I worked at the International Monetary Fund so I thought I’d add the
government perspective, which is pretty much the same as the business one. You
need software that solves the following equation<br />
maximize amount of useful output<br />such that: salaries of staff * hours
worked - cost of software < budget<br />
It turns out IMF achieves that by letting every economist work with whatever
they want. As a matter of fact, economists end up using Stata.<br />
Consider that most economics datasets are smaller than 1Gb. Stata
MultiProcessor will work comfortably with up to 4Gb on the available machines.
Stata has everything you need for econometrics, including a matrix language that
is just like Matlab and state of the art maximum likelihood optimization, so you
can create your own “odd” statistical estimators. Programming has a steeper
learning curve than Matlab but once you know the language it’s much more
powerful, including very nice text data support and I/O (not quite python, but
good enough). If you don’t need some of the fancy add-on packages that engineers
use, like say “hydrodynamics simulation”, that’s all you need. But most
importantly importing, massaging and cleaning data with Stata is so unbelievably
efficient that every time I have to use another program I feel like I am walking
knee-deep in mud.<br />
So why do I have to use other programs, and which?<br />
IMF has one copy of SAS that we use for big jobs, such as when I had 100Gb of
data. I won’t dwell on this because it’s been covered above, but in general SAS
is industrial-grade stuff. One big difference between SAS and other programs is
that SAS will try to keep working when something goes wrong. If you *need*
numbers for the next morning, you go to bed, the next morning you come and Stata
has stopped working because of a mistake. SAS hasn’t, and perhaps your numbers
are garbage, but if you are able to tell that they are simply 0.00001% off then
you are in perfectly good shape to make a decision.<br />
Occasionally I use Matlab or Gauss (yes, Gauss!) because I need to put the
data through some black box written in that language and it would take too long
to understand it and rewrite it.<br />
That’s all folks. Thanks for the attention.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-11920">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/eabf7451c9d32ae52346a9365548785f?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>Mattia
wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-11920">25.
September 2009 at 6:42 pm</a> : </div>
No that was not all, I forgot one thing. Stata can map data using a free
user-written add-in (spmap), so you can save yourself the time of learning some
brainy GIS package. Does anyone know whether R, SAS, SPSS or other programs can
do it?<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-11922">
<div class="commentmetadata_author">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/fd4b164e15fa2a834d16fb8743ec4f1b?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://anyall.org/">brendano</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-11922">25.
September 2009 at 7:37 pm</a> : </div>
R has some packages for plotting geo data, including “maps”, “mapdata”, and
also some ggplot2 routines. Now I just saw an entire “R-GIS” project, so I’m
sure there’s a lot more related stuff for R…<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-12160">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30 avatar-default" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/?d=identicon&s=30" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://idlpress.wordpress.com/2009/09/30/%d9%85%d9%82%d8%a7%db%8c%d8%b3%d9%87-%d8%a8%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%87%e2%80%8c%d9%87%d8%a7%db%8c-%d8%aa%d8%ad%d9%84%db%8c%d9%84-%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%af%d9%87-r-matlab-scipy">مقایسه
بستههای تحلیل داده (R, Matlab, SciPy, Excel, SAS, SPSS, Stata) « دنیای
پیرامون</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-12160">30.
September 2009 at 6:59 am</a> : </div>
[...] اینکه ببینم کدوم مناسبتره شروع به مقایسه کردم. توی یک وبلاگ یک مقایسه
ساده و البته تقریبا عمیقی پیدا کردم. اون رو [...]<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-12194">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/9b4bd6a138582e58ef6168747904f964?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>Tao
Wu wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-12194">30.
September 2009 at 5:56 pm</a> : </div>
Hi, all. I think I should mention about a C++ framework based software, named
as ROOT. see <a href="http://root.cern.ch/">http://root.cern.ch</a><br />
You will see ROOT is definitely better than R.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-12195">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/9b4bd6a138582e58ef6168747904f964?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>Tao
Wu wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-12195">30.
September 2009 at 5:59 pm</a> : </div>
As I can see, the syntax and grammar of R are really stupid. I can not image
that R, S, S+ have been widely used by financial bodies. Furthermore, they are
trying to claim they are very professional and very good at financial data
analysis. I can predict that if they shift to ROOT (a real language with C++),
they will see the power of data analysis.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-19224">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/f790c5f2c1c63f662af1ae03b4ee3c40?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://www.burns-stat.com/">Patrick Burns</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-19224">2.
January 2010 at 7:10 pm</a> : </div>
xin (April 19) writes:<br />> the majority of ‘R’ers on this thread act like
a bunch of rebellious teens …<br />
Well spotted — I’ve been a rebellious teen for decades now.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-19589">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/b0bdfe1930ab0a5f76b50921b34312ff?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>Wei
Zhang wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-19589">10.
January 2010 at 10:35 am</a> : </div>
People in my work place, an economic research trust, love STATA. Economists
love STATA and they ask new comers to use STATA as well. R is discouraged in my
work place for excuses like it is for statisticians. Sigh~~~~<br />
But!!! I keep using it and keep discovering new ways of using it. Now, I use
‘dmsend’ function from the ‘twitteR’ package to inform me the status of my
time-consuming simulations while I am not in office. It is just awesome that
using R makes me feel bounded by nothing.<br />
BTW, anyone knows how to use R to send emails (on various OS, Win, Mac, Unix,
Linux). I googled a bit and not very promising. Any plans to develop a package?
<br />
If we had the package, we can just hit ‘paste to console’ (RWinEdt) or C-c
C-c (ESS+Emacs) and let R to estimate, simulate and send results to co-authors
automatically. What a beautiful world!!<br />
I use Matlab and STATA as well but R completely owns me. Being a bad boy
naturally, I start to encourage new comers to use R in my work place.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-19751">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/0e3efc2331b1c5207e6d304e31c9c094?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>ynte
wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-19751">13.
January 2010 at 8:30 pm</a> : </div>
I happened to hit this page, and I am impressed by the pro’s and
con’s.<br />Been using SPSS for over 30 years and I’ve been appreciating the steep
increase in usability from punch card syntax to pull down menu’s. I only ran
into R today because it can handle Zero Inflated Poisson Regression and SPSS
can’t or won’t.<br />I think it is Great to find open source statistical software.
I guess it requires a special ment framework to actually enjoy struggling
through the command structure, but if I were 25 years younger………<br />It really is
a bugger to find that SPSS (or whatever they like to be called) and R come up
with different parameter estimates on the same dataset [at least in the negative
binomial model I compared].<br />Is there anyone out there with experience in
comparing two or more of these packages on one and the same dataset?<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-19857">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/aa2be688a8870386652dd185cd5a9887?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>Wei
wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-19857">16.
January 2010 at 9:58 am</a> : </div>
@ynte<br />Why don’t you join R: mailing list? If you ask questions properly
there, you will get answers.<br />
I would suggest a place to start: <a href="http://www.r-project.org/mail.html">http://www.r-project.org/mail.html</a><br />
Have fun.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-20412">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/acaf9469f19fd1facd136b32dfa62598?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>peng
wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-20412">27.
January 2010 at 10:22 am</a> : </div>
hi friends,<br />I am new to R.I would like to know R-PLUS.Does any know where
can I get the free training for R-PLUS.<br />
Regards,<br />Peng.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-21431">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/e37178781b8b292ce2b85b07b9d06dfb?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>Wayne
wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-21431">12.
February 2010 at 8:38 pm</a> : </div>
I use R.<br />
I’ve looked at Matlab, but the primitive nature of its language turns my
stomach. (I mean, here’s a language that uses alternating strings and values to
imitate named parameters? A language where it’s not unusual to have a half page
of code in a routine dedicated to filling in parameters based on the number of
supplied arguments.) And the Matlab culture seems to favor Perleqsue obfuscation
of code as a value. Plus it’s expensive. It’s really an engineer’s tool, not a
statistician’s tool.<br />
SAS creeps me out: it was obviously designed for punched cards and it’s an
inconsistent mix of 1950’s and 1960’s languages and batch command systems. I’m
sure it’s powerful, and from what I’ve read the other statistics packages
actually bend their results to match SAS’s, even when SAS’s results are arguably
not good. So it’s the Gold Standard of Statistics ™, literally, but it’s not
flexible and won’t be comfortable for someone expecting a well-designed
language.<br />
R’s language has a good design that has aged well. But it’s definitely open
source: you have two graphical languages that come in the box (base and
lattice), with a third that’s a real contender (ggplot2). Which to choose? There
are over 2,000 packages and it takes a bit of analysis just to decide which of
the four Wavelet packages you want to use for your project — not just current
features, but how well maintained the package appears to be, etc.<br />
There are really three questions to answer here: 1) What field are you
working in, 2) How focused are your needs, and 3) What’s your budget?<br />
In engineering (and Machine Learning and Computer Vision), 95% of the example
code you find in articles, online, and in repositories, will be Matlab. I’ve
done two graduate classes using R where Matlab was the “no brainer” choice, but
I just can’t stomach Matlab “programming”. Python might’ve been a good choice as
well, but with R I got an incredible range of graphics combined with multiple a
huge variety of statistical and learning techniques. You can get some of that in
Python, but it’s really more of a general-purpose tool when you definitely have
to roll your own.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-21454">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30 avatar-default" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/?d=identicon&s=30" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://www.johnnylogic.org/?p=732">Bookmarks for February 12th from 15:49
to 15:54 « Johnny Logic</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-21454">13.
February 2010 at 5:55 am</a> : </div>
[...] Comparison of data analysis packages: R, Matlab, SciPy, Excel, SAS,
SPSS, Stata – Brendan O&#8… – Lukas and I were trying to write a succinct
comparison of the most popular packages that are typically used for data
analysis. I think most people choose one based on what people around them use or
what they learn in school, so I’ve found it hard to find comparative
information. I’m posting the table here in hopes of useful comments. [...]<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-21693">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/d8cf61ad4c89ec2ecb825e9ca08435c6?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>Jay
wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-21693">17.
February 2010 at 9:43 am</a> : </div>
Yeah, quite the odd list. If *Py stuff is in there, then PDL definitely
should be too.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-21699">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30 avatar-default" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/?d=identicon&s=30" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://www.johndcook.com/blog/2010/02/17/statistical-functions-in-excel/">Statistical
functions in Excel — The Endeavour</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-21699">17.
February 2010 at 12:03 pm</a> : </div>
[...] Comparison of data analysis packages from Brendan O’Connor [...]<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-22132">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/3f95ffd4f24d4673fdc2b8076e68317e?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>stat_stuff
wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-22132">25.
February 2010 at 10:24 am</a> : </div>
i like what you wrote to describe spss, clear and consise….nuf said :-)<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-22223">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/af95a5dfff7c60b767c17be2e6032c0a?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>forkandwait
wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-22223">27.
February 2010 at 12:05 am</a> : </div>
I would like to comment on SAS versus R versus Matlab/ Octave.<br />
SAS seems to excel at data handling, both with large datasets and with wacked
proprietary formats (how else can you read a 60GB text file and merge it with an
access database from 1998). It is really ugly though, not interactive/
exploratory, and graphics aren’t great.<br />
R is awesome because it is a fully featured language (things like named
parameters, object orientation, typing) etc, and because every new data analysis
algorithm probably gets implemented in it first these days. I rather like the
graphics. However, it is a mess, with bad naming conventions that have evolved
badly over time, conflicting types, etc.<br />
Matlab is awesome in its niche, which is NOT data analysis, but rather math
modeling with scripts between 10 and 1000 lines. It is really easy to get up an
running if you have a math (ie linear algebra) background, the function file
system is great for a medium level of software engineering, plotting is awesome
and simpler than R, the datatypes (structs) are complex enough but dont’ involve
the headaches of a “well developed” type system. If you are doing data
management, gui interaction, or dealing with categorical data, it might be best
to use SQL/ SAS or something else and export your data into matrices of
numbers.<br />
I would like numpy and friends, but ZERO BASED INDEXING IS NOT
MATHEMETICAL.<br />
Just my 2c<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-25050">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/02163f5f94097f5987b1c32f7c43be5c?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>anlaystenheini
wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-25050">16.
April 2010 at 4:52 pm</a> : </div>
This is a great compilation, thank you.<br />After working as an econometrics
analyst for a while mainly using stata, I can tell the following about
STATA:<br />Stata is relativly easy to get startet with and to produce some
graphics quickly (that’s what all the business people want, click click here’s
your powerpoint presentation with lots of colourful graphics and no real
content).<br />BUT if you want to automate things and if you want to make stata to
do things it isn’t capable of out of the box, it is pure pain!<br />
The big problem is: On one hand Stata has a scripting/command interface,
which is not very powerful and very very inconsistent. On the other Hand, stata
has a fully featured matrix-orientated programming language with c-like syntax,
which is c-like, therefore not very handy (c is old and not made for
mathematics, the matlab language is much more convenient), and which doesn’t
work well with the rest of stata (you have a superflous level for interchanging
data from one part to the other).<br />
All together programming STATA feels like persuading STATA:<br />Error messages
are almost useless, the macro text expansion used in the scripting language is
not very suitable for things that has to do with mathematics (texts can’t
calculate), and many other little things.<br />It is very inconsitent sometimes
very clumsy to handle and has silly limitations like string expressions limited
to 254 chars like in the early 20th century.<br />
So go with stata for a little ad hoc statistics but do not use it for more
sophisticated stuff, in that case learn R!<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-25305">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/ffa09cf6afa1d8e2bcefe018112c1695?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>George
Wolfe wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-25305">19.
April 2010 at 11:13 pm</a> : </div>
I’ve used Mathematica as a general purpose programming language for the past
couple of years. I’ve built a portfolio optimizer, various tools to manipulate
data and databases, and a lot of statistics and graphs routines. People who use
commercial portfolio optimizers are always surprised at how fast the Mathamatica
optimizations run - faster then their own optimizers. Based on my experience, I
can say that Mathematica is great for numerical and ordinary computational
tasks. <br />
I did have to spent a lot of time learning how to think in Mathematica - it’s
most powerful when used as a functional language, and I was a procedural
programmer. However, if you want to use a procedural programming approach,
Mathematica supports that.<br />
Regarding some of the other topics discussed above: (1) Mathematica has build
in support for parallel computing, and can be run on supercomputing clusters
(Wolfram Alpha is written in Mathematica). (2) The language is highly evolved
and is being actively entended and improved every year. It seems to be in an
exponential phase of development currently - Stephen Wolfram outlines the
development plans every year and the annual user conferenced - and his
expectations seem to be pretty much on target. (3) Wolfram has a stated goal of
making Mathematica a universal computing platform which smoothly integrates
theoretical and applied mathematics with general purpose, graphics, and
computation. I admit to a major case of hero worship, but I think he is achiving
this goal.<br />
I’m going on and on about Mathematica because, in spite of its wonderfulness,
it doesn’t seem to have taken it’s rightful place in these discussions. Maybe
Mathematica users drop out of the “what’s the best language for x” after they
start using it. I don’t know, really. But anyway, that’s the way I see it.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-25723">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/42d678f84a13ded268bf0e89b184c35b?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>Dale
wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-25723">25.
April 2010 at 12:54 am</a> : </div>
I am amazed that nobody has mentioned JMP. It is essentially equivalent to
SPSS or STATA in capabilities but far easier to use (certainly to teach or
learn). The main reason why it is not so well known is that it is a SAS product
and they don’t want to market it well for fear that nobody will want SAS any
more.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-25740">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/553018f3031ba4a8e6bdb0cf2e878306?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>ad
wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-25740">25.
April 2010 at 1:23 pm</a> : </div>
In the comparison I did not see Freemat. This is a open source tool that
follows along the lines of MATLAB. It would interesting to see how the community
compares Freemat to Matlab<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-25845">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/dc72820b627e20aa02a3fd77f994c205?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://bupka.wordpress.com/">bupka's online</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-25845">27.
April 2010 at 4:26 am</a> : </div>
bupka’s online menyediakan buku terpakai (used books) berkualitas dan
asli<br />original dengan harga miring,banyak buku teknik. silahkan kunjungi<br /><a href="http://bupka.wordpress.com/">http://bupka.wordpress.com</a><br />
buku MATLAB yg dibicarakan diatas, ada stok saat ini.<br />silahkan liat2
lainnya juga.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-25867">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/ad931f8b5a3394f6a1f85c712a2cb7ea?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>Farhat
wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-25867">27.
April 2010 at 9:37 am</a> : </div>
@Wolfe: I have used Mathematica a lot over the past 8 years and still use it
for testing ideas as small pieces of code can do fairly sophisticated stuff,
I’ve found it poor for large datasets and longer code development. It even
lacked things like support for a code versioning system until recently. The cost
is also a major detractor. Mathematica costs like $2500 or so last time I
checked. Also, some of the newer features like Manipulate seem to create issues,
I had a small piece of code using that for interactivity which sent the CPU
usage to 100% regardless of whether any change was happening or not. <br />
Also, SAGE ( <a href="http://www.sagemath.org/">http://www.sagemath.org</a>
), the open source alternative to Mathematica has gotten quite powerful in the
last few years.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-26573">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/846d25e446188b015601015adb1eb004?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://www.aliencitizens.com/">yinyangwriter</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-26573">8.
May 2010 at 6:16 am</a> : </div>
I just wanted to mention that Maple, which has not been commented on yet in
this post or in the subsequent thread, generates beautiful visuals and I used to
program in it all the time (as an alternative to Mathematica which was used by
the “other camp” and I wouldn’t touch). <br />
Also, I’m starting to use Matlab now and loving how intuitive it is (for
someone with programming experience anyway). st<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-26631">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/5ad8006a40b8438acf0e751fc6320aa5?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>Jason
wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-26631">9.
May 2010 at 5:40 pm</a> : </div>
let me quote some of Ross Ihaka’s reflection on R’s efficiency….<br />
“I’m one of the two originators of R. After reading Jan’s<br />paper I wrote to
him and said I thought it was interesting<br />that he was choosing to jump from
Lisp to R at the same<br />time I was jumping from R to Common Lisp……<br />
We started work on R in the early ’90s. At the time<br />decent Lisp
implementations required much more resources<br />than our target machines had. We
therefore wrote a small<br />scheme-like interpreter and implemented over
that.<br />Being rank amateurs we didn’t do a great job of the<br />implementation
and the semantics of the S language which<br />we borrowed also don’t lead to
efficiency (there is a<br />lot of copying of big objects).<br />R is now being
applied to much bigger problems than we<br />ever anticipated and efficiency is a
real issue. What<br />we’re looking at now is implementing a thin syntax
over<br />Common Lisp. The reason for this is that while Lisp is<br />great for
programming it is not good for carrying out<br />interactive data analysis. That
requires a mindset better<br />expressed by standard math notation. We do plan to
make<br />the syntax thin enough that it is possible to still work<br />at the Lisp
level. (I believe that the use of Lisp syntax<br />was partially responsible for
why XLispStat failed to gain<br />a large user community).<br />The payoff (we hope)
will be much greater flexibility and<br />a big boost in performance (we are
working with SBCL so<br />we gain from compilation). For some simple
calculations<br />we are seeing orders of magnitude increases in
performance<br />over R, and quite big gains over Python…..”<br />
the full post is here:<br /><a href="http://r.789695.n4.nabble.com/Ross-Ihaka-s-reflections-on-Common-Lisp-and-R-td920197.html#a920197">http://r.789695.n4.nabble.com/Ross-Ihaka-s-reflections-on-Common-Lisp-and-R-td920197.html#a920197</a><br />
it is quite interesting to note that such a “provactive” post from one of R’s
originators got 0 response from R-dev list………..<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-27214">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30 avatar-default" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/?d=identicon&s=30" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://www.skriptfoundry.com/wordpress/?p=193">Business Intelligence
Tools: looking at R as a platform for big BI. - SkriptFounders</a>
wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-27214">23.
May 2010 at 5:36 am</a> : </div>
[...] is some more information I thought was nice on the best packages for
stat analysis. The only thing thats wrong here is the [...]<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-28250">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/be41377f61030ea88573734eb313c3a9?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>Sam
wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-28250">16.
June 2010 at 4:12 pm</a> : </div>
I came across this thread and I’m finding the comments very useful. Thanks to
all!<br />
I’m trying to decide which software package to use. I’m a researcher working
with clinical (patient-related) data. I have data sets with <10,000 rows
(usually just a few thousand). I need software that will generate multivariate
and logistic regression, and Kaplan-Meier survival curves. Visualization is very
important.<br />
Of note, I’m an avid programmer as a hobby (C++, assembly, most anything), so
I’m very comfortable with a more complex package, but I need something that just
works. I’ve been using SPSS, which works, but clunky.<br />
Any suggestions? Stata? Systat? S-Plus? Maple?<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-28252">
<div class="commentmetadata_author">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/fd4b164e15fa2a834d16fb8743ec4f1b?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://anyall.org/">brendano</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-28252">16.
June 2010 at 5:13 pm</a> : </div>
I still haven’t used Stata, but its users have very strong praise for it, for
situations that sound like yours. That might be the best option to start
with.<br />
R might be worth trying too.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-29285">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/8b3d0fc890d535f5fd510dc30f458958?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>Rashad
wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-29285">5.
July 2010 at 12:48 am</a> : </div>
I am working on my undergraduate degree in statistics in the SAS direction,
which has surprised people in the field I meet. The choice was somewhat
arbitrary; I just wanted something applied to complement a pure mathematics
degree. This post has opened many (…..many) options to consider. Thanks for the
great discussion.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-31571">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/0402c7edf0ae3fc53498b01a69a2ed0b?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>Donovan
wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-31571">2.
August 2010 at 2:44 am</a> : </div>
So my question here is simple:<br />
After you peel back all the layers and look at the solution that would
require the least effort, the most power, with the greatest flexibility, why
anyone would choose anything other than RPy first, and then the language du
joire that your employer would be using second as a backup and scrap the code
war?<br />
I mean for my money, you make sure you can build a model in Excel, learn RPy
& C# and search for APIs if you need to user other languages or just plain
partner with someone who can code C++ {if you can’t} and simply inject it. <br />
I mean I plan on learning Java, PHP and SAS as well, but that is really a
personal choice. Coming from IT with in Finance, not knowing Java and SAS means
you either won’t get in the door or reach a glass ceiling pretty quickly unless
you play corporate politics really, really well. So for me, it is a necessity.
But the flip side is, wanting to make the leap into Financial Engineering after
completing a doctorate in Engineering, RPy has also become a near Realistically,
unless you just like coding, I have to say that what I have suggested makes the
most sense for the average analysis pro. But then alot of this is based upon
whether you’re a Quant Research, Quant Developer, Analyst, etc. — different
tools for different functions. <br />
Just thought<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-32797">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/e21c919b246137b987217d951331f47c?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>Mark
Smith wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-32797">14.
August 2010 at 11:06 pm</a> : </div>
Sas and r <br />
1. there is a book out on the topic
(http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1420070576?ie=UTF8&tag=sasandrblog-20&linkCode=as2&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=1420070576)<br />
2. R interface available in SAS 9.2<br />
“While SAS is committed to providing the new statistical methodologies that
the marketplace demands and will deliver new work more quickly with a recent
decoupling of the analytical product releases from Base SAS, a commercial
software vendor can only put out new work so fast. And never as as fast as a
professor and a grad student writing an academic implementation of brand-new
methodology.<br />Both R and SAS are here to stay, and finding ways to make them
work better with each other is in the best interests of our customers.<br />“We
know a lot of our users have both R and SAS in their toolkit, and we decided to
make it easier for them to access R by making it available in the SAS 9.2
environment,” said Rodriguez.<br />The SAS/IML Studio interface allows you to
integrate R functionality with SAS/IML or SAS programs. You can also exchange
data between SAS and R as data sets or matrices.<br />“This is just the first
step,” said Radhika Kulkarni, Vice President of Advanced Analytics. “We are busy
working on an R interface that can be surfaced in the SAS server or via other
SAS clients. In the future, users will be able to interface with R through the
IML procedure.“<br />
<a href="http://support.sas.com/rnd/app/studio/Rinterface2.html">http://support.sas.com/rnd/app/studio/Rinterface2.html</a><br />
While this is probably more for SAS users than R, I thought both camps might
be interested in case you get coerced into using SAS one day… doesn’t mean you
have to give up your experience with R.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-33881">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/b069f94ecb61698187c272e1b2db2d42?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>Iskander
wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-33881">26.
August 2010 at 4:51 pm</a> : </div>
I am also amazed how few people here have said anything about StatSoft
Statistica. I’ve been using it for close to 6 years and don’t see any
shortcomings at all. Consider this:<br />- full support of R<br />- fully
scriptable, which means you can call DLLs written in whatever programming
language possible and implementing things which you didn’t find inbuilt in
Statistica (which doesn’t mean it’s not there)<br />- the Statistica solver /
engine can be called externally from Excel and other applications via the
COM/OLE interface<br />- untrammelled graphics of virtually any complexity —
extremely flexible and customizable (and scriptable)<br />- the Data Miner (with
its brand new ‘Data Miner Recipes’) is another extremely powerful tool that
leaves only your imagination to limit you<br />….it would be tedious to list all
its advantages (again, the Statistica Neural Networks and the Six Sigma modules
are IMO very professionally implemented).<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-34319">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/846f468ea65b38cb673e63e9868691d2?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>ZZ
wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-34319">31.
August 2010 at 12:08 pm</a> : </div>
No package other than sas can load the unstructured data like blogs posted
here, analyze and extract the sentiments (positive, negative, neutral) about
each of the packages debated here in pretty decent precision after sas bought
teragram a few years ago.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-34631">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30 avatar-default" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/?d=identicon&s=30" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://thewebminer.com/2010/09/links-for-2010-09-04/">links for 2010-09-04
: Web Data Mining & Data Visualisation</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-34631">4.
September 2010 at 2:01 pm</a> : </div>
[...] Comparison of data analysis packages: R, Matlab, SciPy, Excel, SAS,
SPSS, Stata – Brendan O&#0… Excellent comparison between data analysis
packages: R, Matlab, SciPy, Excel, SAS, SPSS, Stata. (tags: python r matlab)
[...]<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-36368">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30 avatar-default" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/?d=identicon&s=30" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://lexis.ccpr.ucla.edu/wp/?p=526">Interesting Comparison of data
analysis packages - CCPR Computing</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-36368">23.
September 2010 at 10:31 pm</a> : </div>
[...] <a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-st..">http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-st..</a>.
Uncategorized none [...]<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-38663">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30 avatar-default" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/?d=identicon&s=30" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://alexmajy.wordpress.com/2010/10/15/some-links-about-statistical-tools/">some
links about statistical tools « 西瓜,桃子,坚果岛</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-38663">15.
October 2010 at 4:16 am</a> : </div>
[...] 1. Comparison of data analysis packages: R, Matlab, SciPy, Excel, SAS,
SPSS, Stata [...]<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-38918">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/f7b30e5e839709e7a9946a4fbf90af9c?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>John
wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-38918">17.
October 2010 at 4:40 am</a> : </div>
A post above commented: “sas is handy you have some old punch cards in the
cupboard or a huge dataset. apart from that it truly sucks. some people say that
it is good to manage data, but why not use a good relational database to do that
and then use decent statistical software to do the analysis?” A good relational
database is good at supporting online transactional processing and will in most
organizations come with a bureaucracy of gatekeepers whose role is to ensure the
integrity of the database to support mission critical transactional
applications. In other words it takes a mountain of paperwork to merely add one
field to a table. The paradigm assume a business area of ‘users’ who have their
requirements spelled out before anyone even thinks of designing let alone
programming anything. It just kills analysis. Where SAS is used data must be
extracted from such systems and loaded into text files for SAS to read, or
SAS/Access used. Generally DBAs are loath to install the latter as it is
difficult to optimize in the sense of minimizing the drain on operational
systems. <br />
On IBM mainframes the choice of languages to use is limited and by default
this will usually be SAS. Most large organisations have SAS, at least Base SAS,
installed by default because the Merrill MXG capacity planning software uses it.
Hence cost is sort of irrelevant. It then tends to be used for anything
requiring processing of text files even in production applications and this
often means processing text as text, e.g. JCL with date dependent parameters,
rather than as preparing data for loading into SAS datasets for statistical
analysis.<br />
I know nothing about R but seeing a few code sample it struck me how it
resembled APL to which we were introduced in our stats course in college in the
early 70s, not surprising as both are matrix oriented.</li>
</ol>
</div>
<hr style="margin: 10px 0px 15px;" />
</div>
<div class="entry">
<div id="wrapper">
<div id="header">
<h1>
<a href="http://anyall.org/blog">AI and Social Science - Brendan
O’Connor</a></h1>
<div class="descri">
Cognition, systems, decisions, visualization, machine
learning, etc.</div>
</div>
<div id="sidebar">
<h4>
About</h4>
<div class="about">
This is a blog on artificial intelligence and social science —
call it "Social Science++" — with an emphasis on computation and statistics. My
general website is <a href="http://anyall.org/">anyall.org</a>.</div>
<br />
<h4>
All Posts</h4>
Best posts are bold.
<ul class="new">
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2010/08/an-mlai-approach-to-p-np/">An ML/AI
approach to P != NP</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2010/04/updates-cmu-facebook/">Updates: CMU,
Facebook</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2010/04/quick-note-cer-et-al-2010/">quick
note: cer et al 2010</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2010/03/how-facebook-privacy-failed-me/">How
Facebook privacy failed me</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/12/list-of-probabilistic-model-mini-language-toolkits/">List
of probabilistic model mini-language toolkits</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/09/seeing-how-art-and-pharmaceuticals-are-linguistically-similar-in-web-text/">Seeing
how “art” and “pharmaceuticals” are linguistically similar in web text</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/09/quiz-art-and-pharmaceuticals/">Quiz:
“art” and “pharmaceuticals”</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/09/dont-mawk-awk-the-fastest-and-most-elegant-big-data-munging-language/">Don’t
MAWK AWK - the fastest and most elegant big data munging language!</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/09/patches-to-rainbow-the-old-text-classifier-that-wont-go-away/">Patches
to Rainbow, the old text classifier that won’t go away</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/09/another-r-flashmob-today/">Another R
flashmob today</a>
</li>
<li><span class="best_of"><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/08/beautiful-data-book-chapter/">Beautiful
Data book chapter</a></span>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/08/haghighi-and-klein-2009-simple-coreference-resolution-with-rich-syntactic-and-semantic-features/">Haghighi
and Klein (2009): Simple Coreference Resolution with Rich Syntactic and Semantic
Features</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/08/blogger-to-wordpress-migration-helper/">Blogger
to Wordpress migration helper</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/07/r-questions-on-stackoverflow/">R
questions on StackOverflow</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/07/fft-friedman-fortran-tricks/">FFT:
Friedman + Fortran + Tricks</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/07/road-in-a-forest/">Road in a
forest</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/07/beta-conjugate-explorer/">Beta
conjugate explorer</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/06/michael-jackson-in-persepolis/">Michael
Jackson in Persepolis</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/06/psychometrics-quote/">Psychometrics
quote</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/06/june-4/">June 4</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/05/where-tweets-get-sent-from/">Where
tweets get sent from</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/05/zipfs-law-and-world-city-populations/">Zipf’s
law and world city populations</a>
</li>
<li><span class="best_of"><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/05/announcing-tweetmotif-for-summarizing-twitter-topics-with-a-dash-of-nlp/">Announcing
TweetMotif for summarizing twitter topics</a></span>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/04/performance-comparison-keyvalue-stores-for-language-model-counts/">Performance
comparison: key/value stores for language model counts</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/04/1-billion-web-page-dataset-from-cmu/">1
billion web page dataset from CMU</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/04/pirates-killed-by-president/">Pirates
killed by President</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/04/binary-classification-evaluation-in-r-via-rocr/">Binary
classification evaluation in R via ROCR</a>
</li>
<li><span class="best_of"><span class="current_post"><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/">Comparison
of data analysis packages: R, Matlab, SciPy, Excel, SAS, SPSS,
Stata</a></span></span>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/la-jetee/">La Jetee</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/01/logic-bomb/">“Logic Bomb”</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/01/sf-conference-for-data-mining-mercenaries/">SF
conference for data mining mercenaries</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/01/love-it-and-hate-it-r-has-come-of-age/">Love
it and hate it, R has come of age</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/12/facebook-sentiment-mining-predicts-presidential-polls/">Facebook
sentiment mining predicts presidential polls</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/12/can-social-media-prevent-genocide/">Can
social media prevent genocide?</a>
</li>
<li><span class="best_of"><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/12/statistics-vs-machine-learning-fight/">Statistics
vs. Machine Learning, fight!</a></span>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/11/calculating-running-variance-in-python-and-c/">Calculating
running variance in Python and C++</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/11/python-bindings-to-googles-ajax-search-api/">Python
bindings to Google’s “AJAX” Search API</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/11/netflix-prize/">Netflix Prize</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/11/youtube-the-wire-chicken-mcnuggets/">The
Wire: Mr. Nugget</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/11/correlations-cotton-picking-vs-2008-presidential-votes/">Correlations
- cotton picking vs. 2008 Presidential votes</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/11/disease-tracking-with-web-queries-and-social-messaging-google-twitter-facebook/">Disease
tracking with web queries and social messaging (Google, Twitter, Facebook…)</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/11/obama-street-celebrations-in-san-francisco/">Obama
street celebrations in San Francisco</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/10/twitter-graphs-of-the-debate/">Twitter
graphs of the debate</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/10/is-religion-the-opiate-of-the-elite/">Is
religion the opiate of the elite?</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/10/financial-market-theory-on-the-daily-show/">Financial
market theory on the Daily Show</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/10/the-universal-declaration-of-human-rights-animated/">The
Universal Declaration of Human Rights Animated</a>
</li>
<li><span class="best_of"><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/10/it-is-accurate-to-determine-a-blogs-bias-by-what-it-links-to/">It
is accurate to determine a blog’s bias by what it links to</a></span>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/10/blog-move-has-landed/">Blog move has
landed</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/10/mydebatesorg-online-polling-and-potentially-the-coolest-question-corpus-ever/">MyDebates.org,
online polling, and potentially the coolest question corpus ever</a>
</li>
<li><span class="best_of"><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/09/palinspeakcom/">PalinSpeak.com</a></span>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/09/machine-translationvision-stanford-ai-courses-online/">"Machine"
translation/vision (Stanford AI courses online)</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/08/fukuyama-authoritarianism-is-still-against-history/">Fukuyama:
Authoritarianism is still against history</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/08/a-better-obama-vs-mccain-poll-aggregation/">A
better Obama vs McCain poll aggregation</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/08/east-vs-west-cultural-psychology/">East vs
West cultural psychology!</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/07/the-macgyver-of-data-analysis/">The
MacGyver of data analysis</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/07/link-todays-international-organizations/">Link:
Today’s international organizations</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/07/bias-correction-sneak-peek/">Bias
correction sneak peek!</a>
</li>
<li><span class="best_of"><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/06/turker-classifiers-and-binary-classification-threshold-calibration/">Turker
classifiers and binary classification threshold calibration</a></span>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/06/pairwise-comparisons-for-relevance-evaluation/">Pairwise
comparisons for relevance evaluation</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/06/clinton-obama-support-visualization/">Clinton-Obama
support visualization</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/05/sub-reddit-for-systems-science-and-or/">Sub-reddit
for Systems Science and OR</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/05/conplot-a-console-plotter/">conplot
- a console plotter</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/05/the-best-natural-language-search-commentary-on-the-internet/">The
best natural language search commentary on the internet</a>
</li>
<li><span class="best_of"><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/04/are-women-discriminated-against-in-graduate-admissions-simpsons-paradox-via-r-in-three-easy-steps/">Are
women discriminated against in graduate admissions? Simpson’s paradox via R in
three easy steps!</a></span>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/04/a-regression-slope-is-a-weighted-average-of-pairs-slopes/">a
regression slope is a weighted average of pairs’ slopes!</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/04/datawocky-more-data-usually-beats-better-algorithms/">Datawocky:
More data usually beats better algorithms</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/03/allendes-cybernetic-economy-project/">Allende’s
cybernetic economy project</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/03/quick-r-the-only-decent-r-documentation-on-the-internet/">Quick-R,
the only decent R documentation on the internet</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/03/spending-money-on-others-makes-you-happy/">Spending
money on others makes you happy</a>
</li>
<li><span class="best_of"><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/03/color-name-study-i-did/">color name study i
did</a></span>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/03/phd-comics-humanities-vs-social-sciences/">PHD
Comics: Humanities vs. Social Sciences</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/03/data-data-data/">data data data</a>
</li>
<li><span class="best_of"><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/01/food-fight/">Food Fight</a></span>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/01/graphics-atari-breakout-and-religious-text-nlp/">Graphics!
Atari Breakout and religious text NLP</a>
</li>
<li><span class="best_of"><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/01/moral-psychology-on-amazon-mechanical-turk/">Moral
psychology on Amazon Mechanical Turk</a></span>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/01/will-the-humanities-save-us/">Will
the humanities save us?</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/01/indicators-of-a-crackpot-paper/">Indicators
of a crackpot paper</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2007/12/what-is-experimental-philosophy/">What is
experimental philosophy?</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2007/12/data-driven-charity/">Data-driven
charity</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2007/12/race-and-iq-debate-links/">Race and
IQ debate - links</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2007/11/how-did-freud-become-a-respected-humanist/">How
did Freud become a respected humanist?!</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2007/11/actually-that-2008-elections-voter-fmri-study-is-batshit-insane-and-sleazy-too/">Actually
that 2008 elections voter fMRI study is batshit insane (and sleazy too)</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2007/11/pop-cog-neuro-is-so-sigh/">Pop cog
neuro is so sigh</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2007/11/authoritarian-great-power-capitalism/">Authoritarian
great power capitalism</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2007/10/neo-institutional-economic-fun/">neo
institutional economic fun!</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2007/10/verificationism-dinosaur-comics/">Verificationism
dinosaur comics</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2007/09/eeg-for-the-wii-and-in-your-basement/">EEG
for the Wii and in your basement</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2007/09/dollar-auction/">Dollar auction</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2007/08/connectucom-sql-injection-vulnerability-a-story-of-pathetic-hubris-and-fun-with-the-password-password/">ConnectU.com
SQL injection vulnerability: a story of pathetic hubris (and fun with the
password ‘password’)</a>
</li>
<li><span class="best_of"><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2007/08/its-all-in-a-name-kingdom-of-norway-vs-democratic-peoples-republic-of-korea/">It’s
all in a name: "Kingdom of Norway" vs. "Democratic People’s Republic of
Korea"</a></span>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2007/08/whens-the-last-time-you-dug-through-19th-century-english-mortuary-records/">When’s
the last time you dug through 19th century English mortuary records</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2007/08/are-ideas-interesting-or-are-they-true/">Are
ideas interesting, or are they true?</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2007/07/cooperation-dynamics-martin-nowak/">Cooperation
dynamics - Martin Nowak</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2007/07/china-fines-for-bad-maps/">China:
fines for bad maps</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2007/07/cerealitivity/">Cerealitivity</a>
</li>
<li><span class="best_of"><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2007/07/game-outcome-graphs-prisoners-dilemma-with-fun-arrows/">Game
outcome graphs — prisoner’s dilemma with FUN ARROWS!!!</a></span>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2007/07/washington-in-1774/">Washington in
1774</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2007/07/happiness-incarnate-on-the-colbert-report/">Happiness
incarnate on the Colbert Report</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2007/06/evangelicals-vs-aquarians/">Evangelicals
vs. Aquarians</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2007/06/time-will-tell-epistemology-wont/">"Time
will tell, epistemology won’t"</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2007/06/richard-rorty-has-died/">Richard
Rorty has died</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2007/06/freak-freakonomics-ariel-rubinstein-is-the-shit/">Freak-Freakonomics
(Ariel Rubinstein is the shit!)</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2007/05/stanford-impostor/">"Stanford
Impostor"</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2007/05/rock-paper-scissors-psychology/">Rock Paper
Scissors psychology</a>
</li>
<li><span class="best_of"><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2007/05/simpsons-paradox-is-so-totally-solved/">Simpson’s
paradox is so totally solved</a></span>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2007/04/more-fun-with-gapminder-trendalyzer/">More
fun with Gapminder / Trendalyzer</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2007/04/gapminderorg-terrific-world-data-visualizations/">Gapminder.org
— terrific world data visualizations</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2007/04/random-search-engine-searcher/">Random
search engine searcher</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2007/04/evil/">Evil</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2007/03/seth-roberts-and-academic-blogging/">Seth
Roberts and academic blogging</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2007/03/statistics-is-big-n-logic/">Statistics is
big-N logic?</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2007/03/feminists-anarchists-computational-complexity-bounded-rationality-nethack-and-other-things-to-do/">Feminists,
anarchists, computational complexity, bounded rationality, nethack, and other
things to do</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2007/03/computability-and-induction-and-ideal-rationality-and-the-simpsons/">Computability
and induction and ideal rationality and the simpsons</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2007/02/iraq-is-the-9th-deadliest-civil-war-since-ww2/">Iraq
is the 9th deadliest civil war since WW2</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2007/02/pascals-wager/">Pascal’s Wager</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2007/02/when-linguists-appear-on-ironic-parody-talk-shows/">When
linguists appear on ironic parody talk shows</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2007/01/the-jungle-economy/">The Jungle
Economy</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2007/01/funny-comic/">funny comic</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2007/01/anarchy-vs-social-order-in-somalia/">Anarchy
vs. social order in Somalia</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2006/09/double-thesis-action/">Double thesis
action</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2006/08/a-big-fun-list-of-links-im-reading/">A big,
fun list of links I’m reading</a>
</li>
<li><span class="best_of"><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2006/07/4-move-rock-paper-scissors/">4-move rock,
paper, scissors!</a></span>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2006/07/two-middle-east-politics-visualizations/">Two
Middle East politics visualizations</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2006/07/neuroscience-and-economics-both-ways/">neuroscience
and economics both ways</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2006/06/social-network-ized-economic-markets/">Social
network-ized economic markets</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2006/06/rock-paper-scissors/">Rock, Paper,
Scissors</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2006/06/neuroeconomics-reviews/">Neuroeconomics
reviews</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2006/05/lordi-goes-to-eurovision/">Lordi
goes to Eurovision</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2006/05/drunken-monkeys-experiment/">Drunken
monkeys experiment!</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2006/04/easterly-vs-sachs-on-global-poverty/">Easterly
vs. Sachs on global poverty</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2006/04/high-irony/">high irony</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2006/04/the-identity-politics-of-satananic-zombie-alien-man-beasts/">The
identity politics of satananic zombie alien man-beasts</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2006/03/new-kind-of-science-for-real/">new
kind of science, for real</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2006/03/mark-turner-toward-the-founding-of-cognitive-social-science/">Mark
Turner: Toward the Founding of Cognitive Social Science</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2006/02/libertarianism-and-evolution-dont-mix/">Libertarianism
and evolution don’t mix</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2005/11/academic-blogging/">academic
blogging</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2005/11/science-writing-bad/">science
writing bad!</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2005/10/34/">Bush approval ratings</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2005/09/kurzweil-interview/">Kurzweil
interview</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2005/09/cognitive-modelling-is-rational-choice/">cognitive
modelling is rational choice++</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2005/09/submit-your-poker-data/">Submit your
poker data!</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2005/08/bayesian-analysis-of-intelligent-design-revised/">Bayesian
analysis of intelligent design (revised!)</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2005/08/searchin-for-our-friend-homo-economicus/">searchin’
for our friend, homo economicus</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2005/07/balkanized-usa/">balkanized USA</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2005/07/war-death-statistics/">war death
statistics</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2005/07/guns-germs-steel-pbs-show/">guns,
germs, & steel pbs show?!</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2005/07/the-psychology-of-design-as-explanation/">the
psychology of design as explanation</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2005/07/another-blog-cog-psych-and-politicalsocial-stuff/">another
blog: cog psych and political/social stuff</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2005/07/a-bayesian-analysis-of-intelligent-design/">a
bayesian analysis of intelligent design</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2005/07/22/">Statistical inference and
social science</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2005/07/finding-some-decision-science-blogs/">finding
some decision science blogs</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2005/07/20/">Social economics and
rationality</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2005/07/city-crisis-simulation-eg-terrorist-attack/">City
crisis simulation (e.g. terrorist attack)</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2005/07/freakonomics-blog/">freakonomics
blog</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2005/07/supreme-court-agreement/">Supreme
Court justices’ agreement levels</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2005/07/echo-pse-cbs/">$ echo
{political,social,economic}{cognition,behavior,systems}</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2005/07/modelling-environmentalism-thinking/">Modelling
environmentalism thinking</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2005/06/monkey-economics-and-brothels/">monkey
economics (and brothels)</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2005/06/more-argumentation-aiformal-modelling-links/">more
argumentation & AI/formal modelling links</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2005/06/zombies/">zombies!</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2005/06/looking-for-related-blogslinks/">looking
for related blogs/links</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2005/06/idea-morals-are-heuristics-for-socially-optimal-behavior/">idea:
Morals are heuristics for socially optimal behavior</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2005/06/1st-international-conference-on-computational-models-of-argument-comma06/">1st
International Conference on Computational Models of Argument (COMMA06)</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2005/05/online-deliberation-2005-conference-blog-more-is-up/">Online
Deliberation 2005 conference blog & more is up!</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2004/12/go-science/">go science</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2004/11/addiction-2-problems-of-economics/">addiction
& 2 problems of economics</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2004/11/gintis-theoretical-unity-in-the-social-sciences/">gintis:
theoretical unity in the social sciences</a></li>
</ul>
<div style="clear: both;">
</div>
<div class="leftbar">
</div>
</div>
<div id="content">
<div class="entry">
<h1>
Comparison of data analysis packages: R, Matlab, SciPy, Excel, SAS, SPSS,
Stata</h1>
<a href="http://lukasbiewald.com/">Lukas</a> and I were trying to write a
succinct comparison of the most popular packages that are typically used for
data analysis. I think most people choose one based on what people around them
use or what they learn in school, so I’ve found it hard to find comparative
information. I’m posting the table here in hopes of useful comments.<br />
<table border="1" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><strong>Name</strong></td>
<td><strong>Advantages</strong></td>
<td><strong>Disadvantages</strong></td>
<td><strong>Open source?</strong></td>
<td valign="top"><strong>Typical </strong><strong>users</strong></td></tr>
<tr>
<td>R</td>
<td>Library support; visualization</td>
<td>Steep learning curve</td>
<td>Yes</td>
<td valign="top">Finance; Statistics</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Matlab</td>
<td>Elegant matrix support; visualization</td>
<td>Expensive; incomplete statistics support</td>
<td>No</td>
<td valign="top">Engineering</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>SciPy/NumPy/Matplotlib</td>
<td>Python (general-purpose programming language)</td>
<td>Immature</td>
<td>Yes</td>
<td valign="top">Engineering</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Excel</td>
<td>Easy; visual; flexible</td>
<td>Large datasets</td>
<td>No</td>
<td valign="top">Business</td></tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top">SAS</td>
<td valign="top">Large datasets</td>
<td valign="top">Expensive; outdated programming language</td>
<td valign="top">No</td>
<td valign="top">Business; Government</td></tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top">Stata</td>
<td valign="top">Easy statistical analysis</td>
<td valign="top">
</td><td valign="top">No</td>
<td valign="top">Science</td></tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top">SPSS</td>
<td colspan="4" valign="top">Like Stata but more expensive and
worse</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
[<b>7/09 update:</b> tweaks incorporating some of the excellent comments
below, esp. for SAS, SPSS, and Stata.]<br />
There’s a bunch more to be said for every cell. Among other things: <br />
<ul>
<li>Two big divisions on the table: The more programming-oriented solutions are
R, Matlab, and Python. More analytic solutions are Excel, SAS, Stata, and SPSS.
</li>
<li>Python “immature”: matplotlib, numpy, and scipy are all separate libraries
that don’t always get along. Why does matplotlib come with “pylab” which is
supposed to be a unified namespace for everything? Isn’t scipy supposed to do
that? Why is there duplication between numpy and scipy (e.g. numpy.linalg vs.
scipy.linalg)? And then there’s package compatibility version hell. You can
use SAGE or Enthought but neither is standard (yet). In terms of functionality
and approach, SciPy is closest to Matlab, but it feels much less mature.
</li>
<li>Matlab’s language is certainly weak. It sometimes doesn’t seem to be much
more than a scripting language wrapping the matrix libraries. Python is clearly
better on most counts. R’s is surprisingly good (Scheme-derived, smart use of
named args, etc.) if you can get past the bizarre language constructs and weird
functions in the standard library. Everyone says SAS is very bad.
</li>
<li>Matlab is the best for developing new mathematical algorithms. Very popular
in machine learning.
</li>
<li>I’ve never used the Matlab Statistical Toolbox. I’m wondering, how good is
it compared to R?
</li>
<li>Here’s an <a href="http://www.reddit.com/r/programming/comments/7fg6i/why_are_sasstata_the_default_statistical_tools/">interesting
reddit thread</a> on SAS/Stata vs R.
</li>
<li>SPSS and Stata in the same category: they seem to have a similar role so we
threw them together. Stata is a lot cheaper than SPSS, people usually seem to
like it, and it seems popular for introductory courses. I personally haven’t
used either…
</li>
<li>SPSS and Stata for “Science”: we’ve seen biologists and social scientists
use lots of Stata and SPSS. My impression is they get used by people who want
the easiest way possible to do the sort of standard statistical analyses that
are very orthodox in many academic disciplines. (ANOVA, multiple regressions,
t- and chi-squared significance tests, etc.) Certain types of scientists, like
physicists, computer scientists, and statisticians, often do weirder stuff that
doesn’t fit into these traditional methods.
</li>
<li>Another important thing about SAS, from my perspective at least, is that
it’s used mostly by an older crowd. I know dozens of people under 30 doing
statistical stuff and only one knows SAS. At that <a href="http://dataspora.com/blog/predictive-analytics-using-r/">R meetup</a> last
week, <a href="http://www.meetup.com/R-Users/members/7654264/">Jim Porzak</a>
asked the audience if there were any recent grad students who had learned R in
school. Many hands went up. Then he asked if SAS was even offered as an
option. All hands went down. There were boatloads of SAS representatives at
that conference and they sure didn’t seem to be on the leading edge.
</li>
<li>But: is there ANY package besides SAS that can do analysis for datasets that
don’t fit into memory? That is, ones that mostly have to stay on disk? And
exactly how good as SAS’s capabilities here anyway?
</li>
<li>If your dataset can’t fit on a single hard drive and you need a cluster,
none of the above will work. There are a few multi-machine data processing
frameworks that are somewhat standard (e.g. Hadoop, MPI) but It’s an open
question what the standard distributed data analysis framework will be. (Hive?
Pig? Or quite possibly something else.)
</li>
<li>(This was an interesting point at the R meetup. Porzak was talking about
how going to MySQL gets around R’s in-memory limitations. But Itamar Rosenn and
Bo Cowgill (Facebook and Google respectively) were talking about multi-machine
datasets that require cluster computation that R doesn’t come close to touching,
at least right now. It’s just a whole different ballgame with that large a
dataset.)
</li>
<li>SAS people complain about poor graphing capabilities.
</li>
<li>R vs. Matlab visualization support is controversial. One view I’ve heard
is, R’s visualizations are great for exploratory analysis, but you want
something else for very high-quality graphs. Matlab’s interactive plots are
super nice though. Matplotlib follows the Matlab model, which is fine, but is
uglier than either IMO.
</li>
<li>Excel has a far, far larger user base than any of these other options.
That’s important to know. I think it’s underrated by computer scientist sort of
people. But it does massively break down at >10k or certainly >100k rows.
</li>
<li>Another option: Fortran and C/C++. They are super fast and memory
efficient, but tricky and error-prone to code, have to spend lots of time
mucking around with I/O, and have zero visualization and data management
support. Most of the packages listed above run Fortran numeric libraries for
the heavy lifting.
</li>
<li>Another option: Mathematica. I get the impression it’s more for theoretical
math, not data analysis. Can anyone prove me wrong?
</li>
<li>Another option: the pre-baked data mining packages. The open-source ones I
know of are Weka and Orange. I hear there are zillions of commercial ones too.
Jerome Friedman, a big statistical learning guy, has an interesting complaint
that they should focus more on traditional things like significance tests and
experimental design. (<a href="http://www-stat.stanford.edu/~jhf/ftp/dm-stat.pdf">Here</a>; the article
that inspired <a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/12/statistics-vs-machine-learning-fight/">this
rant</a>.)
</li>
<li>I think knowing where the typical users come from is very informative for
what you can expect to see in the software’s capabilities and user community.
I’d love more information on this for all these options.</li>
</ul>
What do people think?<br />
<div class="indicator">
•</div>
<h2 class="comments-template" id="comments">
114 comments to “Comparison of data
analysis packages: R, Matlab, SciPy, Excel, SAS, SPSS, Stata”</h2>
<div class="comments-template">
<ol class="commentlist">
<li id="comment-3183">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/fd67478d286b87e0aeb30d157962abda?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>Eric
Sun wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3183">23.
February 2009 at 8:53 pm</a> : </div>
>>I know dozens of people under 30 doing statistical stuff and only one
knows SAS.<br />
I’m assuming the “one” is me, so I’ll just say a few points:<br />I’m taking
John Chambers’s R class at Stanford this quarter, so I’m slowly and steadily
becoming an R convert.<br />That said, I don’t think anything besides SAS can do
well with datasets that don’t fit in memory. We used SAS in litigation
consulting because we frequently had datasets in the 1-20 GB range (i.e. can fit
easily on one hard disk but difficult to work with in R/Stata where you have to
load it all in at once) and almost never larger than 20GB. In this relatively
narrow context, it makes a lot of sense to use SAS: it’s very efficient and easy
to get summary statistics, look at a few observations here and there, and do
lots of different kinds of analyses. I recall a Cournot Equilibrium-finding
simulation that we wrote using the SAS macro language, which would be quite
difficult in R, I think. I don’t have quantitative stats on SAS’s capabilities,
but I would certainly not think twice about importing a 20 GB file into SAS and
working with it in the same way as I would a 20 MB file. <br />
That said, if you have really huge internet-scale data that won’t fit on one
hard drive, then SAS won’t be too useful either. I’ll be very interested if this
R + Hadoop system ever becomes mature: <a href="http://www.stat.purdue.edu/~sguha/rhipe/">http://www.stat.purdue.edu/~sguha/rhipe/</a><br />
In my work at Facebook, Python + RPy2 is a good solution for large datasets
that don’t need to be loaded into memory all at once (for example, analyzing one
facebook network at a time). If you have mutliple machines, these computations
can be speeded up using iPython’s parallel computing facilities.<br />
Also, R’s graphical capabilities continue to surprise me; you can actually do
a lot of advanced stuff. I don’t do much graphics, but perhaps check out “R
Graphics” by Murrell or Deepayan Sarkar’s book on Lattice Graphics.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3184">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/fd67478d286b87e0aeb30d157962abda?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>Eric
Sun wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3184">23.
February 2009 at 8:55 pm</a> : </div>
I thought that most people consider SAS to have the highest learning curve,
certainly higher than R. but maybe I’m mistaken about that.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3186">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/9afa1a12e74de7c233e6ccaa4239810a?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>Justin
wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3186">23.
February 2009 at 10:24 pm</a> : </div>
Calling scipy immature sounds somehow “wrong”. The issues you come up with
are more of early design flaws that will not go away, no matter how “mature”
scipy is getting.<br />
That said, these are flaws, but they seem pretty minor to me.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3189">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/8918a69120d4c944a40c07e3cc1f0e08?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://www.inference.phy.cam.ac.uk/ear23/">Edward Ratzer</a>
wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3189">23.
February 2009 at 10:42 pm</a> : </div>
I’ve recently seen GNU DAP mentioned as an open-source equivalent to SAS.
Know if it’s any good?<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3191">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/7230661fec9e3def0c5498c20456743f?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>TS
Waterman wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3191">23.
February 2009 at 10:49 pm</a> : </div>
Have you considered Octave in this regard? It’s a GNU-licensed Matlab clone.
Very nice graphing capability, Matlab syntax and library functions, open
source.<br />
<a href="http://www.gnu.org/software/octave/FAQ.html#MATLAB-compatibility">http://www.gnu.org/software/octave/FAQ.html#MATLAB-compatibility</a><br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3192">
<div class="commentmetadata_author">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/fd4b164e15fa2a834d16fb8743ec4f1b?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://anyall.org/">brendano</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3192">23.
February 2009 at 10:52 pm</a> : </div>
@Eric - oops, yeah should’ve put SAS as hardest. Good point that the standard
of judging how good large dataset support is, is whether you can manipulate a
big dataset the same way you manipulate a small dataset. I’ve loaded 1-2 GB of
data into R and you definitely have to do things differently (e.g. never use
by()). <br />
@Justin - scipy certainly seems like it keeps improving. I just keep
comparing it to matlab and it’s constantly behind. I remember once watching
someone try to make a 3d plot. He spent quite a while going through various
half-baked python solutions that didn’t work. Then he booted up matlab and had
one in less than a minute. Matlab’s functionality is well-designed,
well-put-together and well-documented.<br />
@Edward - I have seen it mentioned too. From glancing at its home page, it
seems like a pretty small-time project.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3193">
<div class="commentmetadata_author">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/fd4b164e15fa2a834d16fb8743ec4f1b?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://anyall.org/">brendano</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3193">23.
February 2009 at 10:58 pm</a> : </div>
@TS - yeah, i used octave just once for something simple. it worked fine. my
issues were: first, i’m not impressed with gnuplot graphing. second, the
interactive environment isn’t too great. third, trying to clone the matlab
language seems crazy since it’s kind of crappy. i think i’d usually pick scipy
over octave if being free is a requirement, else go with matlab if i have access
to it.<br />
otoh it looks like it supports some nice things like sparse matrices that
i’ve had a hard time with lately in R and scipy. i guess worth another look at
some point…<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3194">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/faef2c296b5989d5df52e251bf3105fb?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://www.dataspora.com/blog">Michael E. Driscoll</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3194">23.
February 2009 at 11:05 pm</a> : </div>
Brendan, <br />
Nice overview, I think another dimension you don’t mention — but which Bo
Cowgill alluded to at our R panel talk — is performance. Matlab is typically
stronger in this vein, but R has made significant progress with more recent
versions. Some benchmark results can be found at:<br />
<a href="http://mlg.eng.cam.ac.uk/dave/rmbenchmark.php">http://mlg.eng.cam.ac.uk/dave/rmbenchmark.php</a><br />
MD<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3195">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/701c39d544a44d698b158c054b3fd872?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>Mike
wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3195">23.
February 2009 at 11:27 pm</a> : </div>
In high energy particle physics, ROOT is the package of choice. It’s
distributed by CERN, but it’s open source, and is multi-platform (though the
Linux flavor is best supported). It does solve some of the problems you
mentioned, like running over large datasets that can’t be entirely
memory-resident. The syntax is C++ based, and has both an interpreter and the
ability to compile/execute scripts from the command line.<br />
There are lots of reasons to prefer other packages (like R) over ROOT for
certain tasks, but in the end there’s little that can be done with other
packages that one cannot do with ROOT.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3197">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/96984307e7fc179d722dc9c41ea4a52f?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://www.datawrangling.com/">Pete Skomoroch</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3197">24.
February 2009 at 12:32 am</a> : </div>
This is obviously oversimplified - but that is the point of a succinct
comparison. I would add that you are missing a lot of disadvantages for Excel -
it has incomplete statistics support and an outdated “language” :) <br />
Python actually really shines above the others for handling large datasets
using memmap files or a distributed computing approach. R obviously has a
stronger statistics user base and more complete libraries in that area - along
with better “out-of-the-box” visualizations. Also, some of the benefits overlap
- using numpy/scipy you get that same elegant matrix support / syntax that
matlab has, basically slicing arrays and wrapping lapack.<br />
The advantages of having a real programming language and all the additional
non-statistical libraries & frameworks available to you make Python the
language of choice for me. If there is something scipy is weak at that I need,
I’ll also use R in a pinch or move down to C. I think you are basically
operating at a disadvantage if you are using the other packages at this point.
The only other reason I can see to use them is if you have no choice, for
example if you inherited a ton of legacy code within your organization.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3202">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/a7f4f9dcbbf1d46d660b0a6c98435751?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://www.johndcook.com/blog">John</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3202">24.
February 2009 at 3:09 am</a> : </div>
I’m sure you’ve stirred up a lot of controversy. Thanks for calling ‘em like
you see ‘em.<br />
As for Mathematica, I haven’t used it for statistics beyond some basic
support for common distributions. But one thing it does well is very consistent
syntax. I used it when it first came out, then didn’t use if for years, and then
started using it again. When I came back to it, I was able to pick it up right
where I left off. I can’t put R down for a <em>week</em> and remember the
syntax. Mathematica may not do everything, but what it does do, it does
elegantly.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3207">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/efa66f8a0c80fbf096bd1f5ffccf7652?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://blog.quaternio.net/">jessy</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3207">24.
February 2009 at 6:34 am</a> : </div>
it would be awesome to have an informal, hands on tutorial comparison of
several of these languages (looking at ease, performance, features, etc.). maybe
a meetup at something like <a href="http://www.superhappydevhouse.org/">super
happy dev house</a>, or even something separate. just a thought!<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3208">
<div class="commentmetadata_author">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/fd4b164e15fa2a834d16fb8743ec4f1b?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://anyall.org/">brendano</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3208">24.
February 2009 at 6:34 am</a> : </div>
@Michael Driscoll - good point! I was afraid to make performance claims since
I’ve heard that Matlab is getting faster, they have a JIT or a nice compiler or
something now, and I haven’t used it too much recently. (That benchmark page
doesn’t even say which matlab version was used, though I emailed the guy…) I’m
also suspicious of performance comparisons since I’d expect much of it to be
very dependent on the matrix library and there are several LAPACKs out there
(ATLAS and others) and many compiletime parameters to fiddle with. I think I
read something claiming many binary builds of R don’t use the best LAPACK they
could. I’m not totally sure of this though. But if it’s true that Matlab knows
how to vectorize for-loops, that’s really impressive.<br />
@Mike - ah yes, i remember looking at ROOT a long time ago and thinking it
was impressive. But then I forgot about it because all the cs/stats people whose
stuff I usually read don’t know about it. I think it just goes to show you that
the data analysis tools problem is tackled so differently by different groups of
people, it’s very easy to not miss out on better options just due to lack of
information!<br />
@Pete - yeah I whine about python. but I seem to use numpy plenty still :)
actually its freeness is a huge win over matlab for cluster environments since
you dont’ have to pay for a zillion licenses…<br />
Hm I seem to be talking myself into thinking it’s down to R vs Python vs
Matlab. then the rosetta stone <a href="http://mathesaurus.sourceforge.net/matlab-python-xref.pdf">http://mathesaurus.sourceforge.net/matlab-python-xref.pdf</a>
should be my guide…<br />
@John - very interesting. I think many R users have had the experience of
quickly forgetting how to do basic things.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3211">
<div class="commentmetadata_author">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/fd4b164e15fa2a834d16fb8743ec4f1b?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://anyall.org/">brendano</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3211">24.
February 2009 at 9:33 am</a> : </div>
From David Knowles, who did the comparison Mike Driscoll linked to
(http://mlg.eng.cam.ac.uk/dave/rmbenchmark.php):<br />
> Nice comparison. I would add to the pros of R/Python that the
data<br />> structures are much richer than Matlab. The big pro of Matlab
still<br />> seems to be performance (and maybe the GUI for some people). On
top of<br />> being expensive Matlab is a nightmare if you want to run a
program on<br />> lots of nodes because you need a license for every
node!<br />><br />> It’s 2008b I did the comparison with - I should mention
that!<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3227">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/2b94584c2604c7639f12223430ed3a95?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://evendolite.net/newjournal.php3?who=Lord+Omlette">Capt. Jean-Luc
Pikachu</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3227">24.
February 2009 at 2:45 pm</a> : </div>
From <a href="http://blinkdagger.com/category/statistics">Rob Slaza’s
statistics toolbox tutorials</a>, it *seems* like using MATLAB for stats is
reasonably simple…<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3234">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/690c5ff58965b8f030e2368d31372477?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://www.mathworks.com/products/parallel-computing">Gaurav</a>
wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3234">24.
February 2009 at 9:27 pm</a> : </div>
<blockquote>
On top of being expensive Matlab is a nightmare if you want to run a program
on lots of nodes because you need a license for every node! </blockquote>
@Brendan: <br />
Re David Knowles’ comment… <br />
There are specialized parallel/distributed computing tools available from
MathWorks for writing large-scale applications (for clusters, grid etc.). You
should check out: <a href="http://www.mathworks.com/products/parallel-computing">http://www.mathworks.com/products/parallel-computing</a>.
<br />
Running full-fledged desktop MATLAB on a huge number of nodes is messy and of
course very expensive not to mention that a single user would take away several
licenses for which other users will have to wait. <br />
<i>Disclosure: I work for the parallel computing team at The MathWorks
</i><br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3240">
<div class="commentmetadata_author">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/fd4b164e15fa2a834d16fb8743ec4f1b?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://anyall.org/">brendano</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3240">25.
February 2009 at 12:27 am</a> : </div>
Another guy from Mathworks, their head of Matlab product management Scott
Hirsch, contacted me about the language issue and was very kind and
clarifi-cative. The most interesting bits below.<br />
On Tue, Feb 24, 2009 at 7:20 AM, Scott Hirsch <scott>wrote:<br />>>
Brendan –<br />>><br />>> Thanks for the interesting discussion you got
rolling on several popular<br />>> data analysis
packages<br />[...]<br />>> I’m always very interested to hear the
perspectives of MATLAB users, and<br />>> appreciate your comments about
what you like and what you don’t like. I was<br />>> interested in following
up on this comment:<br />>><br />>> “Matlab’s language is certainly
weak. It sometimes doesn’t seem to be<br />>> much more than a scripting
language wrapping the matrix libraries. “<br />>><br />>> I have my own
assumptions about what you might mean, but I’d be very<br />>> interested in
hearing your perspectives here. I would greatly appreciate it<br />>> if you
could share your thoughts on this subject.<br />><br />> sure. most of my
experiences are with matlab 6. just briefly,<br />><br />> * leave out
semicolon => print the expression. that is insane.<br />> * each function
has to be defined in its own file<br />> * no optional arguments<br />> * no
named arguments<br />> * no way to group variables together in a structure. (i
don’t need object<br />> orientation, just a bunch of named items)<br />> * no
perl/python-style hashes<br />> * no object orientation (or just a message
dispatch system) … less<br />> important<br />> * poor/no support for
text<br />> * or other things a general purpose language knows how to do (sql,
networks,<br />> etc etc)</scott><br />
On Tue, Feb 24, 2009 at 11:27 AM, Scott Hirsch <scott>wrote:<br />>
Thanks, Brendan. This is very helpful. Some of the things have been<br />>
addressed, but not all. Here are some quick notes on where we are today.<br />>
Just to be clear – I have no intention (or interest) in changing your<br />>
perspectives, just figured I could let you know in case you were
curious.<br />><br />><br />><br />> > * leave out semicolon => print
the expression. that is insane.<br />> No plans to change this. Our solution is
a bit indirect, but doesn’t break<br />> the behavior that lots of users have
come to expect. We have a code<br />> analysis tool (M-Lint) that will point
out missing semi-colons, either while<br />> you are editing a file, or in a
batch process for all files in a directory.<br />><br />> > * each function
has to be defined in its own file<br />> You can include multiple functions in
a file, but it introduces unique<br />> semantics – primarily that the scope of
these functions is limited to within<br />> the file.</scott><br />
[[ addendum from me: yeah, exactly. if you want to make functions that
are<br />shared in different pieces of your code, you usually have to do 1
function per<br />file. ]]<br />
> > * no optional arguments<br />> Nothing yet.<br />><br />> > *
no named arguments<br />> Nope.<br />><br />> > * no way to group
variables together in a structure. (i don’t need object<br />> orientation,
just a bunch of named items)<br />> We’ve had structures since MATLAB 5.<br />
[[ addendum from me: well, structures aren't very conventional in
standard<br />matlab style, or at least certainly not the standard library. most
algorithm<br />functions return a tuple of variables, instead of packaging things
together<br />into a structure. ]]<br />
> > * no perl/python-style hashes<br />> We just added a Map container
last year.<br />><br />> > * no object orientation (or just a message
dispatch system) … less<br />> important<br />> We had very weak OO
capabilities in MATLAB 6, but introduced a modern system<br />> in
R2008a.<br />><br />> > * poor/no support for text<br />> This has gotten
a bit better, primarily through the introduction of regular<br />> expressions,
but can still be awkward.<br />><br />> > * or other things a general
purpose language knows how to do (sql, networks,<br />> etc etc)<br />> Not
much here, other than a smattering (Database Toolbox for SQL,<br />>
miscellaneous commands for web interaction, WSDL, …)<br />><br />> Thanks
again. I really do appreciate getting your perspective. It’s<br />> helpful for
me to understand how MATLAB is perceived.<br />><br />> -scott<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3241">
<div class="commentmetadata_author">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/fd4b164e15fa2a834d16fb8743ec4f1b?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://anyall.org/">brendano</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3241">25.
February 2009 at 12:38 am</a> : </div>
@Gaurav - it sure would be nice if i could see how much this parallel toolbox
costs without having to register for a login!<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3256">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/96984307e7fc179d722dc9c41ea4a52f?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://www.datawrangling.com/">Peter Skomoroch</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3256">25.
February 2009 at 11:30 am</a> : </div>
There is another good numpy/matlab comparison here:<br />
<a href="http://www.scipy.org/NumPy_for_Matlab_Users">http://www.scipy.org/NumPy_for_Matlab_Users</a><br />
As of the last year, a standard ipython install ( “easy_install
IPython[kernel]” ) now includes parallel computing right out of the box, no
licenses required:<br />
<a href="http://ipython.scipy.org/doc/rel-0.9.1/html/parallel/index.html">http://ipython.scipy.org/doc/rel-0.9.1/html/parallel/index.html</a><br />
If this is going to turn into a performance shootout, then I’ll add that from
what I’ve seen Python with numpy/scipy outperforms Matlab for vectorized
code.<br />
My impression has been that performance order is Numpy > Matlab > R,
but as my friend Mike Salib used to say - “All benchmarks are lies”. Anyway,
competition is good and discussions like this keep everyone thinking about how
to improve their platforms.<br />
Also, keep in mind that performance is often a sticking point for people when
it need not be. One of the things I’ve found with dynamically typed languages is
that ease of use often trumps raw performance - and you can always move the
intensive stuff down to a lower level. <br />
For people who like poking at numbers:<br />
<a href="http://www.scipy.org/PerformancePython">http://www.scipy.org/PerformancePython</a><br /><a href="http://www.mail-archive.com/numpy-discussion@scipy.org/msg14685.html">http://www.mail-archive.com/numpy-discussion@scipy.org/msg14685.html</a><br /><a href="http://www.mail-archive.com/numpy-discussion@scipy.org/msg01282.html">http://www.mail-archive.com/numpy-discussion@scipy.org/msg01282.html</a><br />
Sturla has some strong points here:<br /><a href="http://www.mail-archive.com/numpy-discussion@scipy.org/msg14697.html">http://www.mail-archive.com/numpy-discussion@scipy.org/msg14697.html</a><br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3258">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/651cb9236431f9aa7cabe4ae35a7dced?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>thrope
wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3258">25.
February 2009 at 11:44 am</a> : </div>
@brendano - I think it might be a case of “if you have to ask you can’t
afford it” :)<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3259">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/cb441db5c161337378e5fa5d1a8ca433?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>devicerandom
wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3259">25.
February 2009 at 11:48 am</a> : </div>
What about Origin (and Linux/Unix open source clones like Qtiplot)? I know a
lot of people using them, and they allow fast, easy statistical analysis with
beautiful graphs out of the box. Qtiplot is quite immature but it is
Python-scriptable, which is a definitive plus for me -I don’t know about
Origin.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3264">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/a66ddcd0ac65b425edf020e3babcce9a?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://www.xubuntix.org/">Stefan</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3264">25.
February 2009 at 12:49 pm</a> : </div>
Hi. I think this is a very incomplete comparison. If you want to make a real
comparison, it should be more complete than <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_numerical_analysis_software">this
wiki article </a>. And to give a bit of personal feedback:<br />I know 2 people
using STATA (social science), 2 people using Excel (philosophy and economics),
several using LabView (engineers), some using R (statistical science,
astronomy), several using S-Lang (astronomy), several using Python (astronomy)
and by using Python, I mean that they are using the packages they need, which
might be numpy, scipy, matplotlib, mayavi2, pymc, kapteyn, pyfits, pytables and
many more. And this is the main advantage of using a real language for data
analysis: you can choose among the many solutions the one that fits you best. I
also know several people who use IDL and ROOT (astronomy and physics).<br />I have
used IDL, ROOT, PDL, (Excel if you really want to count that in) and Python and
I like Python best :-)<br />@brendano: One other note: I think that you really
have to distinguish between data analysis and data visualization. In astronomy
this is often handled by completely different software. The key here is to
support standardized file storage/ exchange formats. In your example the people
used scipy which does <b>not offer a single visualization routine</b>, so you
can not blame scipy for difficulties with 3D plots…<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3265">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/f3cb0908274c7ca0edb59d99bdbbd202?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://cournape.wordpress.com/">david</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3265">25.
February 2009 at 12:58 pm</a> : </div>
I am a core scipy/numpy developer, and I don’t think calling them immature
from a user POV is totally unfair. Every time someone tries
numpy/scipy/matplotlib and cannot plot something simple in a couple of minutes
is a failure of our side. I can only say that we are improving - projects like
pythonxy or enthought are really helpful too for people who want something more
integrated.<br />
There is no denying than if you are into an integrated solution, numpy/scipy
is not the best solution of the ones mentioned today - it may well be the worse
(I don’t know them all, but I am very familiar with matlab, and somewhat
familiar with R). There is a fundamental problem for all those integrated
solutions: once you hit their limitations, you can’t go beyond that. Not being
able to handle data which do not fit in memory in matlab, that’s a pretty
fundamental issue, for example. Not having basic data structures (hashmap, tree,
etc…) another one. Making advanced UI in matlab, not easy either. <br />
You can build your own solution with the python stack: the numpy array
capabilities are far beyond matlab’s one, for example (broadcasting, advanced
indexing are much powerful than matlab current capabilities). The C API is
complete, and you can do things which are simply not possible with matlab. You
want to handle very big datasets ? pytables give you a database-like API on top
of hdf5. Things like cython are also very powerful for people who need speed. I
believe those are partially consequences of not being integrated.<br />
Concerning the flaws you mentioned (scipy.linalg vs numpy.linalg, etc…):
those are mostly legacies, or exist because removing them would be too costly.
There are some efforts to remove redundancy, but not all of them will disappear.
They are confusing for a newcomer (they were for me), but they are pretty minor
IMHO, compared to other problems.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3267">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/886f422466feefe00e04225c00c680d6?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>bill
wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3267">25.
February 2009 at 2:29 pm</a> : </div>
You forgot support and continuity. In my experience, SAS offers very good
support and continuity. Others claim SPSS does, too (I have no experience
there). In a commercial environment, the programs need to outlive the analyst
and the whims of the academic/grad student support/development. For one-off
disposable projects, R has lots of advantages. For commercial systems, not so
many.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3272">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/c3716cdfc6df061693ae52de84068352?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>Lou
Pecora wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3272">25.
February 2009 at 4:45 pm</a> : </div>
I’ve looked at several of the “packages” mentioned here (R, Octave, MATLAB,
C, C++, Fortran, Mathematica). I’m a physicist who is often working in new
fields where understanding the phenomena is the main goal. This means my
colleagues and I are often developing new numerical/theoretical/data-analysis
approaches. For anyone in this situation I unequivocally recommend:<br />
Python.<br />
Why? Because given my situation there often are no canned routines. That
means soon or later (usually sooner) I will be programming. Of all the languages
and packages I’ve used Python has no equal. It is object oriented, has very
forgiving run-time behavior, fast turn around (no edit, compile, debug cycles —
just edit and run cycles), great built in structures, good modularity, and very
good libraries. And, it’s easy to learn. I want to spend my time getting
results, not programming, but I have to go through code development since often
nothing like what I want to do exists and I’ve got to link the numerics to I/O
and maybe some interactive things that make it easy to use and run smoothly.
I’ve taken on projects that I would not want to attempt in any of the
packages/languages I’ve listed. <br />
I agree that Python is not wart-free. The version compatibility can sometimes
be frustrating. “One-stop shopping” for a complete Python package is not here,
yet (although Enthought is making good progress). It will never be as fast as
MATLAB for certain things (JIT compiling, etc. makes MATLAB faster at times).
Python plotting is certainly not up to Mathematica standards (although it is
good). <br />
However, the Python community is very nice and very responsive. Python now
has several easy ways to add extensions written in C or C++ for faster numerics.
And for all my desire not to spend time coding, I must admit I find Python
programming fun to do. I cannot say that for anything else I’ve used.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3274">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/b684c02bab6c8d54c0c25c4b69ee1135?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://www.cs.toronto.edu/~dwf">David Warde-Farley</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3274">25.
February 2009 at 6:35 pm</a> : </div>
There is good reason for the duplication of “linalg” in SciPy. SciPy’s brand
has more features which probably aren’t of as much use to as wide an audience,
and (perhaps more importantly) one of the requirements for NumPy is that it not
depend critically on a Fortran compiler. SciPy relaxes this requirement, and
thus can leverage a lot of existing Fortran code. At least that’s my
understanding.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3279">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/77f083909d955b715846250a33340a14?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://lingpipe-blog.com/">Bob Carpenter</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3279">25.
February 2009 at 9:27 pm</a> : </div>
These packages change and it’s easy to get locked-in ideas from the past. I
haven’t used Matlab since the 1990s, but the last time I used it, its I/O and
singular value decomposition was so slow that we switched to S-Plus just to
finish in our lifetimes. <br />
Can any of these packages compute sparse SVDs like folks have used for
Netflix (500K x 25K matrix with 100M partial entries)? Or do regressions with
millions of items and hundreds of thousands of coefficients? I typically wind up
writing my own code to do this kind of thing in LingPipe, as do lots of other
folks (e.g. Langford et al.’s Vowpal Wabbit, Bottou et al.’s SGD, Madigan et
al.’s BMR).<br />
What’s killing me now is scaling Gibbs samplers. BUGS is even worse than R in
terms of scaling, but I can write my own custom samplers that fly in some cases
and easily scale. I think we’ll see more packages like Daume’s HBC for this kind
of thing. <br />
R itself tends to just wrap the real computing in layers of scripts to
massage data and do error checking. The real code is often Fortran, but more
typically C. That must be the same for SciPy given how relatively inefficient
Python is at numerical computing. It’s frustrating that I can’t get basic access
to the underlying functions without rewrapping everything myself.<br />
A problem I see with the way R and BUGS work is that they typically try to
compile a declarative model (e.g. a regression equation in R’s glm package or a
model specification in BUGS), rather than giving you control over the basic
functionality (optimization or sampling). <br />
The other thing to consider with these things from a commercial perspective
is licensing. R may be open source, but its Gnu license means we can’t really
deploy any commercial software on top of it. Sci-Py has a mixed bag of licenses
that is also not redistribution friendly. I don’t know what
licensing/redistribution looks like for the other packages.<br />
@bill Support and continuity (by which I assume you mean stability of
interfaces and functionality) is great in the core R and BUGS. The problem’s in
all the user-contributed packages. Even there, the big ones like lmer are quite
stable.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3281">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/b684c02bab6c8d54c0c25c4b69ee1135?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://www.cs.toronto.edu/~dwf">David Warde-Farley</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3281">25.
February 2009 at 9:46 pm</a> : </div>
As for the rather large speed gains made by recent MATLAB releases that Lou
noted, I believe this is due in most part to their switch to the <a href="http://www.intel.com/cd/software/products/asmo-na/eng/307757.htm">Intel
Math Kernel Library</a> in place of a well-tuned ATLAS (I’m not completely sure
if that’s what they used before, but it’s a good bet). This hung a good number
of people with PowerPC G5’s out to dry rather quickly as newer MATLABs
apparently only run on Intel Macs (probably so they don’t have to maintain two
separate BLAS backends).<br />
Accelerated linear algebra routines written by people who know the processors
inside and out will result in big wins, obviously. You can also license the IKML
separately and use it to compile NumPy (if I recall correctly, David Cournapeau
who commented above was largely responsible for this capability, so bravo!). I
figure it’s only a matter of time before somebody like Enthought latch onto the
idea of selling a Python environment with IKML baked in, so you can get the
speedups without the hassle.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3299">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/af6c39d6943bd4b0e1fde23161e7bb8c?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://mentat.za.net/">Stefan</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3299">26.
February 2009 at 9:32 am</a> : </div>
@ben The SciPy team was also unhappy about the licensing issue, so you’ll be
glad to hear that SciPy 0.7 was released under a single, BSD license.<br />
You said “It’s frustrating that I can’t get basic access to the underlying
functions without rewrapping everything myself.” We are currently working on
ways to expose the mathematical functions underlying NumPy to C, so that you can
access it in your extension code. During the last Google Summer of Code, the
Cython team implemented a friendly interface between Cython and NumPy. This
means that you can code your algorithms in Python, but still have the speed
benefits of C.<br />
A number of posts above refer to plotting in 3D. I can recommend Enthought’s
Mayavi2, which makes interactive data visualisation a pleasure:<br />
<a href="http://code.enthought.com/projects/mayavi/">http://code.enthought.com/projects/mayavi/</a><br />
We are always glad for suggestions on how to improve SciPy, so if you do try
it out, please join the mailing list and tell us more about your experience.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3302">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/5a30df703d672db744e86878bfa1a250?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://www.vsni.co.uk/">Stewart</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3302">26.
February 2009 at 12:05 pm</a> : </div>
You should probably add GenStat to your list, this is a UK package
specialising in the biosciences. It’s a relative heavy-weight in stats having
come from Rothamsted Research (home of Fisher, Yates and Nelder). Nelder was the
actual originator of GenStat. GenStat is also free for teaching world-wide and
free for research to the developing world. It’s popularity is mainly within
Europe, Africa and Oceania, hence why many US researchers may not have heard of
it. I hope this helps<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3325">
<div class="commentmetadata_author">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/fd4b164e15fa2a834d16fb8743ec4f1b?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://anyall.org/">brendano</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3325">27.
February 2009 at 3:06 am</a> : </div>
Wow, this is the funnest language flamewar I’ve seen.<br />
I will note that no one defended SAS. Maybe those people don’t read
blogs.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3326">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/886f422466feefe00e04225c00c680d6?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>bill
wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3326">27.
February 2009 at 3:26 am</a> : </div>
brendano,<br />Hmm, I thought I did. I do production work in SAS and mess
around (test new stuff, experimental analyses) in R.<br />Bill<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3327">
<div class="commentmetadata_author">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/fd4b164e15fa2a834d16fb8743ec4f1b?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://anyall.org/">brendano</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3327">27.
February 2009 at 3:35 am</a> : </div>
Oops. Yes yes. My bad!<br />
OK: no one has defended Stata!<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3492">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/7f5672a17fa1df7927bd7949ab2aa288?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>John
Dudley wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3492">4.
March 2009 at 2:46 pm</a> : </div>
My company has been using StatSoft’s Statistica for years and it does all of
the things that you found to be shortcomings of SAS, SPSS and Matlab…<br />
It’s fast, graphs are great and are virtually no limitations. I’m suprised it
wasn’t listed as one of the packages reviewed. We have been using it for years
and it is absolutely critical to our business model.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3493">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/7b2ac2930b09f134d106edd7397528a5?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://www.statsoft.com/">Andy Malner</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3493">4.
March 2009 at 2:48 pm</a> : </div>
StatSoft is the only major package with R integration…The best of both
worlds.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3522">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/d9d818fdcf775d5a5c13d2602a64528f?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>Abhijit
wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3522">5.
March 2009 at 3:38 am</a> : </div>
In stats there seems to be the S-Plus/R schools and the SAS schools. SAS
people find R obtuse with poor documentation, and the R people say the same
about SAS (myself included). R wins in graphics and flexibility and
customizability (though I certainly won’t argue with a SAS pro who can whip up
macros). SAS seems a bit better with large data sets. R is ever expanding, and
has improved greatly for simulations/looping and memory management. Recently for
large datasets (bioinformatic, not the 5-10G financial ones), I’ve used a
combination of Python and R to great effect, and am very pleased with the
workflow. I think rpy2 is a great addition to Python and works quite well. For
some graphs I actually prefer matplotlib to R. <br />
I’m also a big fan of Stata for more introductory level stuff as well as for
epidemiology-related stuff. It is developing a programming language that seems
useful. One real disadvantage in my book is its ability to hold only one dataset
at a time, as well as a limit on the data size. <br />
I’ve also used Matlab for a few years. It’s statistics toolbox is quite good,
and Matlab is pretty fast and has great graphics. It’s limited in terms of
regression modeling to some degree, as well as survival methods. Syntactically I
find R more intuitive for modeling (though that is the lineage I grew up with).
The other major disadvantage of matlab is distribution of programs, since Matlab
is expensive. The same complaint for SAS, as well:)<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3523">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30 avatar-default" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/?d=identicon&s=30" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://www.johndcook.com/blog/2009/03/04/comparing-statistical-packages-r-sas-spss-etc/">Comparing
statistical packages: R, SAS, SPSS, etc. — The Endeavour</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3523">5.
March 2009 at 4:20 am</a> : </div>
[...] Comparison of data analysis packages: R, Matlab, SciPy, Excel, SAS,
SPSS, Stata ? X [...]<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3549">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/13998805bf33b5f1e5d7662e86e83cdd?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://realizationinbiostatistics.blogspot.com/">John Johnson</a>
wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3549">5.
March 2009 at 2:59 pm</a> : </div>
I’ll sing the same song here as I do elsewhere on this topic.<br />
In large-scale production, SAS is second to none. Of course, large-scale
production shops usually have the $$$ to fork over, and SAS’s workflow
capabilities (and, to a lesser extent, large dataset handling capabilities) save
enough billable hours to justify the cost. However, for graphics, exploratory
data analysis, and analysis beyond the well-established routines, you have to
venture into the world of SAS/IML, which is a rather painful place to be. It’s
PRNGs are also stuck in the last century, top of the line of a class obsolete
for anything other than teaching.<br />
R is great for simulation, exploratory data analysis, and graphics. (I
disagree with the assertion that R can’t do high-quality graphics, and, like
some commenters above, recommend Paul Murrell’s book on the topic.) It’s
language, while arcane, is powerful enough to write outside-the-box analyses.
For example, I was able to quickly write, debug, and validate an unconventional
ROC analysis based on a paper I read. As another example, bootstrapping analyses
are much easier in R than SAS.<br />
In short, I keep both SAS and R around, and use both frequently.<br />
I can’t comment too much on Python. MATLAB (or Octave or Scilab) is great for
roll-your-own statistical analyses as well, though I can’t see using it for,
e.g., a conventional linear models analysis unless I wanted the experience. R’s
matrix capabilities are enough for me at this point. I used Mathematica some
time ago for some chaos theory and Fourier/wavelet analysis of images and it
performed perfectly well. If I could afford to shell out the money for a
non-educational license, I would just to have it around for the tasks it does
really well, like symbolic manipulation. <br />
I used SPSS a long time ago, and have no interest in trying it again.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3552">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/8e8e580be48efbe3945c8b246d8434a2?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://www.spss.com/devcentral">Jon Peck</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3552">5.
March 2009 at 6:11 pm</a> : </div>
SPSS has for several years been offering smooth integration with both Python
and R. There are extensive apis foe both. Check out the possibilities at <a href="http://www.spss.com/devcentral">http://www.spss.com/devcentral</a>. See
also my blog at insideout.spss.com.<br />
You can even easily build SPSS Statistics dialog boxes and syntax for R and
Python programs. DevCentral has a collection of tools to facilitate this.<br />
This integration is free with SPSS Base.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3756">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30 avatar-default" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/?d=identicon&s=30" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://prafalardecoisas.wordpress.com/2009/03/09/a-lot-of-stuff/">A lot of
Stuff « Blog Pra falar de coisas</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3756">9.
March 2009 at 8:14 pm</a> : </div>
[...] comparando software statísticos (R, SAS, SPSS, MATLAB e Stata).
[...]<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3801">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/f463f8bfafaa55d87569d2e8fb632f4b?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>Sean
wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3801">11.
March 2009 at 4:18 am</a> : </div>
I used Matlab, R, stata, spss and SAS over the years.<br />
To me, the only reason for using sas is because of its large data ability.
otherwise, it is a very very bad program. It, from day one, trains it users to
be a third rate programmer.<br />The learning curve for SAS is actually very
steep, particularily for a very logical person. Why? the whole syntax in SAS is
pretty illogical and inconsistent.<br />sometimes, it is ‘/out’ sometimes, it is
‘output’.<br />
In 9.2, SAS started to make variables inside a macro as local variables by
default.<br />This is ridiculous!! SAS company has existed for at least 30 years.
How can this basic programming rule should be implemented after 30 years?!<br />
Also, if a variable is uninitialized, SAS will still let the code run. One
time, I worked in a company, this simple stupid SAS design flaw causes our
project 3 weeks of delay (there is one uninitialized varaible among 80k lines of
log, all blue). A couple of PhDs in the project who used C and Matlab did not
believe why SAS makes such a stupid mistake. Yes, with a big disbelief, it
made!<br />
My ranking is that Matlab and R are about the same, Matlab is better in plots
most times. R is better is manipulation datasets. stata and SAS are the same
level.<br />After taking into account of cost, then the answer is more
obvious.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3849">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/886f422466feefe00e04225c00c680d6?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>bill
r wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3849">12.
March 2009 at 1:37 pm</a> : </div>
SAS was not designed by a language maven, like Pascal. It grew from its PL/1
and Fortran roots. It is a collection of working tools, added to meet the
demands of working statisticians and IT folk, that has grown since its start in
the late ’60s and early ’70s. SAS clearly has kruft that shows its growth over
time. Sort of like the UNIX tools, S, and R, actually. <br />
And, really, what competent programmer would ever use a variable without
initializing or testing it first? That’s a basic programming rule I learned back
in the mid ’60s, after branching off of uninitialized registers, and popping
empty stacks. <br />
Bah, you kids. Get off of my lawn!<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3865">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/82ca3b8fa53d7876d9833258721b6d78?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>tom
p wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3865">13.
March 2009 at 4:57 am</a> : </div>
i work for a retail company that deploys SAS for their large datasets and
complex analysis. just about everything else is done in excel. <br />
we had a demo of omniture’s discover onpremise (formerly visual sciences),
and the visualization tools are fairly amazing. it seems like an interesting
solution for trending real time evolving data, but we aren’t pulling the trigger
on it now.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3875">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/29cb106071d163d703484e63839d89cb?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://transfixedbutnotdead.com/">draegtun</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3875">13.
March 2009 at 9:12 am</a> : </div>
For reference PDL (Perl Data Language) can be found at <a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/pdl.perl.org/">pdl.perl.org/</a>
and is also available via <a href="http://search.cpan.org/dist/PDL/">CPAN</a><br />
/I3az/<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3876">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/29cb106071d163d703484e63839d89cb?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://transfixedbutnotdead.com/">draegtun</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3876">13.
March 2009 at 9:14 am</a> : </div>
opps.. link screwed up… here goes again ;-) <br />
<a href="http://pdl.perl.org/">pdl.perl.org</a><br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3888">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/032e94e39f160fe5f4581f8695564b1b?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://www.gilesthomas.com/">Giles</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3888">13.
March 2009 at 5:52 pm</a> : </div>
Have you seen <a href="http://www.resolversystems.com/">Resolver One</a>?
It’s a spreadsheet like Excel, but has built-in Python support, and allows cells
in the grid to hold objects. This means that numpy mostly works, and you can
have one cell in the grid hold a complete dataset, then manipulate that dataset
in bulk using spreadsheet-like formulae. Someone has also just built <a href="http://www.resolversystems.com/exchange/sheets/40/">an extension that
allows you to connect it to R</a>, too. In theory, this means that you can get
the best of all three — spreadsheet, numpy, and R — in your model, using the
right tool for each job.<br />
On the other hand, the integration with both numpy and R is quite new, so
it’s immature as a stats tool compared to the other packages in this list.<br />
Full transparency: I work for Resolver Systems, so obviously I’m biased
towards it :-) Still, we’re very keen on feedback, and we’re happy to give out
free copies for non-commercial research and for open source projects.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3894">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/a4aad8b5b37f3e6e83eb1fcfefb135ba?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://matlabdatamining.blogspot.com/">Will Dwinnell</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3894">13.
March 2009 at 7:29 pm</a> : </div>
Being the resident MATLAB enthusiast in a house built on another tool, I will
pitch in my two cents, by suggesting another spectrum along which these tools
lie: “canned procedures” versus “roll your own”. Use of general-purpose
programming languages, such as has been suggested in the comments for Fortran or
C/C++ clearly anchor one end of this dimension, whereas the statistical software
sporting canned routines lie all the way at the other. A tool like MATLAB, which
provides some but not complete direct statistical support, is somewhere in the
middle. The trade-off here, naturally, is the ability to customize analysis vs.
convenience.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3980">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/9f645a3a250e5740f8030a4c8223e9f3?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>Jude
Ryan wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3980">16.
March 2009 at 4:37 pm</a> : </div>
Most of the users on this post are biased towards packages like R, rather
than packages like SAS, and I want to offer my perspective of the relative
advantages and disadvantages of SAS relative to R. <br />
I am primarily a SAS user (over 20 years) who has been using R as needed (a
few years) to do things that SAS cannot do (like MARS splines), or cannot do as
well (like exploratory data analysis and graphics), or requires expensive SAS
products like Enterprise Miner to do (like decision trees, neural networks,
etc). <br />
I have worked primarily for financial service (credit cards) companies. SAS
is the primary statistical analysis tool in these companies partly due to
history (S, the precursor to S+ and R, was not yet developed) and partly because
it can run on mainframes (another legacy system) accessing huge amounts of data
stored on tapes, which I am not sure any other statistical package can.
Furthermore, business who have the $ will be the last to embrace open source
software like R, as they generally require quick support when they get stuck
trying to solve a business problem, and researching the problem in a language
like R is generally not an option in a business setting. <br />
Also, SAS’ capabilities for handling large volumes of data are unmatched. I
have read huge compressed files of online data (Double Click), having over 2
billion records, using SAS, to filter the data and keep only the records I
needed. Each of the resulting SAS datasets were anywhere from 35 GB to 60 GB in
size. As far as I know, no other statistical tool can process such large volumes
of data programatically. First we had to be able to read in the data and
understand it. Sampling the data for modeling purposes came later. I would run
the SAS program overnight, and it would generally take anywhere from 6 to 12
hours to complete, depending on the load on the server. In theory, any
statistical software that works with records one at a time should be able to
process such large volumes of data, and maybe the Python based tools can do
this. I do not know as I have never used them. But I do know that R, and even
tools like WEKA cannot process such volumes of data. Reading the data from a
database, using R, can mitigate the large data problems encountered in R (as
does using packages like biglm), but SAS is the clear leader in handling large
volumes of data.<br />
R on the other hand is better suited for academics and research, as cutting
edge methodologies can be and are implemented much more rapidly in R than in
SAS, as R’s programming language has more elegant support for vectors and
matricies than SAS (proc IML). R’s programming language is much more elegant and
logically consistent, while SAS’ programming language(s) are more adhoc with
non-standard programming constructs. Furthermore, people who prefer R generally
have a stronger “theoretical” programming background (most have programmed in C,
Perl, or objected oriented languages) or are able to pick up programming faster,
while most users who feel comfortable with SAS have less of a programming
background and can tolerate many of SAS’ non-standard programming constructs and
inconsistencies. These people do not require or need a comprehensive programming
language to accomplish their tasks, and it takes much less effort to program in
base SAS than in R if one has no “theoretical” programming background. SAS
macros take more time to learn and many programming languages have no equivalent
(one exception I know are C’s pre-processor commands). But languages like R do
not need anything like SAS macros and can achieve the same results all in one,
logically consistent, programming language, and do more, like enabling R users
to write their own functions. The equivalent to writing functions in R, in SAS,
is to now program a new proc in C and know how to integrate it with SAS. An
extremely steep learning curve. SAS is more of a suite of products, many of them
with inconsistent programming constructs (base SAS is totally different from SCL
- formerly Screen Control language but now SAS Component Language), and proc SQL
and proc IML are different from data step programming.<br />
So while SAS has a shallow learning curve initially (learn only base SAS),
the user can only accomplish tasks of “limited” sophistication with SAS, without
resorting to proc IML (which is quite ugly). For the business world this is
generally adequate. R, on the other hand, has a steeper learning curve
initially, but tasks of much greater sophistication can handled more easily in R
than is SAS, once R’s steeper learning curve is behind you.<br />
I forsee an increased use of R relative to SAS over time, as many statistical
departments at Universities have started teaching R (sometimes replacing SAS
with R) and students graduating from these universities will be more conversant
with R, or equally conversant with both SAS and R. Many of these students
entering the workforce will gravitate towards R, and to the extent the companies
they work for do not mandate which statistical software to use, the use of R is
bound to increase over time. With memory becoming cheaper, and Microsoft based
64 bit operating systems becoming more prevalent, bigger data sets can be stored
in RAM, and R’s limitation in handling large volumes of data are starting to
matter less. But the amount of data is also starting to grow, thanks to the
internet, scanners (used in grocery chains), etc., and the volume of data may
very well grow so rapidly that even cheaper RAM and 64 bit operating systems may
not be able to cope with the data deluge. But not every organization works with
such large datasets.<br />
For someone who has started their careers using SAS, SAS is more than
adequate to solve all problems faced in the business world, and there may seem
to be no real reason, or even justification to learn packages like R or other
statistical tools. To learn R, I have put in much personal time and effort, and
I do like R and have been and forsee using it more frequently over time for
exploratory data analysis, and in areas where I want to implement cutting edge
methodologies, and where I am not hampered by large data issues. Personally,
both SAS and R will always be part of my “tool kit” and I will leverage the
strengths of both. For those who do not currently use R, it would be wise to
start doing so, as R is going to be more widely used over time. The number of R
users has already reached critical mass, and since R is free, this is bound to
increase the usage of R as the R community grows. Furthermore, the R Help
Digest, and the incredibly talented R users that support it, is an invaluable
aid to anyone interested in learning R.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3992">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30 avatar-default" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/?d=identicon&s=30" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://cendres.net/2009/03/17/dailycious-140309/">Dailycious 14.03.09 «
cendres.net</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3992">17.
March 2009 at 1:08 am</a> : </div>
[...] Comparison of data analysis packages: R, Matlab, SciPy, Excel, SAS,
SPSS, Stata - Brendan O’Co… statistics software No comments yet. [...]<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-4067">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/d699140a2b10ff316e64fe8db0e3313a?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://anapproximation.org/">Y-H Chen</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-4067">20.
March 2009 at 3:36 am</a> : </div>
Interesting. I don’t think I would have put SPSS and Stata in the same
category. I haven’t spend a tremendous amount of time working with SPSS, but I
have spent a fair amount of time with Stata, and my biased perspective is that
Stata is more sophisticated and powerful than SPSS. Certainly, Stata’s language
isn’t as powerful as R’s, but I definitely wouldn’t say it’s “weak.” Stata’s not
my favorite statistical program in the world (that would, of course, be R), but
there are definitely things I like about it; it’s a definite second to R in my
book.<br />
By the way, here’s my (unfair) generalization regarding usage:<br />– R:
academic statisticians<br />– SAS: statisticians and data-y people in non-academic
settings, plus health scientists in academic and non-academic settings<br />–
SPSS: social scientists<br />– Stata: health scientists<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-4181">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30 avatar-default" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/?d=identicon&s=30" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://www.walkingrandomly.com/?p=813">Walking Randomly » R Compared to
MATLAB (or ‘learning a thing or two from your students’)</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-4181">23.
March 2009 at 5:58 pm</a> : </div>
[...] matrices. You don’t get much more MATLABy than matrices! Other
articles such as this comparison between various data analysis packages also
proved interesting and [...]<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-5266">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/0e20a106226fa2cd2014a2055f437120?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>xin
wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-5266">19.
April 2009 at 2:03 am</a> : </div>
Sean:<br />I am a junior SAS user with only 3 year experience. But even I know
that you need to press ‘ctrl’ and ‘F’ to search for ‘uninitialized’ and ‘more
than’ in SAS log to ensure everything is OK.<br />As far as a couple C++PHD in
your group is concerned, they need to understand to play with rules of whatever
system they are using……<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-5267">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/0e20a106226fa2cd2014a2055f437120?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>xin
wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-5267">19.
April 2009 at 2:07 am</a> : </div>
by the way, I found the comments of SAS people left are more tolerant,
open-minded (maybe they are older, lol). Instad the majority of ‘R’ers on this
thread act like a bunch of rebellious teens…..<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-5704">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/6c09b0b31f55dc95134c37278c66d3ac?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>Joe
wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-5704">30.
April 2009 at 6:58 pm</a> : </div>
I am a big fan of Stata over SAS for medium and small businesses. SAS is the
mercedes-benz of stats I’ll admit for Govt and Big business. I use Stata a LOT
for economics, it has all the most-used predictive methods (OLS, MLE, GLS, 2SLS,
binary choice, etc) models built it. I think the model would have to be pretty
essoteric not to be found in Stata.<br />
I ran Stata on linux server with 16GB ram and about 2TB of disk storage. The
Hardware config was about $12K. I would not recommend using virtual memory for
Stata. That said, you can stick a lot of data in 16GB ram! If I pay attention to
the variable sizes (keep textual ones out), I got 100s of millons of rows into
memory. <br />
Stata supports scripting (*do files) and are very easy to use as is the GUI.
The GUI is probably the best feauture.<br />
The Hardware ($12,000) + Software ($3000 - 2 user license) costs $15,000. The
equivilient SAS software was about $100,000. You do the math. <br />
I’ve used SPSS, but that was a while ago. At that time I felt Stata was the
superior product.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-5713">
<div class="commentmetadata_author">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/fd4b164e15fa2a834d16fb8743ec4f1b?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://anyall.org/">brendano</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-5713">1.
May 2009 at 2:08 am</a> : </div>
Finally a direct Stata vs SAS comparison! Very interesting. Thanks for
posting. I can’t believe SAS = $100,000.<br />
> I ran Stata on linux server with 16GB ram and about 2TB of disk
storage.<br />> I would not recommend using virtual memory for Stata.<br />
In my experience, virtual memory is *always* a bad idea. I remember working
with ops guys who would consider a server as good as dead once it started using
swap.<br />
All programs that effectively use hard disks always have custom code to
control when to move data on and off the disk. Disk seeks and reads are just too
slow and cumbersome compared to RAM to have the OS try to automatically handle
it.<br />
This would be my guess why SAS handles on-disk data so well - they put a lot
of engineering work into supporting that feature. Same for SQL databases, data
warehouses, and inverted text indexes. (Or the widespread popuarity of Memcached
among web engineers.) R, Matlab, Stata and the rest were originally written for
memory data and still work pretty much only in that setting.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-5714">
<div class="commentmetadata_author">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/fd4b164e15fa2a834d16fb8743ec4f1b?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://anyall.org/">brendano</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-5714">1.
May 2009 at 2:48 am</a> : </div>
And also, on the RAM vs hard disk issue — according to Jude Ryan’s very
interesting comment above, SAS has a heritage of working with datasets on *tape*
drives. Tape, of course, is even further along the size-vs-latency spectrum than
RAM or hard disk. Now hard disk sizes are rapidly growing but seek times are not
catching up, so people like to say “hard disk is the new tape” — therefore, if
your software was originally designed for tape, it may do best! :)<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-5740">
<div class="commentmetadata_author">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/fd4b164e15fa2a834d16fb8743ec4f1b?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://anyall.org/">brendano</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-5740">1.
May 2009 at 9:02 pm</a> : </div>
Here’s an overly detailed comparison of Stata, SAS, and SPSS. Basically no
coverage of R beyond the complaint that it’s too hard.<br /><a href="http://www.ats.ucla.edu/stat/technicalreports/">http://www.ats.ucla.edu/stat/technicalreports/</a><br />
There’s also an interesting reply from Patrick Burns, defending R and
comparing it to those 3.<br /><a href="http://www.ats.ucla.edu/stat/technicalreports/Number1/R_relative_statpack.pdf">http://www.ats.ucla.edu/stat/technicalreports/Number1/R_relative_statpack.pdf</a><br />
(Found linked from a comment on John D. Cook’s blog here:<br /><a href="http://www.johndcook.com/blog/2009/05/01/r-the-good-parts/">http://www.johndcook.com/blog/2009/05/01/r-the-good-parts/</a>
)<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-6501">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/f6947c14c72a17e3bd8a264b03819980?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>Jaime
wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-6501">27.
May 2009 at 9:37 pm</a> : </div>
I feel so old. Been using SAS for many years. But what the hell is this R
?????? That’s what the kids are using now?<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-6509">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/748a01e87a6635688871a3f7dddbb032?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>Gye
Greene wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-6509">28.
May 2009 at 4:54 am</a> : </div>
Great comparison of SPSS, SAS, and Stata by Acock (a summary of his findings
here — <a href="http://www.ocair.org/files/KnowledgeBase/willard/StatPgmEvalAb.pdf">http://www.ocair.org/files/KnowledgeBase/willard/StatPgmEvalAb.pdf</a>)<br />
Below is a summary of the summary — !!! — with my own observations added
on.<br />
SAS: Scripting language is awkward, but it’s great for manipulating complex
data structures; folks that analyze relational DBs (e.g. govt. folks) tend to
use it.<br />
SPSS: Great for the “weekend warriors”; strongly GUI-based; has a scripting
language, but it’s in-elegant. They charge a license for **each** “module” (e.g.
correlations? linear regressions? Poisson regressions? A separate fee!). Also,
charge an annual license. Can read Excel files directly. Used to have nicer
graphs and charts than Stata (but, see below).<br />
Stata: Elegant, short-’n'-punchy scripting language; CLI and script-oriented,
but also allows GUI. Strong user base, with user-written add-ons available for
D/L. **Excellent** tech support! The most recent version (Stata 10) now has some
pretty powerful chart/graph editing options (GUI, plus CLI, your choice) that
makes it competitive with the SPSS graphs. (Minor annoyance: ever few versions,
they make the data format NOT back-compatible with the previous version — have
to remember to “Save As” last-year’s version, or else what you save at work
won’t open at home…)<br />
My background: Took a course on SAS, but haven’t had a reason to use it. I’ve
used SPSS and Stata both, on a reasonably regular basis: I currently teach
“Intro to Methods” courses with SPSS, but use Stata for my own work. I dislike
how SPSS handles missing values. Unlike SPSS, Stata sells a one-time license:
once you buy a version, it’s yours to keep until you feel it’s too obsolete to
use.<br />
–GG<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-6518">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/748a01e87a6635688871a3f7dddbb032?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>Gye
Greene wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-6518">28.
May 2009 at 1:53 pm</a> : </div>
This may be an unfair generalization, but my personal observation is that
SPSS users (within the social sciences, at least) tend to have less quantitative
training than Stata users. Probably highly correlated with the GUI vs. CLI
orientations of the two packages (although each of them allows for both).<br />
Another way of’ differentiating between various statistical software packages
is its Geek Cred. I usually tell my Intro to Research Methods (for the social
sciences), that…<br />
(On a scale of 0-10…)<br />
R, Matlab, etc. = 9<br />
SAS = 7<br />
Stata = 5<br />
SPSS = 3<br />
Excel = 2<br />
YMMV. :)<br />
COMMENT ON EXCEL: It’s a spreadsheet, first and foremost — so it doesn’t
treat rows (cases) as “locked together”, like statistical software does. Thus,
when you highlight a column and ask it to sort, it sorts **only** that column. I
got burned by this once, back in my first year of grad school, T.A.-ing: sorted
HW #1 scores (out of curiosity), and didn’t notice that the rest of the scores
had stayed put. Oops.<br />
I now keep my gradebooks in Stata. :)<br />
–GG<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-6541">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/0392489808c227b1f02d4ba2f31ec8cc?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>Chuck
Moore wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-6541">29.
May 2009 at 1:29 pm</a> : </div>
I began programming in SAS every day at a financial exchange in 1995. SAS has
three main benefits over all other Statistical/Data Analysis packages, as far as
I know.<br />
1) Data size = truly unlimited. I learned to span 6 DASD (Direct Access
Storage Devices) = disk drives on the mainframe for when I was processing >
100 million records = quotes and trading activity from all exchanges. We we went
to Unix, we used 100 GB worth of temp “WORK” space, and were processing > 1
Billion transaction a day in < 1 hour (IBM p630 with 4x 1.45 GHz processors
and 32 GB of memory, only the processing actually used < 4 GB).<br />
2) Tons and tons of preprogrammed statistical functions with just about every
option possible.<br />
3) SAS can read data from almost anything: tapes, disk, etc. fixed field flat
files, delimited text files (any delimiters, not just comma or tab or space),
xml, most any database, all mainframe data file times. It also translates most
any text value into data, and supports custom input and output formats.<br />
SAS is difficult for most real programmers (I took my first programming class
in 1977, and have programmed in more languages than I care to share) because it
has a data centric perspective as opposed to machine/control centric. It is
meant to simplify the processing of large amounts of data for
non-programmers.<br />
SAS used to have incredible documentation and support, at incredibly
reasonable prices. Unforturnately, the new generation of programmers and product
managers have lost their way, and I agree that SAS has been becoming a
beast.<br />
For adhoc work, I immediately fell in love with SAS/EG = Enterprise Guide.
Unfortunately, EG is written in .net and is not that well written. I would have
preferred it being written in Java so that the interface was more portable and
supported a better threading model. Oh well.<br />
One of the better features of SAS is that it is not an intepreted programming
language, but from the start in 197? it was JIT. Basically, a block of code is
read, compiled, and then executed. This is why it is so efficient at processing
huge amounts of data. The concept of the “data step” does allow for some built
in inefficiencies from the standpoint of multiple passes through the data, but
that is because of SAS’s convenience. A C programmer would have done more
things, in fewer passes, but the C programmer would have spent many more hours
writing the programmer than SAS’s few minutes to do the same thing. I know this
because I’ve done it.<br />
Some place I read a complaint about SAS holding only one observation in
memory at a time. That is a gross misunderstanding/mistake. SAS holds one or
more blocks of observations (records) in memory at a time. The number held is
easily configurable. Each observation can be randomly accessed, whether in
memory or not.<br />
SAS 9.2 finally fixes one the bigger complaints with PROC FCMP allowing the
creation of custom functions. Originally SAS did not support custom functions,
SAS wanted to write them for you.<br />
The most unfortunate thing about SAS currently is that it has such a long
legacy on uniprocessor machines, that it is having difficulty getting going in
the SMP world, being able to properly take advantage of multi-threading and
multi-processing. I believe this is due to lack of proper technical vision and
leadership. As such, I believe a Java language HPC derivative and tools will
eventually take over, providing superior ease of use, visualization,
portability, and processing speed on today’s servers and clusters. Since most
data will come from an RDMS these days, flat file input won’t carry enough
weight.<br />
But, for my current profession = Capacity Planning for computer systems, you
still can’t beat SAS + Excel. On the other hand, it looks like I’m going to have
to look into R.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-6542">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/0392489808c227b1f02d4ba2f31ec8cc?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>Chuck
Moore wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-6542">29.
May 2009 at 1:47 pm</a> : </div>
On a side note. As a “real” programmer, having been an expert in Pascal and C
and having programmed in, oh I don’t want to list them all, but I have also done
more than just take classes in Java. Anyway, Macros have a place in programming.
There have been a few times I wished Java supported macros and not just
assertions, out of my own laziness. I am a firm believer in the right tool for
the job, and that not everything is a nail, so I need more than just a hammer.
The unfortunate thing is that macros can be abused, just like goto’s and
programming labels and global variables.<br />
To me, SAS is/was the greatest data processing language/system on the planet.
But, I still also program in Java, C, ksh, VBScript, Perl, etc. as appropriate.
I’d like to see someone do an ARIMA forecast in Excel, or run a regression that
does outlier elimination in only 3 lines of code!<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-6883">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/c6dc0b865cc37bdb2c049c4756bf2af8?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://tmarthal.com/">tom m</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-6883">11.
June 2009 at 1:56 am</a> : </div>
<cite>If your dataset can’t fit on a single hard drive and you need a
cluster, none of the above will work.</cite><br />
One thing you have to consider, is that using SciPy, you get all of the
python libraries for free. That includes the Apache Hadoop code, if you choose
to use that. And as someone above pointed out, there is now parallel processing
built right in in the most recent distributions (but I have no personal
knowledge of that) for MPI or whatever. <br />
Coming from an engineer in industry (not academia), the really neat thing
that I like about SciPy is the ease of creating web-based tools (as in, deployed
to a web server for others to use) via deployment on an apache installation and
mod_python. If you can get other engineers using your analysis, without sending
them a excel spreadsheet, or a .m file (for which they need a matlab license),
etc. it makes your work much more visible.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-7024">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/f4db38622864177d2d5bea69eb914933?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>sohan
wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-7024">14.
June 2009 at 10:30 am</a> : </div>
hello everyone…<br />i want to know about the comrative study between SAS, R,
SPSS in data analysis.<br />can anyone provide me the papers related to those.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-7157">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/255ab2a42373f8876ec771ef2ed71905?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>ed
wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-7157">18.
June 2009 at 11:28 am</a> : </div>
having used sas, spss, matlab, gauss and r, let me say that describing stata
as having a weak programming language is a sign of ignorance.<br />
it has a very powerful interpreted scripting language which allows one to
easily extend stata. there is a very active community and many user written
add-ons are available. see: <a href="http://ideas.repec.org/s/boc/bocode.html">http://ideas.repec.org/s/boc/bocode.html</a><br />
stata also has a full fledged matrix programming language called (mata)
comparable to matlab with a c-like syntax, which is compiled and therefore very
fast.<br />
managing and preparing data for analysis is a breeze in stata.<br />
finally stata is easy to learn.<br />
obviously not many people use stata around here.<br />
some more biased opinions:<br />
sas is handy you have some old punch cards in the cupboard or a huge dataset.
apart from that it truly sucks. some people say that it is good to manage data,
but why not use a good relational database to do that and then use decent
statistical software to do the analysis?<br />
excel sucks obviously infinitely more that sas. apart from its (lack of)
statistical capabilities and reliability, any point-and-click only software is
an obvious no-no from the point of view of scientific reproducability <br />
i don’t care fore spss and cannot imagine anyone does.<br />
matlab is nice, but expensive. not so great for preparing/managing data.<br />
have not used scipy/numpy myself, but have colleagues who love it. one big
advantage is that it uses python (ie good language to master and use)<br />
r is great, but more difficult to get into. i don’t like the loose syntax too
much though. it is also a bitch with big datasets.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-8121">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/56899cb1d85f6476e3a7f7fd06254179?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>Willem
wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-8121">17.
July 2009 at 6:53 am</a> : </div>
On high quality graphics in R, one should certainly check out the
Cairo-package. Many graphics can be output in hip formats like SVG.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-8166">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/f95709624d3c44bb17e0753ddb80b2bf?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://www.clear-lines.com/blog">Mathias</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-8166">17.
July 2009 at 10:57 pm</a> : </div>
On the point of Excel breaking down at 10,000+ rows, apparently Excel 2010
will come with Gemini, an add-on developed by the Excel and SQL team, aiming at
handling large datasets:<br /><a href="http://blogs.msdn.com/excel/archive/2009/07/14/sneak-preview-of-project-gemini.aspx">Project
Gemini sneak preview</a><br />I doubt this would make Excel the platform of choice
for doing anything fancy with large datasets anyways, but I am intrigued.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-8621">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/385479a5b2e71244b466fc7bbf23b5cf?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>Jay
Verkuilen wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-8621">26.
July 2009 at 9:48 pm</a> : </div>
Some reax, as I’ve used most of these at some point:<br />
SAS has great support for large files even on a modest machine. A few years
ago I did a bunch of sims on my dissertation using it and it worked happily away
without so much batting an eyelash on a crappy four year old Windoze XP machine
with 1.5 GB of memory. Also, programs like NLP (nonlinear optimization),
NLMIXED, MIXED, and GLIMMIX are really great for various mixed model
applications—this is quite broad as many common models can be cast in the mixed
model framework. NLMIXED in particular lets you write some pretty interesting
models that would otherwise require special coding. Documentation in SAS/STAT is
really solid and their tech support is great. Graphics suck and I don’t like the
various attempts at a GUI. <br />
I prefer Stata for most “everyday” statistical analysis. Don’t knock that, as
it’s pretty common even for a methodologist such as myself to need to fit
logistic regression or whatever and not want to have to waste a lot of time on
it, which Stata is fantastic for. Stata 11 looks to be even better, as it
incorporates procedures such as Multiple Imputation easily. The sheer amount of
time spent doing MI followed by logistic regression (or whatever) is irritating.
Stata speeds that up. Also when you own Stata you own it all and the upgrade
pricing is quite reasonable. Tech support is also solid. <br />
SPSS has a few gems in its otherwise incomprehensible mass of utter bilge.
IMO it’s a company with highly predatory licensing, too. <br />
R is nice for people who don’t value their time or who are doing lots of
“odd” things that require programming and extensibility. I like it for class
because it’s free, there are nice books for it, and it lets me bypass IT as it’s
possible to put a working R system on a USB drive. I love the graphics.<br />
Matlab has made real strides as a programming language and has superb
numerics in it (or did), at least according to the numerics people I know
(including my numerical analysis professor). However, Statistics Toolbox is iffy
in terms of what procedures it supports, though it might have been updated.
Graphics are also nice. But it is expensive. <br />
Mathematica is nice for symbolic calculation. With the MathStatica addon
(sadly this has been delayed for an unconscionable amount of time) it’s possible
to do quite sophisticated theoretical computations. It’s not a replacement for
your theoretical knowledge, but is very helpful for doing all the inaccurate and
tedious calculations necessary.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-8642">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/31302c24340585f9a9f5a3c998210c1a?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>Brett
D wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-8642">27.
July 2009 at 10:58 am</a> : </div>
I started in Matlab, moved on to R, looked at Octave, and am just getting
into SciPy.<br />
Matlab is good for linear algebra and related multivariate stats. I could
never get any nice plotting out of it. It can do plenty of things I never learnt
about, but I can’t afford to buy it, so I can’t use it now anyway.<br />
R is powerful, but can be very awkward. It can write jpeg, png, and pdf
files, make 3D plots and nice 2D plots as well. Two things put me off it: it’s
an absolute dog to debug (how does “duplicate row names are not allowed” help as
an entire error message when I’ve got 1000 lines of code spread between 4
functions?), and its data types have weird eccentricities that make programming
difficult (like transposing a data frame turns it into a matrix, and using
sapply to loop over something returns a data frame of factors… I hate factors).
There are a lot of packages that can do some really nice things, although some
have pretty thin documentation (that’s open source for you).<br />
Octave is nicer to use than R ( = Matlab is nicer to use than R), but I found
it lacking in most things I wanted to do, and the development team seem to wait
for something to come out in Matlab before they’ll do it themselves, so they’re
always one step behind someone else.<br />
I’m surprised how quickly I’m picking up SciPy. It’s much easier to write,
read and debug than R, and the code looks nicer. I haven’t done much plotting
yet, but it looks promising. The only trick with Python is its assignments for
mutable data types, which I’m still getting my head around.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-8775">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/33b268349fa5e94a56bcb2760d1f2a03?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>Mike
wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-8775">29.
July 2009 at 9:45 pm</a> : </div>
Mathematica is also able to link to R via a third party add-on distributed by
ScienceOps. The numeric capabilities of Mathematica were “ramped” up 6 years ago
so should be thought of as more than a symbolic (only) environment. Further info
here:<br />
<a href="http://reference.wolfram.com/mathematica/note/SomeNotesOnInternalImplementation.html#28959">http://reference.wolfram.com/mathematica/note/SomeNotesOnInternalImplementation.html#28959</a><br />
(I work for Wolfram Research)<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-8836">
<div class="commentmetadata_author">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/fd4b164e15fa2a834d16fb8743ec4f1b?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://anyall.org/">brendano</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-8836">30.
July 2009 at 11:43 pm</a> : </div>
<blockquote>
R is nice for people who don’t value their time or who are doing lots of
“odd” things that require programming and extensibility.</blockquote>
Hah!<br />
Everyone really likes Stata. Interesting.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-9854">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/838fe4f0c962d69777611eed07281bd2?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://yaroslavvb.blogspot.com/">Yaroslav Bulatov</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-9854">19.
August 2009 at 6:17 pm</a> : </div>
I use Python/Matlab for most analysis, but Mathematica is really nice for
building demos and custom visualization interfaces (and for debugging your
formulas)<br />
For instance, here’s an example of taking some mutual fund data, and
visualizing those mutual funds (from 3 different categories) in a Fisher Linear
Discriminant transformed space (down to 3 dimensional from initial 57 or so)<br />
<a href="http://yaroslavvb.com/upload/strands/dim-reduce/dim-reduce.html">http://yaroslavvb.com/upload/strands/dim-reduce/dim-reduce.html</a><br />
</li>
<li id="comment-9910">
<div class="commentmetadata_author">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/fd4b164e15fa2a834d16fb8743ec4f1b?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://anyall.org/">Brendan O'Connor</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-9910">21.
August 2009 at 3:44 am</a> : </div>
A post on R vs. Matlab: <a href="http://undirectedgrad.blogspot.com/2009/08/to-r-or-not-to-r.html">To R or
not to R</a><br />
</li>
<li id="comment-9911">
<div class="commentmetadata_author">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/fd4b164e15fa2a834d16fb8743ec4f1b?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://anyall.org/">brendano</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-9911">21.
August 2009 at 3:48 am</a> : </div>
Also, a discussion looking for solutions that are both fast to prototype and
fast to execute: <a href="http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1257021/suitable-functional-language-for-scientific-statistical-computing">suitable
functional language for scientific/statistical computing</a><br />
</li>
<li id="comment-10596">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/c990ed14e8f91017b32177ef27541286?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>Cristian
wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-10596">1.
September 2009 at 3:21 am</a> : </div>
I do not understand why SAS is so much hailed here because it handles large
datasets. I use Matlab almost exclusively in finance and when I have problems
with how large the data sets are then I don’t use SAS by I use mysql server
instead. Matlab can talk to mysql server and thus I do not see why SAS is needed
in this case.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-11055">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/01bad05d1913d811b4b07f3f747b1d50?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>Mike
wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-11055">11.
September 2009 at 6:38 am</a> : </div>
I have used Stata and R but for my purposes I actually prefer and use
Mathematica. Unsurprisingly nobody has discussed its use so I guess I will.<br />
I work in ecology and I use Mathematica almost exclusively for modeling. I’ve
found that the the elegance of the programming language lends itself to easily
using it for statistical analysis as well. Although it isn’t really a statistics
package being able to generate large amounts of data and then process them in
the same place is extremely useful. To make up for the lack of built in
statistical analysis I’ve built my own package over time by collecting and
refining the tests I’ve used.<br />For most people I would say using Mathematica
for statistics is way more work than it is worth. Nevertheless, those who
already use it for other things may find it is more than capable of performing
almost any data analysis you can come up with using relatively little code. The
addition of functionality targeted at statistics in versions 6 and 7 has made
this use simpler, although the built in ANOVA package is still awkward and
poorly documented. One thing it and Matlab beat other packages at hands down is
list/matrix manipulation which can be extremely useful.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-11248">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/da0185ff1f3fca3ed0439b4fb75513be?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>Paul
Kim wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-11248">14.
September 2009 at 9:10 pm</a> : </div>
I am using MATLAB along with SPSS. Does anyone know about how to connect SPSS
with MATLAB? Or can we use any form of programming (e.g., “for” loops and “if”)
in SPSS to connect with MATLAB?<br />Thank you.<br />
Paul<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-11912">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/eabf7451c9d32ae52346a9365548785f?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>Mattia
wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-11912">25.
September 2009 at 1:39 pm</a> : </div>
I worked at the International Monetary Fund so I thought I’d add the
government perspective, which is pretty much the same as the business one. You
need software that solves the following equation<br />
maximize amount of useful output<br />such that: salaries of staff * hours
worked - cost of software < budget<br />
It turns out IMF achieves that by letting every economist work with whatever
they want. As a matter of fact, economists end up using Stata.<br />
Consider that most economics datasets are smaller than 1Gb. Stata
MultiProcessor will work comfortably with up to 4Gb on the available machines.
Stata has everything you need for econometrics, including a matrix language that
is just like Matlab and state of the art maximum likelihood optimization, so you
can create your own “odd” statistical estimators. Programming has a steeper
learning curve than Matlab but once you know the language it’s much more
powerful, including very nice text data support and I/O (not quite python, but
good enough). If you don’t need some of the fancy add-on packages that engineers
use, like say “hydrodynamics simulation”, that’s all you need. But most
importantly importing, massaging and cleaning data with Stata is so unbelievably
efficient that every time I have to use another program I feel like I am walking
knee-deep in mud.<br />
So why do I have to use other programs, and which?<br />
IMF has one copy of SAS that we use for big jobs, such as when I had 100Gb of
data. I won’t dwell on this because it’s been covered above, but in general SAS
is industrial-grade stuff. One big difference between SAS and other programs is
that SAS will try to keep working when something goes wrong. If you *need*
numbers for the next morning, you go to bed, the next morning you come and Stata
has stopped working because of a mistake. SAS hasn’t, and perhaps your numbers
are garbage, but if you are able to tell that they are simply 0.00001% off then
you are in perfectly good shape to make a decision.<br />
Occasionally I use Matlab or Gauss (yes, Gauss!) because I need to put the
data through some black box written in that language and it would take too long
to understand it and rewrite it.<br />
That’s all folks. Thanks for the attention.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-11920">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/eabf7451c9d32ae52346a9365548785f?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>Mattia
wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-11920">25.
September 2009 at 6:42 pm</a> : </div>
No that was not all, I forgot one thing. Stata can map data using a free
user-written add-in (spmap), so you can save yourself the time of learning some
brainy GIS package. Does anyone know whether R, SAS, SPSS or other programs can
do it?<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-11922">
<div class="commentmetadata_author">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/fd4b164e15fa2a834d16fb8743ec4f1b?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://anyall.org/">brendano</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-11922">25.
September 2009 at 7:37 pm</a> : </div>
R has some packages for plotting geo data, including “maps”, “mapdata”, and
also some ggplot2 routines. Now I just saw an entire “R-GIS” project, so I’m
sure there’s a lot more related stuff for R…<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-12160">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30 avatar-default" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/?d=identicon&s=30" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://idlpress.wordpress.com/2009/09/30/%d9%85%d9%82%d8%a7%db%8c%d8%b3%d9%87-%d8%a8%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%87%e2%80%8c%d9%87%d8%a7%db%8c-%d8%aa%d8%ad%d9%84%db%8c%d9%84-%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%af%d9%87-r-matlab-scipy">مقایسه
بستههای تحلیل داده (R, Matlab, SciPy, Excel, SAS, SPSS, Stata) « دنیای
پیرامون</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-12160">30.
September 2009 at 6:59 am</a> : </div>
[...] اینکه ببینم کدوم مناسبتره شروع به مقایسه کردم. توی یک وبلاگ یک مقایسه
ساده و البته تقریبا عمیقی پیدا کردم. اون رو [...]<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-12194">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/9b4bd6a138582e58ef6168747904f964?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>Tao
Wu wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-12194">30.
September 2009 at 5:56 pm</a> : </div>
Hi, all. I think I should mention about a C++ framework based software, named
as ROOT. see <a href="http://root.cern.ch/">http://root.cern.ch</a><br />
You will see ROOT is definitely better than R.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-12195">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/9b4bd6a138582e58ef6168747904f964?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>Tao
Wu wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-12195">30.
September 2009 at 5:59 pm</a> : </div>
As I can see, the syntax and grammar of R are really stupid. I can not image
that R, S, S+ have been widely used by financial bodies. Furthermore, they are
trying to claim they are very professional and very good at financial data
analysis. I can predict that if they shift to ROOT (a real language with C++),
they will see the power of data analysis.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-19224">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/f790c5f2c1c63f662af1ae03b4ee3c40?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://www.burns-stat.com/">Patrick Burns</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-19224">2.
January 2010 at 7:10 pm</a> : </div>
xin (April 19) writes:<br />> the majority of ‘R’ers on this thread act like
a bunch of rebellious teens …<br />
Well spotted — I’ve been a rebellious teen for decades now.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-19589">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/b0bdfe1930ab0a5f76b50921b34312ff?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>Wei
Zhang wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-19589">10.
January 2010 at 10:35 am</a> : </div>
People in my work place, an economic research trust, love STATA. Economists
love STATA and they ask new comers to use STATA as well. R is discouraged in my
work place for excuses like it is for statisticians. Sigh~~~~<br />
But!!! I keep using it and keep discovering new ways of using it. Now, I use
‘dmsend’ function from the ‘twitteR’ package to inform me the status of my
time-consuming simulations while I am not in office. It is just awesome that
using R makes me feel bounded by nothing.<br />
BTW, anyone knows how to use R to send emails (on various OS, Win, Mac, Unix,
Linux). I googled a bit and not very promising. Any plans to develop a package?
<br />
If we had the package, we can just hit ‘paste to console’ (RWinEdt) or C-c
C-c (ESS+Emacs) and let R to estimate, simulate and send results to co-authors
automatically. What a beautiful world!!<br />
I use Matlab and STATA as well but R completely owns me. Being a bad boy
naturally, I start to encourage new comers to use R in my work place.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-19751">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/0e3efc2331b1c5207e6d304e31c9c094?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>ynte
wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-19751">13.
January 2010 at 8:30 pm</a> : </div>
I happened to hit this page, and I am impressed by the pro’s and
con’s.<br />Been using SPSS for over 30 years and I’ve been appreciating the steep
increase in usability from punch card syntax to pull down menu’s. I only ran
into R today because it can handle Zero Inflated Poisson Regression and SPSS
can’t or won’t.<br />I think it is Great to find open source statistical software.
I guess it requires a special ment framework to actually enjoy struggling
through the command structure, but if I were 25 years younger………<br />It really is
a bugger to find that SPSS (or whatever they like to be called) and R come up
with different parameter estimates on the same dataset [at least in the negative
binomial model I compared].<br />Is there anyone out there with experience in
comparing two or more of these packages on one and the same dataset?<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-19857">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/aa2be688a8870386652dd185cd5a9887?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>Wei
wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-19857">16.
January 2010 at 9:58 am</a> : </div>
@ynte<br />Why don’t you join R: mailing list? If you ask questions properly
there, you will get answers.<br />
I would suggest a place to start: <a href="http://www.r-project.org/mail.html">http://www.r-project.org/mail.html</a><br />
Have fun.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-20412">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/acaf9469f19fd1facd136b32dfa62598?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>peng
wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-20412">27.
January 2010 at 10:22 am</a> : </div>
hi friends,<br />I am new to R.I would like to know R-PLUS.Does any know where
can I get the free training for R-PLUS.<br />
Regards,<br />Peng.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-21431">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/e37178781b8b292ce2b85b07b9d06dfb?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>Wayne
wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-21431">12.
February 2010 at 8:38 pm</a> : </div>
I use R.<br />
I’ve looked at Matlab, but the primitive nature of its language turns my
stomach. (I mean, here’s a language that uses alternating strings and values to
imitate named parameters? A language where it’s not unusual to have a half page
of code in a routine dedicated to filling in parameters based on the number of
supplied arguments.) And the Matlab culture seems to favor Perleqsue obfuscation
of code as a value. Plus it’s expensive. It’s really an engineer’s tool, not a
statistician’s tool.<br />
SAS creeps me out: it was obviously designed for punched cards and it’s an
inconsistent mix of 1950’s and 1960’s languages and batch command systems. I’m
sure it’s powerful, and from what I’ve read the other statistics packages
actually bend their results to match SAS’s, even when SAS’s results are arguably
not good. So it’s the Gold Standard of Statistics ™, literally, but it’s not
flexible and won’t be comfortable for someone expecting a well-designed
language.<br />
R’s language has a good design that has aged well. But it’s definitely open
source: you have two graphical languages that come in the box (base and
lattice), with a third that’s a real contender (ggplot2). Which to choose? There
are over 2,000 packages and it takes a bit of analysis just to decide which of
the four Wavelet packages you want to use for your project — not just current
features, but how well maintained the package appears to be, etc.<br />
There are really three questions to answer here: 1) What field are you
working in, 2) How focused are your needs, and 3) What’s your budget?<br />
In engineering (and Machine Learning and Computer Vision), 95% of the example
code you find in articles, online, and in repositories, will be Matlab. I’ve
done two graduate classes using R where Matlab was the “no brainer” choice, but
I just can’t stomach Matlab “programming”. Python might’ve been a good choice as
well, but with R I got an incredible range of graphics combined with multiple a
huge variety of statistical and learning techniques. You can get some of that in
Python, but it’s really more of a general-purpose tool when you definitely have
to roll your own.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-21454">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30 avatar-default" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/?d=identicon&s=30" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://www.johnnylogic.org/?p=732">Bookmarks for February 12th from 15:49
to 15:54 « Johnny Logic</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-21454">13.
February 2010 at 5:55 am</a> : </div>
[...] Comparison of data analysis packages: R, Matlab, SciPy, Excel, SAS,
SPSS, Stata – Brendan O&#8… – Lukas and I were trying to write a succinct
comparison of the most popular packages that are typically used for data
analysis. I think most people choose one based on what people around them use or
what they learn in school, so I’ve found it hard to find comparative
information. I’m posting the table here in hopes of useful comments. [...]<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-21693">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/d8cf61ad4c89ec2ecb825e9ca08435c6?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>Jay
wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-21693">17.
February 2010 at 9:43 am</a> : </div>
Yeah, quite the odd list. If *Py stuff is in there, then PDL definitely
should be too.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-21699">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30 avatar-default" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/?d=identicon&s=30" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://www.johndcook.com/blog/2010/02/17/statistical-functions-in-excel/">Statistical
functions in Excel — The Endeavour</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-21699">17.
February 2010 at 12:03 pm</a> : </div>
[...] Comparison of data analysis packages from Brendan O’Connor [...]<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-22132">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/3f95ffd4f24d4673fdc2b8076e68317e?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>stat_stuff
wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-22132">25.
February 2010 at 10:24 am</a> : </div>
i like what you wrote to describe spss, clear and consise….nuf said :-)<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-22223">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/af95a5dfff7c60b767c17be2e6032c0a?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>forkandwait
wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-22223">27.
February 2010 at 12:05 am</a> : </div>
I would like to comment on SAS versus R versus Matlab/ Octave.<br />
SAS seems to excel at data handling, both with large datasets and with wacked
proprietary formats (how else can you read a 60GB text file and merge it with an
access database from 1998). It is really ugly though, not interactive/
exploratory, and graphics aren’t great.<br />
R is awesome because it is a fully featured language (things like named
parameters, object orientation, typing) etc, and because every new data analysis
algorithm probably gets implemented in it first these days. I rather like the
graphics. However, it is a mess, with bad naming conventions that have evolved
badly over time, conflicting types, etc.<br />
Matlab is awesome in its niche, which is NOT data analysis, but rather math
modeling with scripts between 10 and 1000 lines. It is really easy to get up an
running if you have a math (ie linear algebra) background, the function file
system is great for a medium level of software engineering, plotting is awesome
and simpler than R, the datatypes (structs) are complex enough but dont’ involve
the headaches of a “well developed” type system. If you are doing data
management, gui interaction, or dealing with categorical data, it might be best
to use SQL/ SAS or something else and export your data into matrices of
numbers.<br />
I would like numpy and friends, but ZERO BASED INDEXING IS NOT
MATHEMETICAL.<br />
Just my 2c<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-25050">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/02163f5f94097f5987b1c32f7c43be5c?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>anlaystenheini
wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-25050">16.
April 2010 at 4:52 pm</a> : </div>
This is a great compilation, thank you.<br />After working as an econometrics
analyst for a while mainly using stata, I can tell the following about
STATA:<br />Stata is relativly easy to get startet with and to produce some
graphics quickly (that’s what all the business people want, click click here’s
your powerpoint presentation with lots of colourful graphics and no real
content).<br />BUT if you want to automate things and if you want to make stata to
do things it isn’t capable of out of the box, it is pure pain!<br />
The big problem is: On one hand Stata has a scripting/command interface,
which is not very powerful and very very inconsistent. On the other Hand, stata
has a fully featured matrix-orientated programming language with c-like syntax,
which is c-like, therefore not very handy (c is old and not made for
mathematics, the matlab language is much more convenient), and which doesn’t
work well with the rest of stata (you have a superflous level for interchanging
data from one part to the other).<br />
All together programming STATA feels like persuading STATA:<br />Error messages
are almost useless, the macro text expansion used in the scripting language is
not very suitable for things that has to do with mathematics (texts can’t
calculate), and many other little things.<br />It is very inconsitent sometimes
very clumsy to handle and has silly limitations like string expressions limited
to 254 chars like in the early 20th century.<br />
So go with stata for a little ad hoc statistics but do not use it for more
sophisticated stuff, in that case learn R!<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-25305">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/ffa09cf6afa1d8e2bcefe018112c1695?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>George
Wolfe wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-25305">19.
April 2010 at 11:13 pm</a> : </div>
I’ve used Mathematica as a general purpose programming language for the past
couple of years. I’ve built a portfolio optimizer, various tools to manipulate
data and databases, and a lot of statistics and graphs routines. People who use
commercial portfolio optimizers are always surprised at how fast the Mathamatica
optimizations run - faster then their own optimizers. Based on my experience, I
can say that Mathematica is great for numerical and ordinary computational
tasks. <br />
I did have to spent a lot of time learning how to think in Mathematica - it’s
most powerful when used as a functional language, and I was a procedural
programmer. However, if you want to use a procedural programming approach,
Mathematica supports that.<br />
Regarding some of the other topics discussed above: (1) Mathematica has build
in support for parallel computing, and can be run on supercomputing clusters
(Wolfram Alpha is written in Mathematica). (2) The language is highly evolved
and is being actively entended and improved every year. It seems to be in an
exponential phase of development currently - Stephen Wolfram outlines the
development plans every year and the annual user conferenced - and his
expectations seem to be pretty much on target. (3) Wolfram has a stated goal of
making Mathematica a universal computing platform which smoothly integrates
theoretical and applied mathematics with general purpose, graphics, and
computation. I admit to a major case of hero worship, but I think he is achiving
this goal.<br />
I’m going on and on about Mathematica because, in spite of its wonderfulness,
it doesn’t seem to have taken it’s rightful place in these discussions. Maybe
Mathematica users drop out of the “what’s the best language for x” after they
start using it. I don’t know, really. But anyway, that’s the way I see it.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-25723">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/42d678f84a13ded268bf0e89b184c35b?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>Dale
wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-25723">25.
April 2010 at 12:54 am</a> : </div>
I am amazed that nobody has mentioned JMP. It is essentially equivalent to
SPSS or STATA in capabilities but far easier to use (certainly to teach or
learn). The main reason why it is not so well known is that it is a SAS product
and they don’t want to market it well for fear that nobody will want SAS any
more.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-25740">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/553018f3031ba4a8e6bdb0cf2e878306?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>ad
wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-25740">25.
April 2010 at 1:23 pm</a> : </div>
In the comparison I did not see Freemat. This is a open source tool that
follows along the lines of MATLAB. It would interesting to see how the community
compares Freemat to Matlab<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-25845">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/dc72820b627e20aa02a3fd77f994c205?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://bupka.wordpress.com/">bupka's online</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-25845">27.
April 2010 at 4:26 am</a> : </div>
bupka’s online menyediakan buku terpakai (used books) berkualitas dan
asli<br />original dengan harga miring,banyak buku teknik. silahkan kunjungi<br /><a href="http://bupka.wordpress.com/">http://bupka.wordpress.com</a><br />
buku MATLAB yg dibicarakan diatas, ada stok saat ini.<br />silahkan liat2
lainnya juga.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-25867">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/ad931f8b5a3394f6a1f85c712a2cb7ea?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>Farhat
wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-25867">27.
April 2010 at 9:37 am</a> : </div>
@Wolfe: I have used Mathematica a lot over the past 8 years and still use it
for testing ideas as small pieces of code can do fairly sophisticated stuff,
I’ve found it poor for large datasets and longer code development. It even
lacked things like support for a code versioning system until recently. The cost
is also a major detractor. Mathematica costs like $2500 or so last time I
checked. Also, some of the newer features like Manipulate seem to create issues,
I had a small piece of code using that for interactivity which sent the CPU
usage to 100% regardless of whether any change was happening or not. <br />
Also, SAGE ( <a href="http://www.sagemath.org/">http://www.sagemath.org</a>
), the open source alternative to Mathematica has gotten quite powerful in the
last few years.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-26573">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/846d25e446188b015601015adb1eb004?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://www.aliencitizens.com/">yinyangwriter</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-26573">8.
May 2010 at 6:16 am</a> : </div>
I just wanted to mention that Maple, which has not been commented on yet in
this post or in the subsequent thread, generates beautiful visuals and I used to
program in it all the time (as an alternative to Mathematica which was used by
the “other camp” and I wouldn’t touch). <br />
Also, I’m starting to use Matlab now and loving how intuitive it is (for
someone with programming experience anyway). st<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-26631">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/5ad8006a40b8438acf0e751fc6320aa5?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>Jason
wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-26631">9.
May 2010 at 5:40 pm</a> : </div>
let me quote some of Ross Ihaka’s reflection on R’s efficiency….<br />
“I’m one of the two originators of R. After reading Jan’s<br />paper I wrote to
him and said I thought it was interesting<br />that he was choosing to jump from
Lisp to R at the same<br />time I was jumping from R to Common Lisp……<br />
We started work on R in the early ’90s. At the time<br />decent Lisp
implementations required much more resources<br />than our target machines had. We
therefore wrote a small<br />scheme-like interpreter and implemented over
that.<br />Being rank amateurs we didn’t do a great job of the<br />implementation
and the semantics of the S language which<br />we borrowed also don’t lead to
efficiency (there is a<br />lot of copying of big objects).<br />R is now being
applied to much bigger problems than we<br />ever anticipated and efficiency is a
real issue. What<br />we’re looking at now is implementing a thin syntax
over<br />Common Lisp. The reason for this is that while Lisp is<br />great for
programming it is not good for carrying out<br />interactive data analysis. That
requires a mindset better<br />expressed by standard math notation. We do plan to
make<br />the syntax thin enough that it is possible to still work<br />at the Lisp
level. (I believe that the use of Lisp syntax<br />was partially responsible for
why XLispStat failed to gain<br />a large user community).<br />The payoff (we hope)
will be much greater flexibility and<br />a big boost in performance (we are
working with SBCL so<br />we gain from compilation). For some simple
calculations<br />we are seeing orders of magnitude increases in
performance<br />over R, and quite big gains over Python…..”<br />
the full post is here:<br /><a href="http://r.789695.n4.nabble.com/Ross-Ihaka-s-reflections-on-Common-Lisp-and-R-td920197.html#a920197">http://r.789695.n4.nabble.com/Ross-Ihaka-s-reflections-on-Common-Lisp-and-R-td920197.html#a920197</a><br />
it is quite interesting to note that such a “provactive” post from one of R’s
originators got 0 response from R-dev list………..<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-27214">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30 avatar-default" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/?d=identicon&s=30" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://www.skriptfoundry.com/wordpress/?p=193">Business Intelligence
Tools: looking at R as a platform for big BI. - SkriptFounders</a>
wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-27214">23.
May 2010 at 5:36 am</a> : </div>
[...] is some more information I thought was nice on the best packages for
stat analysis. The only thing thats wrong here is the [...]<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-28250">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/be41377f61030ea88573734eb313c3a9?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>Sam
wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-28250">16.
June 2010 at 4:12 pm</a> : </div>
I came across this thread and I’m finding the comments very useful. Thanks to
all!<br />
I’m trying to decide which software package to use. I’m a researcher working
with clinical (patient-related) data. I have data sets with <10,000 rows
(usually just a few thousand). I need software that will generate multivariate
and logistic regression, and Kaplan-Meier survival curves. Visualization is very
important.<br />
Of note, I’m an avid programmer as a hobby (C++, assembly, most anything), so
I’m very comfortable with a more complex package, but I need something that just
works. I’ve been using SPSS, which works, but clunky.<br />
Any suggestions? Stata? Systat? S-Plus? Maple?<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-28252">
<div class="commentmetadata_author">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/fd4b164e15fa2a834d16fb8743ec4f1b?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://anyall.org/">brendano</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-28252">16.
June 2010 at 5:13 pm</a> : </div>
I still haven’t used Stata, but its users have very strong praise for it, for
situations that sound like yours. That might be the best option to start
with.<br />
R might be worth trying too.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-29285">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/8b3d0fc890d535f5fd510dc30f458958?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>Rashad
wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-29285">5.
July 2010 at 12:48 am</a> : </div>
I am working on my undergraduate degree in statistics in the SAS direction,
which has surprised people in the field I meet. The choice was somewhat
arbitrary; I just wanted something applied to complement a pure mathematics
degree. This post has opened many (…..many) options to consider. Thanks for the
great discussion.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-31571">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/0402c7edf0ae3fc53498b01a69a2ed0b?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>Donovan
wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-31571">2.
August 2010 at 2:44 am</a> : </div>
So my question here is simple:<br />
After you peel back all the layers and look at the solution that would
require the least effort, the most power, with the greatest flexibility, why
anyone would choose anything other than RPy first, and then the language du
joire that your employer would be using second as a backup and scrap the code
war?<br />
I mean for my money, you make sure you can build a model in Excel, learn RPy
& C# and search for APIs if you need to user other languages or just plain
partner with someone who can code C++ {if you can’t} and simply inject it. <br />
I mean I plan on learning Java, PHP and SAS as well, but that is really a
personal choice. Coming from IT with in Finance, not knowing Java and SAS means
you either won’t get in the door or reach a glass ceiling pretty quickly unless
you play corporate politics really, really well. So for me, it is a necessity.
But the flip side is, wanting to make the leap into Financial Engineering after
completing a doctorate in Engineering, RPy has also become a near Realistically,
unless you just like coding, I have to say that what I have suggested makes the
most sense for the average analysis pro. But then alot of this is based upon
whether you’re a Quant Research, Quant Developer, Analyst, etc. — different
tools for different functions. <br />
Just thought<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-32797">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/e21c919b246137b987217d951331f47c?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>Mark
Smith wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-32797">14.
August 2010 at 11:06 pm</a> : </div>
Sas and r <br />
1. there is a book out on the topic
(http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1420070576?ie=UTF8&tag=sasandrblog-20&linkCode=as2&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=1420070576)<br />
2. R interface available in SAS 9.2<br />
“While SAS is committed to providing the new statistical methodologies that
the marketplace demands and will deliver new work more quickly with a recent
decoupling of the analytical product releases from Base SAS, a commercial
software vendor can only put out new work so fast. And never as as fast as a
professor and a grad student writing an academic implementation of brand-new
methodology.<br />Both R and SAS are here to stay, and finding ways to make them
work better with each other is in the best interests of our customers.<br />“We
know a lot of our users have both R and SAS in their toolkit, and we decided to
make it easier for them to access R by making it available in the SAS 9.2
environment,” said Rodriguez.<br />The SAS/IML Studio interface allows you to
integrate R functionality with SAS/IML or SAS programs. You can also exchange
data between SAS and R as data sets or matrices.<br />“This is just the first
step,” said Radhika Kulkarni, Vice President of Advanced Analytics. “We are busy
working on an R interface that can be surfaced in the SAS server or via other
SAS clients. In the future, users will be able to interface with R through the
IML procedure.“<br />
<a href="http://support.sas.com/rnd/app/studio/Rinterface2.html">http://support.sas.com/rnd/app/studio/Rinterface2.html</a><br />
While this is probably more for SAS users than R, I thought both camps might
be interested in case you get coerced into using SAS one day… doesn’t mean you
have to give up your experience with R.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-33881">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/b069f94ecb61698187c272e1b2db2d42?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>Iskander
wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-33881">26.
August 2010 at 4:51 pm</a> : </div>
I am also amazed how few people here have said anything about StatSoft
Statistica. I’ve been using it for close to 6 years and don’t see any
shortcomings at all. Consider this:<br />- full support of R<br />- fully
scriptable, which means you can call DLLs written in whatever programming
language possible and implementing things which you didn’t find inbuilt in
Statistica (which doesn’t mean it’s not there)<br />- the Statistica solver /
engine can be called externally from Excel and other applications via the
COM/OLE interface<br />- untrammelled graphics of virtually any complexity —
extremely flexible and customizable (and scriptable)<br />- the Data Miner (with
its brand new ‘Data Miner Recipes’) is another extremely powerful tool that
leaves only your imagination to limit you<br />….it would be tedious to list all
its advantages (again, the Statistica Neural Networks and the Six Sigma modules
are IMO very professionally implemented).<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-34319">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/846f468ea65b38cb673e63e9868691d2?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>ZZ
wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-34319">31.
August 2010 at 12:08 pm</a> : </div>
No package other than sas can load the unstructured data like blogs posted
here, analyze and extract the sentiments (positive, negative, neutral) about
each of the packages debated here in pretty decent precision after sas bought
teragram a few years ago.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-34631">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30 avatar-default" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/?d=identicon&s=30" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://thewebminer.com/2010/09/links-for-2010-09-04/">links for 2010-09-04
: Web Data Mining & Data Visualisation</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-34631">4.
September 2010 at 2:01 pm</a> : </div>
[...] Comparison of data analysis packages: R, Matlab, SciPy, Excel, SAS,
SPSS, Stata – Brendan O&#0… Excellent comparison between data analysis
packages: R, Matlab, SciPy, Excel, SAS, SPSS, Stata. (tags: python r matlab)
[...]<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-36368">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30 avatar-default" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/?d=identicon&s=30" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://lexis.ccpr.ucla.edu/wp/?p=526">Interesting Comparison of data
analysis packages - CCPR Computing</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-36368">23.
September 2010 at 10:31 pm</a> : </div>
[...] <a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-st..">http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-st..</a>.
Uncategorized none [...]<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-38663">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30 avatar-default" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/?d=identicon&s=30" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://alexmajy.wordpress.com/2010/10/15/some-links-about-statistical-tools/">some
links about statistical tools « 西瓜,桃子,坚果岛</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-38663">15.
October 2010 at 4:16 am</a> : </div>
[...] 1. Comparison of data analysis packages: R, Matlab, SciPy, Excel, SAS,
SPSS, Stata [...]<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-38918">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/f7b30e5e839709e7a9946a4fbf90af9c?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>John
wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-38918">17.
October 2010 at 4:40 am</a> : </div>
A post above commented: “sas is handy you have some old punch cards in the
cupboard or a huge dataset. apart from that it truly sucks. some people say that
it is good to manage data, but why not use a good relational database to do that
and then use decent statistical software to do the analysis?” A good relational
database is good at supporting online transactional processing and will in most
organizations come with a bureaucracy of gatekeepers whose role is to ensure the
integrity of the database to support mission critical transactional
applications. In other words it takes a mountain of paperwork to merely add one
field to a table. The paradigm assume a business area of ‘users’ who have their
requirements spelled out before anyone even thinks of designing let alone
programming anything. It just kills analysis. Where SAS is used data must be
extracted from such systems and loaded into text files for SAS to read, or
SAS/Access used. Generally DBAs are loath to install the latter as it is
difficult to optimize in the sense of minimizing the drain on operational
systems. <br />
On IBM mainframes the choice of languages to use is limited and by default
this will usually be SAS. Most large organisations have SAS, at least Base SAS,
installed by default because the Merrill MXG capacity planning software uses it.
Hence cost is sort of irrelevant. It then tends to be used for anything
requiring processing of text files even in production applications and this
often means processing text as text, e.g. JCL with date dependent parameters,
rather than as preparing data for loading into SAS datasets for statistical
analysis.<br />
I know nothing about R but seeing a few code sample it struck me how it
resembled APL to which we were introduced in our stats course in college in the
early 70s, not surprising as both are matrix oriented.</li>
</ol>
</div>
<hr style="margin: 10px 0px 15px;" />
</div>
<div class="entry">
<a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/">http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/</a></div>
<div class="entry">
<hr />
</div>
<div class="entry">
<h1>
Comparison of data analysis packages: R, Matlab, SciPy, Excel, SAS, SPSS,
Stata</h1>
<a href="http://lukasbiewald.com/">Lukas</a> and I were trying to write a
succinct comparison of the most popular packages that are typically used for
data analysis. I think most people choose one based on what people around them
use or what they learn in school, so I’ve found it hard to find comparative
information. I’m posting the table here in hopes of useful comments.<br />
<table border="1" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><strong>Name</strong></td>
<td><strong>Advantages</strong></td>
<td><strong>Disadvantages</strong></td>
<td><strong>Open source?</strong></td>
<td valign="top"><strong>Typical </strong><strong>users</strong></td></tr>
<tr>
<td>R</td>
<td>Library support; visualization</td>
<td>Steep learning curve</td>
<td>Yes</td>
<td valign="top">Finance; Statistics</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Matlab</td>
<td>Elegant matrix support; visualization</td>
<td>Expensive; incomplete statistics support</td>
<td>No</td>
<td valign="top">Engineering</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>SciPy/NumPy/Matplotlib</td>
<td>Python (general-purpose programming language)</td>
<td>Immature</td>
<td>Yes</td>
<td valign="top">Engineering</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Excel</td>
<td>Easy; visual; flexible</td>
<td>Large datasets</td>
<td>No</td>
<td valign="top">Business</td></tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top">SAS</td>
<td valign="top">Large datasets</td>
<td valign="top">Expensive; outdated programming language</td>
<td valign="top">No</td>
<td valign="top">Business; Government</td></tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top">Stata</td>
<td valign="top">Easy statistical analysis</td>
<td valign="top">
</td><td valign="top">No</td>
<td valign="top">Science</td></tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top">SPSS</td>
<td colspan="4" valign="top">Like Stata but more expensive and
worse</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
[<b>7/09 update:</b> tweaks incorporating some of the excellent comments
below, esp. for SAS, SPSS, and Stata.]<br />
There’s a bunch more to be said for every cell. Among other things: <br />
<ul>
<li>Two big divisions on the table: The more programming-oriented solutions are
R, Matlab, and Python. More analytic solutions are Excel, SAS, Stata, and SPSS.
</li>
<li>Python “immature”: matplotlib, numpy, and scipy are all separate libraries
that don’t always get along. Why does matplotlib come with “pylab” which is
supposed to be a unified namespace for everything? Isn’t scipy supposed to do
that? Why is there duplication between numpy and scipy (e.g. numpy.linalg vs.
scipy.linalg)? And then there’s package compatibility version hell. You can
use SAGE or Enthought but neither is standard (yet). In terms of functionality
and approach, SciPy is closest to Matlab, but it feels much less mature.
</li>
<li>Matlab’s language is certainly weak. It sometimes doesn’t seem to be much
more than a scripting language wrapping the matrix libraries. Python is clearly
better on most counts. R’s is surprisingly good (Scheme-derived, smart use of
named args, etc.) if you can get past the bizarre language constructs and weird
functions in the standard library. Everyone says SAS is very bad.
</li>
<li>Matlab is the best for developing new mathematical algorithms. Very popular
in machine learning.
</li>
<li>I’ve never used the Matlab Statistical Toolbox. I’m wondering, how good is
it compared to R?
</li>
<li>Here’s an <a href="http://www.reddit.com/r/programming/comments/7fg6i/why_are_sasstata_the_default_statistical_tools/">interesting
reddit thread</a> on SAS/Stata vs R.
</li>
<li>SPSS and Stata in the same category: they seem to have a similar role so we
threw them together. Stata is a lot cheaper than SPSS, people usually seem to
like it, and it seems popular for introductory courses. I personally haven’t
used either…
</li>
<li>SPSS and Stata for “Science”: we’ve seen biologists and social scientists
use lots of Stata and SPSS. My impression is they get used by people who want
the easiest way possible to do the sort of standard statistical analyses that
are very orthodox in many academic disciplines. (ANOVA, multiple regressions,
t- and chi-squared significance tests, etc.) Certain types of scientists, like
physicists, computer scientists, and statisticians, often do weirder stuff that
doesn’t fit into these traditional methods.
</li>
<li>Another important thing about SAS, from my perspective at least, is that
it’s used mostly by an older crowd. I know dozens of people under 30 doing
statistical stuff and only one knows SAS. At that <a href="http://dataspora.com/blog/predictive-analytics-using-r/">R meetup</a> last
week, <a href="http://www.meetup.com/R-Users/members/7654264/">Jim Porzak</a>
asked the audience if there were any recent grad students who had learned R in
school. Many hands went up. Then he asked if SAS was even offered as an
option. All hands went down. There were boatloads of SAS representatives at
that conference and they sure didn’t seem to be on the leading edge.
</li>
<li>But: is there ANY package besides SAS that can do analysis for datasets that
don’t fit into memory? That is, ones that mostly have to stay on disk? And
exactly how good as SAS’s capabilities here anyway?
</li>
<li>If your dataset can’t fit on a single hard drive and you need a cluster,
none of the above will work. There are a few multi-machine data processing
frameworks that are somewhat standard (e.g. Hadoop, MPI) but It’s an open
question what the standard distributed data analysis framework will be. (Hive?
Pig? Or quite possibly something else.)
</li>
<li>(This was an interesting point at the R meetup. Porzak was talking about
how going to MySQL gets around R’s in-memory limitations. But Itamar Rosenn and
Bo Cowgill (Facebook and Google respectively) were talking about multi-machine
datasets that require cluster computation that R doesn’t come close to touching,
at least right now. It’s just a whole different ballgame with that large a
dataset.)
</li>
<li>SAS people complain about poor graphing capabilities.
</li>
<li>R vs. Matlab visualization support is controversial. One view I’ve heard
is, R’s visualizations are great for exploratory analysis, but you want
something else for very high-quality graphs. Matlab’s interactive plots are
super nice though. Matplotlib follows the Matlab model, which is fine, but is
uglier than either IMO.
</li>
<li>Excel has a far, far larger user base than any of these other options.
That’s important to know. I think it’s underrated by computer scientist sort of
people. But it does massively break down at >10k or certainly >100k rows.
</li>
<li>Another option: Fortran and C/C++. They are super fast and memory
efficient, but tricky and error-prone to code, have to spend lots of time
mucking around with I/O, and have zero visualization and data management
support. Most of the packages listed above run Fortran numeric libraries for
the heavy lifting.
</li>
<li>Another option: Mathematica. I get the impression it’s more for theoretical
math, not data analysis. Can anyone prove me wrong?
</li>
<li>Another option: the pre-baked data mining packages. The open-source ones I
know of are Weka and Orange. I hear there are zillions of commercial ones too.
Jerome Friedman, a big statistical learning guy, has an interesting complaint
that they should focus more on traditional things like significance tests and
experimental design. (<a href="http://www-stat.stanford.edu/~jhf/ftp/dm-stat.pdf">Here</a>; the article
that inspired <a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2008/12/statistics-vs-machine-learning-fight/">this
rant</a>.)
</li>
<li>I think knowing where the typical users come from is very informative for
what you can expect to see in the software’s capabilities and user community.
I’d love more information on this for all these options.</li>
</ul>
What do people think?<br />
<div class="indicator">
•</div>
<h2 class="comments-template" id="comments">
114 comments to “Comparison of data
analysis packages: R, Matlab, SciPy, Excel, SAS, SPSS, Stata”</h2>
<div class="comments-template">
<ol class="commentlist">
<li id="comment-3183">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/fd67478d286b87e0aeb30d157962abda?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>Eric
Sun wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3183">23.
February 2009 at 8:53 pm</a> : </div>
>>I know dozens of people under 30 doing statistical stuff and only one
knows SAS.<br />
I’m assuming the “one” is me, so I’ll just say a few points:<br />I’m taking
John Chambers’s R class at Stanford this quarter, so I’m slowly and steadily
becoming an R convert.<br />That said, I don’t think anything besides SAS can do
well with datasets that don’t fit in memory. We used SAS in litigation
consulting because we frequently had datasets in the 1-20 GB range (i.e. can fit
easily on one hard disk but difficult to work with in R/Stata where you have to
load it all in at once) and almost never larger than 20GB. In this relatively
narrow context, it makes a lot of sense to use SAS: it’s very efficient and easy
to get summary statistics, look at a few observations here and there, and do
lots of different kinds of analyses. I recall a Cournot Equilibrium-finding
simulation that we wrote using the SAS macro language, which would be quite
difficult in R, I think. I don’t have quantitative stats on SAS’s capabilities,
but I would certainly not think twice about importing a 20 GB file into SAS and
working with it in the same way as I would a 20 MB file. <br />
That said, if you have really huge internet-scale data that won’t fit on one
hard drive, then SAS won’t be too useful either. I’ll be very interested if this
R + Hadoop system ever becomes mature: <a href="http://www.stat.purdue.edu/~sguha/rhipe/">http://www.stat.purdue.edu/~sguha/rhipe/</a><br />
In my work at Facebook, Python + RPy2 is a good solution for large datasets
that don’t need to be loaded into memory all at once (for example, analyzing one
facebook network at a time). If you have mutliple machines, these computations
can be speeded up using iPython’s parallel computing facilities.<br />
Also, R’s graphical capabilities continue to surprise me; you can actually do
a lot of advanced stuff. I don’t do much graphics, but perhaps check out “R
Graphics” by Murrell or Deepayan Sarkar’s book on Lattice Graphics.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3184">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/fd67478d286b87e0aeb30d157962abda?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>Eric
Sun wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3184">23.
February 2009 at 8:55 pm</a> : </div>
I thought that most people consider SAS to have the highest learning curve,
certainly higher than R. but maybe I’m mistaken about that.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3186">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/9afa1a12e74de7c233e6ccaa4239810a?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>Justin
wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3186">23.
February 2009 at 10:24 pm</a> : </div>
Calling scipy immature sounds somehow “wrong”. The issues you come up with
are more of early design flaws that will not go away, no matter how “mature”
scipy is getting.<br />
That said, these are flaws, but they seem pretty minor to me.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3189">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/8918a69120d4c944a40c07e3cc1f0e08?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://www.inference.phy.cam.ac.uk/ear23/">Edward Ratzer</a>
wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3189">23.
February 2009 at 10:42 pm</a> : </div>
I’ve recently seen GNU DAP mentioned as an open-source equivalent to SAS.
Know if it’s any good?<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3191">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/7230661fec9e3def0c5498c20456743f?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>TS
Waterman wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3191">23.
February 2009 at 10:49 pm</a> : </div>
Have you considered Octave in this regard? It’s a GNU-licensed Matlab clone.
Very nice graphing capability, Matlab syntax and library functions, open
source.<br />
<a href="http://www.gnu.org/software/octave/FAQ.html#MATLAB-compatibility">http://www.gnu.org/software/octave/FAQ.html#MATLAB-compatibility</a><br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3192">
<div class="commentmetadata_author">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/fd4b164e15fa2a834d16fb8743ec4f1b?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://anyall.org/">brendano</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3192">23.
February 2009 at 10:52 pm</a> : </div>
@Eric - oops, yeah should’ve put SAS as hardest. Good point that the standard
of judging how good large dataset support is, is whether you can manipulate a
big dataset the same way you manipulate a small dataset. I’ve loaded 1-2 GB of
data into R and you definitely have to do things differently (e.g. never use
by()). <br />
@Justin - scipy certainly seems like it keeps improving. I just keep
comparing it to matlab and it’s constantly behind. I remember once watching
someone try to make a 3d plot. He spent quite a while going through various
half-baked python solutions that didn’t work. Then he booted up matlab and had
one in less than a minute. Matlab’s functionality is well-designed,
well-put-together and well-documented.<br />
@Edward - I have seen it mentioned too. From glancing at its home page, it
seems like a pretty small-time project.<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3193">
<div class="commentmetadata_author">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/fd4b164e15fa2a834d16fb8743ec4f1b?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://anyall.org/">brendano</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3193">23.
February 2009 at 10:58 pm</a> : </div>
@TS - yeah, i used octave just once for something simple. it worked fine. my
issues were: first, i’m not impressed with gnuplot graphing. second, the
interactive environment isn’t too great. third, trying to clone the matlab
language seems crazy since it’s kind of crappy. i think i’d usually pick scipy
over octave if being free is a requirement, else go with matlab if i have access
to it.<br />
otoh it looks like it supports some nice things like sparse matrices that
i’ve had a hard time with lately in R and scipy. i guess worth another look at
some point…<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3194">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/faef2c296b5989d5df52e251bf3105fb?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b><a href="http://www.dataspora.com/blog">Michael E. Driscoll</a> wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3194">23.
February 2009 at 11:05 pm</a> : </div>
Brendan, <br />
Nice overview, I think another dimension you don’t mention — but which Bo
Cowgill alluded to at our R panel talk — is performance. Matlab is typically
stronger in this vein, but R has made significant progress with more recent
versions. Some benchmark results can be found at:<br />
<a href="http://mlg.eng.cam.ac.uk/dave/rmbenchmark.php">http://mlg.eng.cam.ac.uk/dave/rmbenchmark.php</a><br />
MD<br />
</li>
<li id="comment-3195">
<div class="commentmetadata">
<img class="avatar avatar-30" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/701c39d544a44d698b158c054b3fd872?s=30&d=identicon&r=R" style="height: 30px; width: 30px;" /><b>Mike
wrote:</b><br /><a href="http://anyall.org/blog/2009/02/comparison-of-data-analysis-packages-r-matlab-scipy-excel-sas-spss-stata/#comment-3195">23.
February 2009 at 11:27 pm</a> : </div>
In high energy particle physics, ROOT is the package of choice. It’s
distributed by CERN, but it’s open source, and is multi-platform (though the
Linux flavor is best supported). It does solve some of the problems you
mentioned, like running over large datasets that can’t be entirely
memory-resident. The syntax is C++ based, and has both an interpreter and the
ability to compile/execute scripts from the command line.<br />
There are lots of reasons to prefer other packages (like R) over ROOT for
certain tasks, but in the end there’s little that can be done with other
packages that one cannot</li>
</ol>
</div>
<br />
<table border="1" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><strong>Name</strong></td>
<td><strong>Advantages</strong></td>
<td><strong>Disadvantages</strong></td>
<td><strong>Open source?</strong></td>
<td valign="top"><strong>Typical </strong><strong>users</strong></td></tr>
<tr>
<td>R</td>
<td>Library support; visualization</td>
<td>Steep learning curve</td>
<td>Yes</td>
<td valign="top">Finance; Statistics</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Matlab</td>
<td>Elegant matrix support; visualization</td>
<td>Expensive; incomplete statistics support</td>
<td>No</td>
<td valign="top">Engineering</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>SciPy/NumPy/Matplotlib</td>
<td>Python (general-purpose programming language)</td>
<td>Immature</td>
<td>Yes</td>
<td valign="top">Engineering</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Excel</td>
<td>Easy; visual; flexible</td>
<td>Large datasets</td>
<td>No</td>
<td valign="top">Business</td></tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top">SAS</td>
<td valign="top">Large datasets</td>
<td valign="top">Expensive; outdated programming language</td>
<td valign="top">No</td>
<td valign="top">Business; Government</td></tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top">Stata</td>
<td valign="top">Easy statistical analysis</td>
<td valign="top">
</td><td valign="top">No</td>
<td valign="top">Science</td></tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top">SPSS</td>
<td colspan="4" valign="top">Like Stata but more expensive and
worse</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
[<b>7/09 update:</b> tweaks incorporating some of the excellent comments
below, esp. for SAS, SPSS, and Stata.] <br />
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<li><a href="http://www.ibm.com/industries/aerodefense/?cm_re=masthead-_-business-_-ind-aerodef" style="display: inline-block;">Aerospace
and defense</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.ibm.com/industries/automotive/?cm_re=masthead-_-business-_-ind-auto" style="display: inline-block;">Automotive</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.ibm.com/industries/financialservices/banking/?cm_re=masthead-_-business-_-ind-banking" style="display: inline-block;">Banking</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.ibm.com/industries/chemicalspetroleum/?cm_re=masthead-_-business-_-ind-chem" style="display: inline-block;">Chemicals
and petroleum</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.ibm.com/industries/construction/?cm_re=masthead-_-solutions-_-ind-construction" style="display: inline-block;">Construction</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.ibm.com/industries/consumerproducts/?cm_re=masthead-_-business-_-ind-consumer" style="display: inline-block;">Consumer
products</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.ibm.com/industries/education/?cm_re=masthead-_-business-_-ind-edu" style="display: inline-block;">Education</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.ibm.com/industries/electronics/?cm_re=masthead-_-business-_-ind-elec" style="display: inline-block;">Electronics</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.ibm.com/industries/utilities/?cm_re=masthead-_-business-_-ind-energy" style="display: inline-block;">Energy
and utilities</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.ibm.com/industries/financialservices/financialmarkets/?cm_re=masthead-_-business-_-ind-finance" style="display: inline-block;">Financial
markets</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.ibm.com/industries/forestpaper/?cm_re=masthead-_-solutions-_-ind-forestpaper" style="display: inline-block;">Forest
and paper</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.ibm.com/industries/government/?cm_re=masthead-_-business-_-ind-gov" style="display: inline-block;">Government</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.ibm.com/industries/healthcare/?cm_re=masthead-_-solutions-_-ind-health" style="display: inline-block;">Healthcare</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.ibm.com/industries/financialservices/insurance/?cm_re=masthead-_-business-_-ind-ins" style="display: inline-block;">Insurance</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.ibm.com/services/gbs/lifesciences?cm_re=masthead-_-solutions-_-ind-lifesci" style="display: inline-block;">Life
sciences</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.ibm.com/industries/media/?cm_re=masthead-_-business-_-ind-media" style="display: inline-block;">Media
and entertainment</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.ibm.com/industries/metalsmining/?cm_re=masthead-_-solutions-_-ind-metalsmining" style="display: inline-block;">Metals
and mining</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.ibm.com/industries/retail/?cm_re=masthead-_-business-_-ind-retail" style="display: inline-block;">Retail</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.ibm.com/industries/telecom/?cm_re=masthead-_-business-_-ind-tele" style="display: inline-block;">Telecommunications</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.ibm.com/industries/travel/?cm_re=masthead-_-business-_-ind-travel" style="display: inline-block;">Travel
and transportation</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</li>
<li class=" ibm-place-holder"><a class=" ibm-unav-menu-has-child" href="javascript:void(0);" id="gi-d6d1c68f-trigger" style="display: inline-block;">By business need</a>
<div class="ibm-unav-menu ibm-place-holder" id="gi-d6d1c68f">
<span class="ibm-unav-menu-ehb" id="gi-d6d1c68f-ehb"><img src="http://www.ibm.com/i/c.gif" style="height: 1px; width: 1px;" /></span><a class="ibm-access" href="">
<ul>
<li></li>
</ul>
</a><ul>
<li><a href="http://www.ibm.com/software/data/db2bi/?cm_re=masthead-_-business-_-bzn-busint" style="display: inline-block;">Business
intelligence</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.ibm.com/services/crm/?cm_re=masthead-_-business-_-bzn-crm" style="display: inline-block;">Customer
relationship management</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.ibm.com/solutions/erp/?cm_re=masthead-_-business-_-bzn-erp" style="display: inline-block;">Enterprise
resource planning</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.ibm.com/services/us/gbs/bus/html/bcs_financialmgmt.html?re=bcs_home&cm_re=masthead-_-business-_-bzn-finmgmt" style="display: inline-block;">Financial
management</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.ibm.com/services/us/gbs/bus/html/bcs_humancapitalmgmt.html?re=bcs_home&cm_re=masthead-_-business-_-bzn-humancap" style="display: inline-block;">Human
capital management</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.ibm.com/software/plm/?cm_re=masthead-_-business-_-bzn-plm" style="display: inline-block;">Product
lifecycle management</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.ibm.com/security/?cm_re=masthead-_-business-_-bzn-sec" style="display: inline-block;">Security</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.ibm.com/software/solutions/sensors/?cm_re=masthead-_-business-_-bzn-sensors" style="display: inline-block;">Sensors</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.ibm.com/services/us/gbs/bus/html/bcs_strategyplanning.html?re=bcs_home&cm_re=masthead-_-business-_-bzn-strat" style="display: inline-block;">Strategy
and change</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.ibm.com/services/scm/?cm_re=masthead-_-business-_-bzn-scm" style="display: inline-block;">Supply
chain management</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</li>
<li class=" ibm-place-holder"><a class=" ibm-unav-menu-has-child" href="javascript:void(0);" id="gi-6ed2d371-trigger" style="display: inline-block;">By IT issue</a>
<div class="ibm-unav-menu ibm-place-holder" id="gi-6ed2d371">
<span class="ibm-unav-menu-ehb" id="gi-6ed2d371-ehb"><img src="http://www.ibm.com/i/c.gif" style="height: 1px; width: 1px;" /></span><a class="ibm-access" href="">
<ul>
<li></li>
</ul>
</a><ul>
<li><a href="http://www.ibm.com/itsolutions/business-process-management/?cm_re=masthead-_-business-_-bzn-bpm" style="display: inline-block;">Business
process management</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.ibm.com/itsolutions/collaboration/?cm_re=masthead-_-business-_-bzn-collab" style="display: inline-block;">Collaboration</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.ibm.com/itsolutions/content-management//?cm_re=masthead-_-business-_-bzn-content" style="display: inline-block;">Content
management</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.ibm.com/itsolutions/it-cost/?cm_re=masthead-_-business-_-bzn-cost" style="display: inline-block;">Cost
management</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.ibm.com/itsolutions/data/?cm_re=masthead-_-business-_-bzn-data" style="display: inline-block;">Data
management</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.ibm.com/itsolutions/disaster-recovery/?cm_re=masthead-_-business-_-bzn-recovery" style="display: inline-block;">Disaster
recovery</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.ibm.com/itsolutions/distribution-management/?cm_re=masthead-_-business-_-bzn-disman" style="display: inline-block;">Distribution
management</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.ibm.com/itsolutions/energy-efficiency/?cm_re=masthead-_-business-_-bzn-energy" style="display: inline-block;">Energy
efficiency</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.ibm.com/itsolutions/eai/?cm_re=masthead-_-business-_-bzn-eai" style="display: inline-block;">Enterprise
application integration</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.ibm.com/itsolutions/enterprisearchitecture/" style="display: inline-block;">Enterprise
architecture</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.ibm.com/itsolutions/compliance/?cm_re=masthead-_-business-_-bzn-compliance" style="display: inline-block;">Regulatory
compliance</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.ibm.com/security?cm_re=masthead-_-business-_-bzn-security" style="display: inline-block;">Security</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.ibm.com/itsolutions/systems-management/?cm_re=masthead-_-business-_-bzn-sysman" style="display: inline-block;">Systems
management</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.ibm.com/itsolutions/virtualization/?cm_re=masthead-_-business-_-bzn-virtual" style="display: inline-block;">Virtualization</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.ibm.com/itsolutions/portals/?cm_re=masthead-_-business-_-bzn-wrkforce" style="display: inline-block;">Workforce
productivity</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</li>
<li class=" ibm-mhdyn-rule"><a class=" ibm-unav-menu-has-child" href="javascript:void(0);" id="gi-658d0a43-trigger" style="display: inline-block;">By Business Partner</a>
<div class="ibm-unav-menu ibm-mhdyn-rule" id="gi-658d0a43">
<span class="ibm-unav-menu-ehb" id="gi-658d0a43-ehb"><img src="http://www.ibm.com/i/c.gif" style="height: 1px; width: 1px;" /></span><a class="ibm-access" href="">
<ul>
<li></li>
</ul>
</a><ul>
<li><a href="http://www.ibm.com/solutions/cisco/us/en/?cm_re=masthead-_-business-_-bp-cisco" style="display: inline-block;">IBM
and Cisco</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.ibm.com/solutions/3ds/us/en/?cm_re=masthead-_-business-_-bp-ds" style="display: inline-block;">IBM
and Dassault Systèmes</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.ibm.com/solutions/oracle/us/en/?cm_re=masthead-_-business-_-bp-oracle" style="display: inline-block;">IBM
and Oracle</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.ibm.com/solutions/sap/us/en/?cm_re=masthead-_-business-_-bp-sap" style="display: inline-block;">IBM
and SAP</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.ibm.com/solutions/alliance/us/en/?cm_re=masthead-_-business-_-bp-more" style="display: inline-block;">More
Alliance Partners</a>
</li>
<li class=" ibm-mhdyn-rule"><a href="http://www-304.ibm.com/jct09002c/gsdod/showcase.do?cm_re=masthead-_-business-_-bp-select" id="gi-ae763600-trigger" style="display: inline-block;">Business
Partner solutions</a>
<div class="ibm-unav-menu ibm-mhdyn-rule" id="gi-ae763600">
<span class="ibm-unav-menu-ehb" id="gi-ae763600-ehb"><img src="http://www.ibm.com/i/c.gif" style="height: 1px; width: 1px;" /></span><a class="ibm-access" href="">
<ul>
<li></li>
</ul>
</a><ul>
<li><a href="http://www.ibm.com/partnerworld/wps/bplocator/?cm_re=masthead-_-business-_-bp-loc" style="display: inline-block;">Find
a Business Partner</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.ibm.com/services/us/gbs/consulting/?cm_re=masthead-_-business-_-busconsult" style="display: inline-block;">Business
consulting</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.ibm.com/cloud?cm_re=masthead-_-solutions-_-cloud" style="display: inline-block;">Cloud
computing</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.ibm.com/systems/dynamicinfrastructure/?cm_re=masthead-_-business-_-di" style="display: inline-block;">Dynamic
infrastructure</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.ibm.com/financing/us/?cm_re=masthead-_-business-_-financing" style="display: inline-block;">Financing</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.ibm.com/green/?cm_re=masthead-_-business-_-green" style="display: inline-block;">Green:
energy, environment & sustainability</a>
</li>
<li class=" ibm-mhdyn-rule"><a href="http://www.ibm.com/soa?pgel=ibmhzn&cm_re=masthead-_-business-_-soa" id="gi-94e9d7d8-trigger" style="display: inline-block;">Service
oriented architecture (SOA)</a>
<div class="ibm-unav-menu ibm-mhdyn-rule" id="gi-94e9d7d8">
<span class="ibm-unav-menu-ehb" id="gi-94e9d7d8-ehb"><img src="http://www.ibm.com/i/c.gif" style="height: 1px; width: 1px;" /></span><a class="ibm-access" href="">
<ul>
<li class=" ibm-mhdyn-rule"></li>
</ul>
</a><ul>
<li class=" ibm-mhdyn-rule"><a href="http://www.ibm.com/finder/businesscenter/us/en/itsolutionsservices_topic.wss?cm_re=masthead-_-business-_-sol4mb" id="gi-a45bde57-trigger" style="display: inline-block;">Small
and medium business</a>
<div class="ibm-unav-menu ibm-mhdyn-rule" id="gi-a45bde57">
<span class="ibm-unav-menu-ehb" id="gi-a45bde57-ehb"><img src="http://www.ibm.com/i/c.gif" style="height: 1px; width: 1px;" /></span><a class="ibm-access" href="">
<ul>
<li></li>
</ul>
</a><ul>
<li><a href="http://www.ibm.com/businesssolutions/us/en/?cm_re=masthead-_-business-_-more" style="display: inline-block;">More</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</li>
<li id="ibm-unav-services"><a class=" ibm-unav-has-child" href="http://www.ibm.com/technologyservices/us/en/">Services</a>
<div class="ibm-unav-menu" id="gi-d117f4de">
<span class="ibm-unav-menu-ehb" id="gi-d117f4de-ehb"><img src="http://www.ibm.com/i/c.gif" style="height: 1px; width: 1px;" /></span><a class="ibm-access" href="">
<ul>
<li class=" ibm-mhdyn-rule"></li>
</ul>
</a><ul>
<li class=" ibm-mhdyn-rule"><a class=" ibm-unav-menu-has-child" href="javascript:void(0);" id="gi-63786fc8-trigger" style="display: inline-block;">IT services</a>
<div class="ibm-unav-menu ibm-mhdyn-rule" id="gi-63786fc8">
<span class="ibm-unav-menu-ehb" id="gi-63786fc8-ehb"><img src="http://www.ibm.com/i/c.gif" style="height: 1px; width: 1px;" /></span><a class="ibm-access" href="">
<ul>
<li></li>
</ul>
</a><ul>
<li><a href="http://www.ibm.com/services/us/index.wss" style="display: inline-block;">All IT services</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.ibm.com/services/continuity/?cm_re=masthead-_-itservices-_-buscont" style="display: inline-block;">Business
continuity and resiliency services</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.ibm.com/services/enduser/?cm_re=masthead-_-itservices-_-enduser" style="display: inline-block;">End-user
services</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.ibm.com/services/integratedcommunications/?cm_re=masthead-_-itservices-_-communications" style="display: inline-block;">Integrated
communications services</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.ibm.com/services/itsaconsulting/?cm_re=masthead-_-itservices-_-strategy" style="display: inline-block;">IT
strategy and architecture services</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.ibm.com/services/maintenance/?cm_re=masthead-_-itservices-_-maint" style="display: inline-block;">Maintenance
and technical support services</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.ibm.com/services/middleware/?cm_re=masthead-_-itservices-_-middleware" style="display: inline-block;">Middleware
services</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.ibm.com/services/security/?cm_re=masthead-_-itservices-_-security" style="display: inline-block;">Security
services</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.ibm.com/services/server/?cm_re=masthead-_-itservices-_-server" style="display: inline-block;">Server
services</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.ibm.com/services/siteandfacilities/?cm_re=masthead-_-itservices-_-site" style="display: inline-block;">Site
and facilities services</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.ibm.com/services/storage/?cm_re=masthead-_-itservices-_-storage" style="display: inline-block;">Storage
and data services</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.ibm.com/services/us/index.wss/allservices" style="display: inline-block;">IT services
A-Z</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</li>
<li class=" ibm-mhdyn-rule"><a class=" ibm-unav-menu-has-child" href="javascript:void(0);" id="gi-483e718e-trigger" style="display: inline-block;">Business consulting</a>
<div class="ibm-unav-menu ibm-mhdyn-rule" id="gi-483e718e">
<span class="ibm-unav-menu-ehb" id="gi-483e718e-ehb"><img src="http://www.ibm.com/i/c.gif" style="height: 1px; width: 1px;" /></span><a class="ibm-access" href="">
<ul>
<li></li>
</ul>
</a><ul>
<li><a href="http://www.ibm.com/services/us/gbs/consulting/?cm_re=masthead-_-itservices-_-busconsult" style="display: inline-block;">Global
Business Services</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.ibm.com/gbs/bao?cm_re=masthead-_-itservices-_-bao" style="display: inline-block;">Business
analytics and optimization</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.ibm.com/services/us/gbs/strategy?cm_re=masthead-_-itservices-_-strategytransform" style="display: inline-block;">Strategy
and transformation</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.ibm.com/services/us/gbs/bus/html/bcs_whatwethink.html?cm_re=masthead-_-itservices-_-thoughtleader" style="display: inline-block;">Thought
leadership</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</li>
<li class=" ibm-mhdyn-rule"><a class=" ibm-unav-menu-has-child" href="javascript:void(0);" id="gi-c08aef23-trigger" style="display: inline-block;">Application services</a>
<div class="ibm-unav-menu ibm-mhdyn-rule" id="gi-c08aef23">
<span class="ibm-unav-menu-ehb" id="gi-c08aef23-ehb"><img src="http://www.ibm.com/i/c.gif" style="height: 1px; width: 1px;" /></span><a class="ibm-access" href="">
<ul>
<li></li>
</ul>
</a><ul>
<li><a href="http://www.ibm.com/services/applications?cm_re=masthead-_-business-_-apps-allappserv" style="display: inline-block;">All
application services</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.ibm.com/services/us/gbs/app/html/gbs_app_custom_appdev_sysinteg.html?cm_re=masthead-_-business-_-apps-appdev" style="display: inline-block;">Custom
application development and system integration</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.ibm.com/services/ams?cm_re=masthead-_-business-_-apps-appmgmt" style="display: inline-block;">Application
management</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</li>
<li class=" ibm-mhdyn-rule"><a class=" ibm-unav-menu-has-child" href="javascript:void(0);" id="gi-786a8d4-trigger" style="display: inline-block;">Outsourcing services</a>
<div class="ibm-unav-menu ibm-mhdyn-rule" id="gi-786a8d4">
<span class="ibm-unav-menu-ehb" id="gi-786a8d4-ehb"><img src="http://www.ibm.com/i/c.gif" style="height: 1px; width: 1px;" /></span><a class="ibm-access" href="">
<ul>
<li></li>
</ul>
</a><ul>
<li><a href="http://www.ibm.com/services/us/index.wss/offerfamily/aod/a1028600" style="display: inline-block;">Applications
outsourcing</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.ibm.com/services/us/index.wss/offerfamily/igs/a1001429" style="display: inline-block;">Business
process outsourcing</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.ibm.com/services/us/index.wss/offerfamily/gts/a1029385" style="display: inline-block;">IT
outsourcing and hosting</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</li>
<li class=" ibm-mhdyn-rule"><a href="http://www.ibm.com/training" id="gi-d9232c39-trigger" style="display: inline-block;">Training</a>
<div class="ibm-unav-menu ibm-mhdyn-rule" id="gi-d9232c39">
<span class="ibm-unav-menu-ehb" id="gi-d9232c39-ehb"><img src="http://www.ibm.com/i/c.gif" style="height: 1px; width: 1px;" /></span><a class="ibm-access" href="">
<ul>
<li class=" ibm-mhdyn-rule"></li>
</ul>
</a><ul>
<li class=" ibm-mhdyn-rule"><a href="http://www-01.ibm.com/finder/businesscenter/us/en/itsolutionsservices_topic.wss?cm_re=masthead-_-itservices-_-medbus" id="gi-18667134-trigger" style="display: inline-block;">Small
and medium business</a>
<div class="ibm-unav-menu ibm-mhdyn-rule" id="gi-18667134">
<span class="ibm-unav-menu-ehb" id="gi-18667134-ehb"><img src="http://www.ibm.com/i/c.gif" style="height: 1px; width: 1px;" /></span><a class="ibm-access" href="">
<ul>
<li class=" ibm-mhdyn-rule"></li>
</ul>
</a><ul>
<li class=" ibm-mhdyn-rule"><a class=" ibm-unav-menu-has-child" href="javascript:void(0);" id="gi-a47fdf93-trigger" style="display: inline-block;">Other services</a>
<div class="ibm-unav-menu ibm-mhdyn-rule" id="gi-a47fdf93">
<span class="ibm-unav-menu-ehb" id="gi-a47fdf93-ehb"><img src="http://www.ibm.com/i/c.gif" style="height: 1px; width: 1px;" /></span><a class="ibm-access" href="">
<ul>
<li></li>
</ul>
</a><ul>
<li><a href="http://www.ibm.com/financing/us/recovery/?cm_re=masthead-_-itservices-_-asset" style="display: inline-block;">Asset
recovery</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.ibm.com/software/sw-services/?cm_re=masthead-_-itservices-_-software" style="display: inline-block;">Software
services</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.ibm.com/technologyservices/us/en/?cm_re=masthead-_-itservices-_-more" style="display: inline-block;">More</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</li>
<li id="ibm-unav-products"><a class=" ibm-unav-has-child" href="http://www.ibm.com/products/us/en/">Products</a>
<div class="ibm-unav-menu" id="gi-4c6353ff">
<span class="ibm-unav-menu-ehb" id="gi-4c6353ff-ehb"><img src="http://www.ibm.com/i/c.gif" style="height: 1px; width: 1px;" /></span><a class="ibm-access" href="">
<ul>
<li class=" ibm-place-holder"></li>
</ul>
</a><ul>
<li class=" ibm-place-holder"><a href="http://www.ibm.com/products/specialoffers/us/en/index.html?cm_re=masthead-_-products-_-promo" id="gi-c6447035-trigger" style="display: inline-block;">Special
offers</a>
<div class="ibm-unav-menu ibm-place-holder" id="gi-c6447035">
<span class="ibm-unav-menu-ehb" id="gi-c6447035-ehb"><img src="http://www.ibm.com/i/c.gif" style="height: 1px; width: 1px;" /></span><a class="ibm-access" href="">
<ul>
<li class=" ibm-place-holder"></li>
</ul>
</a><ul>
<li class=" ibm-place-holder"><a class=" ibm-unav-menu-has-child" href="javascript:void(0);" id="gi-2ed1ddad-trigger" style="display: inline-block;">Software</a>
<div class="ibm-unav-menu ibm-place-holder" id="gi-2ed1ddad">
<span class="ibm-unav-menu-ehb" id="gi-2ed1ddad-ehb"><img src="http://www.ibm.com/i/c.gif" style="height: 1px; width: 1px;" /></span><a class="ibm-access" href="">
<ul>
<li></li>
</ul>
</a><ul>
<li><a href="http://www.ibm.com/software?pgel=ibmhzn&cm_re=masthead-_-products-_-sw-allsoftware" style="display: inline-block;">Software
overview</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.ibm.com/software/products/us/en/?pgel=ibmhzn&cm_re=masthead-_-products-_-swprodfinder" style="display: inline-block;">Products</a>
</li>
<li class=" ibm-mhdyn-rule"><a href="http://www14.software.ibm.com/webapp/download/byproduct.jsp?pgel=ibmhzn&cm_re=masthead-_-products-_-sw-trials" id="gi-469192e8-trigger" style="display: inline-block;">Trials
and demos</a>
<div class="ibm-unav-menu ibm-mhdyn-rule" id="gi-469192e8">
<span class="ibm-unav-menu-ehb" id="gi-469192e8-ehb"><img src="http://www.ibm.com/i/c.gif" style="height: 1px; width: 1px;" /></span><a class="ibm-access" href="">
<ul>
<li></li>
</ul>
</a><ul>
<li><a href="http://www.ibm.com/software/analytics/?pgel=ibmhzn&cm_re=masthead-_-products-_-sw-bizanalytics" style="display: inline-block;">Business
Analytics</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.ibm.com/software/data/cognos/?pgel=ibmhzn&cm_re=masthead-_-products-_-sw-cognos" style="display: inline-block;">-
Cognos</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.ibm.com/software/analytics/spss/?pgel=ibmhzn&cm_re=masthead-_-products-_-sw-spss" style="display: inline-block;">-
SPSS</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.ibm.com/software/data/content-management/?pgel=ibmhzn&cm_re=masthead-_-products-_-sw-ecm" style="display: inline-block;">Enterprise
Content Management</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.ibm.com/software/data?pgel=ibmhzn&cm_re=masthead-_-products-_-sw-infomgmt" style="display: inline-block;">Information
Management</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.ibm.com/software/data/management/?pgel=ibmhzn&cm_re=masthead-_-products-_-sw-db2" style="display: inline-block;">-
DB2</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.ibm.com/software/data/informix/?pgel=ibmhzn&cm_re=masthead-_-products-_-sw-informix" style="display: inline-block;">-
Informix</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.ibm.com/software/data/infosphere/?pgel=ibmhzn&cm_re=masthead-_-products-_-sw-infosphere" style="display: inline-block;">-
InfoSphere</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.ibm.com/software/lotus?pgel=ibmhzn&cm_re=masthead-_-products-_-sw-lotus" style="display: inline-block;">Lotus</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.ibm.com/software/rational?pgel=ibmhzn&cm_re=masthead-_-products-_-sw-rational" style="display: inline-block;">Rational</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.ibm.com/software/tivoli?pgel=ibmhzn&cm_re=masthead-_-products-_-sw-tivoli" style="display: inline-block;">Tivoli</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.ibm.com/software/websphere?pgel=ibmhzn&cm_re=masthead-_-products-_-sw-websphere" style="display: inline-block;">WebSphere</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.ibm.com/software/os/systemz/en_US/?pgel=ibmhzn&cm_re=masthead-_-products-_-sw-sysz" style="display: inline-block;">System
z software</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</li>
<li class=" ibm-place-holder"><a class=" ibm-unav-menu-has-child" href="javascript:void(0);" id="gi-20b15ad7-trigger" style="display: inline-block;">Storage</a>
<div class="ibm-unav-menu ibm-place-holder" id="gi-20b15ad7">
<span class="ibm-unav-menu-ehb" id="gi-20b15ad7-ehb"><img src="http://www.ibm.com/i/c.gif" style="height: 1px; width: 1px;" /></span><a class="ibm-access" href="">
<ul>
<li></li>
</ul>
</a><ul>
<li><a href="http://www.ibm.com/storage/?cm_re=masthead-_-products-_-stg-allstorage" style="display: inline-block;">All
storage</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.ibm.com/storage/disk/?cm_re=masthead-_-products-_-stg-disk" style="display: inline-block;">Disk
systems</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.ibm.com/storage/tape/?cm_re=masthead-_-products-_-stg-tape" style="display: inline-block;">Tape
systems</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.ibm.com/storage/snetwork/?cm_re=masthead-_-products-_-stg-san" style="display: inline-block;">Storage
area networks</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.ibm.com/totalstorage/nas/?cm_re=masthead-_-products-_-stg-nas" style="display: inline-block;">Network
attached storage</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.ibm.com/storage/software/?cm_re=masthead-_-products-_-stg-storagesoft" style="display: inline-block;">Storage
software</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.ibm.com/pc/ww/hdd/hddredirect.html?cm_re=masthead-_-products-_-stg-hdd" style="display: inline-block;">Hard
drives/microdrives</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.ibm.com/systems/storage/product/?cm_re=masthead-_-products-_-stg-storagea2z" style="display: inline-block;">Storage
A to Z</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</li>
<li class=" ibm-mhdyn-rule"><a class=" ibm-unav-menu-has-child" href="javascript:void(0);" id="gi-a40b3a68-trigger" style="display: inline-block;">Servers & systems</a>
<div class="ibm-unav-menu ibm-mhdyn-rule" id="gi-a40b3a68">
<span class="ibm-unav-menu-ehb" id="gi-a40b3a68-ehb"><img src="http://www.ibm.com/i/c.gif" style="height: 1px; width: 1px;" /></span><a class="ibm-access" href="">
<ul>
<li></li>
</ul>
</a><ul>
<li><a href="http://www.ibm.com/systems/?cm_re=masthead-_-products-_-sys-allsystems" style="display: inline-block;">All
servers and systems</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.ibm.com/systems/software/?cm_re=masthead-_-products-_-sys-syssw" style="display: inline-block;">Systems
software</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.ibm.com/systems/power/?cm_re=masthead-_-products-_-sys-power" style="display: inline-block;">Power
Systems</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.ibm.com/systems/i/?cm_re=masthead-_-products-_-sys-iseries" style="display: inline-block;">System
i (iSeries)</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.ibm.com/systems/p/?cm_re=masthead-_-products-_-sys-pseries" style="display: inline-block;">System
p (pSeries)</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.ibm.com/systems/z/?cm_re=masthead-_-products-_-sys-zseries" style="display: inline-block;">System
z (Mainframe)</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.ibm.com/systems/x/?cm_re=masthead-_-products-_-sys-xseries" style="display: inline-block;">System
x (xSeries)</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.ibm.com/systems/bladecenter/?cm_re=masthead-_-products-_-sys-blade" style="display: inline-block;">BladeCenter</a>
</li>
<li class=" ibm-mhdyn-rule"><a href="http://www.ibm.com/systems/clusters/?cm_re=masthead-_-products-_-sys-cluster" id="gi-53f596dc-trigger" style="display: inline-block;">Cluster
systems</a>
<div class="ibm-unav-menu ibm-mhdyn-rule" id="gi-53f596dc">
<span class="ibm-unav-menu-ehb" id="gi-53f596dc-ehb"><img src="http://www.ibm.com/i/c.gif" style="height: 1px; width: 1px;" /></span><a class="ibm-access" href="">
<ul>
<li></li>
</ul>
</a><ul>
<li><a href="http://www.ibm.com/systems/hardware/browse/unix/?cm_re=masthead-_-products-_-sys-unix" style="display: inline-block;">UNIX
servers</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</li>
<li class=" ibm-mhdyn-rule"><a href="http://www.ibm.com/systems/hardware/browse/linux/?cm_re=masthead-_-products-_-sys-linux" id="gi-4e0989bd-trigger" style="display: inline-block;">Linux
servers</a>
<div class="ibm-unav-menu ibm-mhdyn-rule" id="gi-4e0989bd">
<span class="ibm-unav-menu-ehb" id="gi-4e0989bd-ehb"><img src="http://www.ibm.com/i/c.gif" style="height: 1px; width: 1px;" /></span><a class="ibm-access" href="">
<ul>
<li></li>
</ul>
</a><ul>
<li><a href="http://www.ibm.com/systems/hardware/browse/inpro/?cm_re=masthead-_-products-_-sys-intel" style="display: inline-block;">Intel
processor-based servers</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</li>
<li class=" ibm-mhdyn-rule"><a href="http://www.ibm.com/systems/hardware/browse/amdpro/?cm_re=masthead-_-products-_-sys-amd" id="gi-66956fce-trigger" style="display: inline-block;">AMD
processor-based servers</a>
<div class="ibm-unav-menu ibm-mhdyn-rule" id="gi-66956fce">
<span class="ibm-unav-menu-ehb" id="gi-66956fce-ehb"><img src="http://www.ibm.com/i/c.gif" style="height: 1px; width: 1px;" /></span><a class="ibm-access" href="">
<ul>
<li></li>
</ul>
</a><ul>
<li><a href="http://www.ibm.com/systems/oem?cm_re=masthead-_-products-_-oemsys" style="display: inline-block;">OEM
systems</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</li>
<li class=" ibm-place-holder"><a href="http://www.ibm.com/services/us/index.wss/offerfamily/iss/a1029097?cm_re=masthead-_-products-_-iss" id="gi-4ed9bdba-trigger" style="display: inline-block;">Internet
security</a>
<div class="ibm-unav-menu ibm-place-holder" id="gi-4ed9bdba">
<span class="ibm-unav-menu-ehb" id="gi-4ed9bdba-ehb"><img src="http://www.ibm.com/i/c.gif" style="height: 1px; width: 1px;" /></span><a class="ibm-access" href="">
<ul>
<li class=" ibm-place-holder"></li>
</ul>
</a><ul>
<li class=" ibm-place-holder"><a href="http://www.ibm.com/shop/pc" id="gi-bce5398-trigger" style="display: inline-block;">Personal computers</a>
<div class="ibm-unav-menu ibm-place-holder" id="gi-bce5398">
<span class="ibm-unav-menu-ehb" id="gi-bce5398-ehb"><img src="http://www.ibm.com/i/c.gif" style="height: 1px; width: 1px;" /></span><a class="ibm-access" href="">
<ul>
<li class=" ibm-place-holder"></li>
</ul>
</a><ul>
<li class=" ibm-place-holder"><a href="http://www.ibm.com/products/retail/?cm_re=masthead-_-products-_-pos" id="gi-52cf4344-trigger" style="display: inline-block;">Point
of sale</a>
<div class="ibm-unav-menu ibm-place-holder" id="gi-52cf4344">
<span class="ibm-unav-menu-ehb" id="gi-52cf4344-ehb"><img src="http://www.ibm.com/i/c.gif" style="height: 1px; width: 1px;" /></span><a class="ibm-access" href="">
<ul>
<li class=" ibm-place-holder"></li>
</ul>
</a><ul>
<li class=" ibm-place-holder"><a href="http://www.infoprint.com/us" id="gi-2079f9e9-trigger" style="display: inline-block;">Printing systems from
InfoPrint</a>
<div class="ibm-unav-menu ibm-place-holder" id="gi-2079f9e9">
<span class="ibm-unav-menu-ehb" id="gi-2079f9e9-ehb"><img src="http://www.ibm.com/i/c.gif" style="height: 1px; width: 1px;" /></span><a class="ibm-access" href="">
<ul>
<li class=" ibm-place-holder"></li>
</ul>
</a><ul>
<li class=" ibm-place-holder"><a href="http://www.ibm.com/technology/?cm_re=masthead-_-products-_-chips" id="gi-48346af7-trigger" style="display: inline-block;">Semiconductors</a>
<div class="ibm-unav-menu ibm-place-holder" id="gi-48346af7">
<span class="ibm-unav-menu-ehb" id="gi-48346af7-ehb"><img src="http://www.ibm.com/i/c.gif" style="height: 1px; width: 1px;" /></span><a class="ibm-access" href="">
<ul>
<li class=" ibm-mhdyn-rule"></li>
</ul>
</a><ul>
<li class=" ibm-mhdyn-rule"><a href="http://www.ibm.com/shop/americas/content/home/store_IBMPublicUSA/en_US/Upgrades.html?cm_re=masthead-_-products-_-upgrades" id="gi-e754f056-trigger" style="display: inline-block;">Upgrades,
accessories & parts</a>
<div class="ibm-unav-menu ibm-mhdyn-rule" id="gi-e754f056">
<span class="ibm-unav-menu-ehb" id="gi-e754f056-ehb"><img src="http://www.ibm.com/i/c.gif" style="height: 1px; width: 1px;" /></span><a class="ibm-access" href="">
<ul>
<li class=" ibm-mhdyn-rule"></li>
</ul>
</a><ul>
<li class=" ibm-mhdyn-rule"><a href="http://www.ibm.com/shop/usedsystems" id="gi-412d70f2-trigger" style="display: inline-block;">Certified used
systems & storage</a>
<div class="ibm-unav-menu ibm-mhdyn-rule" id="gi-412d70f2">
<span class="ibm-unav-menu-ehb" id="gi-412d70f2-ehb"><img src="http://www.ibm.com/i/c.gif" style="height: 1px; width: 1px;" /></span><a class="ibm-access" href="">
<ul>
<li class=" ibm-mhdyn-rule"></li>
</ul>
</a><ul>
<li class=" ibm-mhdyn-rule"><a href="http://www.ibm.com/community/?cm_re=masthead-_-products-_-promo" id="gi-e9cab6-trigger" style="display: inline-block;">Communities</a>
<div class="ibm-unav-menu ibm-mhdyn-rule" id="gi-e9cab6">
<span class="ibm-unav-menu-ehb" id="gi-e9cab6-ehb"><img src="http://www.ibm.com/i/c.gif" style="height: 1px; width: 1px;" /></span><a class="ibm-access" href="">
<ul>
<li class=" ibm-place-holder"></li>
</ul>
</a><ul>
<li class=" ibm-place-holder"><a href="http://www.ibm.com/businesscenter/smb/us/en/smallbusiness?cm_re=masthead-_-products-_-smallbus" id="gi-b297cc2f-trigger" style="display: inline-block;">Small
business products</a>
<div class="ibm-unav-menu ibm-place-holder" id="gi-b297cc2f">
<span class="ibm-unav-menu-ehb" id="gi-b297cc2f-ehb"><img src="http://www.ibm.com/i/c.gif" style="height: 1px; width: 1px;" /></span><a class="ibm-access" href="">
<ul>
<li class=" ibm-mhdyn-rule"></li>
</ul>
</a><ul>
<li class=" ibm-mhdyn-rule"><a class=" ibm-unav-menu-has-child" href="javascript:void(0);" id="gi-19be0d6c-trigger" style="display: inline-block;">Medium business products</a>
<div class="ibm-unav-menu ibm-mhdyn-rule" id="gi-19be0d6c">
<span class="ibm-unav-menu-ehb" id="gi-19be0d6c-ehb"><img src="http://www.ibm.com/i/c.gif" style="height: 1px; width: 1px;" /></span><a class="ibm-access" href="">
<ul>
<li></li>
</ul>
</a><ul>
<li><a href="http://www.ibm.com/finder/businesscenter/us/en/hardware_topic.wss?cm_re=masthead-_-products-_-med-hardware" style="display: inline-block;">Hardware</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.ibm.com/finder/businesscenter/us/en/software_topic.wss?cm_re=masthead-_-products-_-med-software" style="display: inline-block;">Software</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</li>
<li class=" ibm-place-holder"><a href="http://www.ibm.com/products/us/?cm_re=masthead-_-products-_-more" id="gi-7d1af834-trigger" style="display: inline-block;">More</a>
<div class="ibm-unav-menu ibm-place-holder" id="gi-7d1af834">
<span class="ibm-unav-menu-ehb" id="gi-7d1af834-ehb"><img src="http://www.ibm.com/i/c.gif" style="height: 1px; width: 1px;" /></span><a class="ibm-access" href="">
<ul>
<li id="ibm-unav-support"></li>
</ul>
</a><ul>
<li id="ibm-unav-support"><a class=" ibm-unav-has-child" href="http://www.ibm.com/support/us/en/">Support & downloads</a>
<div class="ibm-unav-menu" id="gi-ad9b2501">
<span class="ibm-unav-menu-ehb" id="gi-ad9b2501-ehb"><img src="http://www.ibm.com/i/c.gif" style="height: 1px; width: 1px;" /></span><a class="ibm-access" href="">
<ul>
<li class=" ibm-place-holder"></li>
</ul>
</a><ul>
<li class=" ibm-place-holder"><a class=" ibm-unav-menu-has-child" href="javascript:void(0);" id="gi-af3f2ec4-trigger" style="display: inline-block;">Download</a>
<div class="ibm-unav-menu ibm-place-holder" id="gi-af3f2ec4">
<span class="ibm-unav-menu-ehb" id="gi-af3f2ec4-ehb"><img src="http://www.ibm.com/i/c.gif" style="height: 1px; width: 1px;" /></span><a class="ibm-access" href="">
<ul>
<li></li>
</ul>
</a><ul>
<li><a href="http://www.ibm.com/support/entry/portal/us/Downloads?cm_re=other-_-suprcn-_-download" style="display: inline-block;">Fixes,
updates and drivers</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www14.software.ibm.com/webapp/download/byproduct.jsp?pgel=ibmhzn1&cm_re=masthead-_-supdl-_-dl-trials" style="display: inline-block;">Trials
and demos</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</li>
<li class=" ibm-place-holder"><a href="http://www.ibm.com/support/troubleshooting/en_US?cm_re=masthead-_-supdl-_-troubleshoot" id="gi-a19efe36-trigger" style="display: inline-block;">Troubleshoot</a>
<div class="ibm-unav-menu ibm-place-holder" id="gi-a19efe36">
<span class="ibm-unav-menu-ehb" id="gi-a19efe36-ehb"><img src="http://www.ibm.com/i/c.gif" style="height: 1px; width: 1px;" /></span><a class="ibm-access" href="">
<ul>
<li class=" ibm-place-holder"></li>
</ul>
</a><ul>
<li class=" ibm-place-holder"><a href="http://www.ibm.com/support/advsrch.wss?rs=0&loc=en_US&cm_re=masthead-_-supdl-_-search" id="gi-a3b1c4fc-trigger" style="display: inline-block;">Search</a>
<div class="ibm-unav-menu ibm-place-holder" id="gi-a3b1c4fc">
<span class="ibm-unav-menu-ehb" id="gi-a3b1c4fc-ehb"><img src="http://www.ibm.com/i/c.gif" style="height: 1px; width: 1px;" /></span><a class="ibm-access" href="">
<ul>
<li class=" ibm-place-holder"></li>
</ul>
</a><ul>
<li class=" ibm-place-holder"><a href="http://www.ibm.com/support/documentation/en_US?cm_re=masthead-_-supdl-_-documentation" id="gi-ad6513e4-trigger" style="display: inline-block;">Documentation</a>
<div class="ibm-unav-menu ibm-place-holder" id="gi-ad6513e4">
<span class="ibm-unav-menu-ehb" id="gi-ad6513e4-ehb"><img src="http://www.ibm.com/i/c.gif" style="height: 1px; width: 1px;" /></span><a class="ibm-access" href="">
<ul>
<li class=" ibm-place-holder"></li>
</ul>
</a><ul>
<li class=" ibm-place-holder"><a href="http://www.ibm.com/support/forums/en_US?cm_re=masthead-_-supdl-_-forums" id="gi-fd261e4c-trigger" style="display: inline-block;">Forums
& communities</a>
<div class="ibm-unav-menu ibm-place-holder" id="gi-fd261e4c">
<span class="ibm-unav-menu-ehb" id="gi-fd261e4c-ehb"><img src="http://www.ibm.com/i/c.gif" style="height: 1px; width: 1px;" /></span><a class="ibm-access" href="">
<ul>
<li class=" ibm-place-holder"></li>
</ul>
</a><ul>
<li class=" ibm-place-holder"><a href="http://www.ibm.com/support/plan/en_US?cm_re=masthead-_-supdl-_-plan" id="gi-7f5206a2-trigger" style="display: inline-block;">Plan</a>
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<li id="ibm-welcome-message" style="display: block;"><a href="javascript:void(0);" id="ssoFP"><span style="color: #293d6b;">IBM Sign in</span></a> ] [ <a href="http://www-01.ibm.com/software/analytics/spss/#" id="ssoReg"><span style="color: #293d6b;">Register</span></a>
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<div id="ibm-pcon">
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<strong>SPSS predictive analytics software and solutions</strong><br />
Predictive analytics helps your organization anticipate change so that you
can plan and carry out strategies that improve outcomes. By applying predictive
analytics solutions to data you already have, your organization can uncover
unexpected patterns and associations and develop models to guide front-line
interactions. This means you can prevent high-value customers from leaving, sell
additional services to current customers, develop successful products more
efficiently, or identify and minimize fraud and risk. Predictive analytics gives
you the knowledge to predict…and the power to act.<br />
<div class="ibm-ind-link">
<a class="ibm-external-link" href="http://www.spss.com/ibm-landing/acquire/">Learn more about IBM's
acquisition of SPSS </a></div>
<div class="ibm-ind-link">
<a class="ibm-external-link" href="http://www.spss.com/ibm-landing/solutions/">Learn more about SPSS
Predictive Enterprise Solutions</a></div>
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<strong>Learn more about IBM® SPSS® software</strong><br />
<ul class="ibm-bullet-list ibm-no-links">
<li><a href="http://www-01.ibm.com/software/analytics/spss/products/statistics/"><span style="color: #4c6e94;">IBM SPSS Statistics</span></a> puts the power of advanced
statistical analysis in your hands.<br /><br />
</li>
<li>With <a href="http://www-01.ibm.com/software/analytics/spss/products/modeler/"><span style="color: #4c6e94;">IBM SPSS Modeler</span></a>, you can quickly discover patterns and
trends in your data more easily, using a unique visual interface supported by
advanced analytics. <br /><br />
</li>
<li>Get an accurate view of people's attitudes, preferences, and opinions with
<a href="http://www-01.ibm.com/software/analytics/spss/products/data-collection/"><span style="color: #4c6e94;">IBM SPSS Data Collection</span></a>.<br /><br />
</li>
<li>Use <a href="http://www.spss.com/ibm-landing/deployment/"><span style="color: #4c6e94;">IBM SPSS Deployment</span></a> <span class="ibm-item-note"><span style="color: #666666;">(link resides outside of ibm.com)</span></span> products to drive
high-impact decisions by making analytics a vital part of your
business.<br /></li>
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<h2>
White Paper</h2>
<div class="ibm-ind-link">
<a class="ibm-external-link ibm-leaving-prompt" href="http://www.ibm.com/links/?prompt=1&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spss.com%2Fibm-landing%2Fseven-reasons%2F">Seven
Reasons You Need Predictive Analytics Today</a></div>
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<h2>
Research Report</h2>
<div class="ibm-ind-link">
<a class="ibm-external-link ibm-leaving-prompt" href="http://www.ibm.com/links/?prompt=1&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spss.com%2Fibm-landing%2Fnucleus-infinity%2F">Nucleus
Research ROI Case Study - Infinity Insurance</a></div>
</div>
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<img src="http://www-01.ibm.com/software/data/info/spss/infinity-thumb-60x45.gif" style="height: 45px; width: 60px;" />
<h2>
Customer Video</h2>
<div class="ibm-ind-link">
<a class="ibm-external-link ibm-leaving-prompt" href="http://www.ibm.com/links/?prompt=1&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spss.com%2Fibm-landing%2Finfinity%2F">Infinity
Insurance reduces costs and increases productivity with IBM SPSS predictive
analytics.</a></div>
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</div>
</cd></nobr></div>
<br />
<div align="center">
<span style="font-family: 楷体_GB2312;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: red;"><strong>SPSS与SAS的客观评价</strong></span></span></span></div>
<br />
<div align="center">
(转自丁香园徐天和教授讲座)</div>
<br />
<div align="left">
<strong><span style="color: blue;">SAS
介绍</span></strong><br /><strong>SAS的一般情况</strong></div>
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<br />Ú 制作单位:SAS公司 <br />Ú 最新版本号:9.0(英文版)、8.2(中文版) <br />Ú
系统大小:>1G(完全安装) <br />Ú 英文网址 <a href="http://www.sas.com/" target="_blank">http://www.sas.com</a><br />Ú 中-文-网址 <a href="http://www.sas.com/offices/asiapacific/china" target="_blank">http://www.sas.com/offices/asiapacific/china</a><br /><br /><strong>SAS的名称及含义</strong></div>
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<br />¨ SAS系统全称为Statistics Analysis
System,最早由北卡罗来纳大学的两位生物统计学研究生编制,并于1976年成立了SAS软件研究所,正式推出了SAS软件。<br />¨
SAS是用于决策支持的大型集成信息系统,但该软件系统最早的功能限于统计分析,至今,统计分析功能也仍是它的重要组成部分和核心功能。</div>
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<br />SAS概述一</div>
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经过多年的发展,SAS已被全世界120多个国家和地区的近三万家机构所采用,直接用户则超过三百万人,遍及金融、医药卫生、生产、运输、通讯、政 *
府和教育科研等领域。<br />¨ 在英美等国,能熟练使用SAS进行统计分析是许多公司和科研机构选材的条件之一。 </div>
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<br />SAS概述二</div>
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<br />¨
在数据处理和统计分析领域,SAS系统被誉为国际上的标准软件系统,并在96~97年度被评选为建立数据库的首选产品。堪称统计软件界的巨无霸。<br />¨
例如:在以苛刻严格著称于世的美国FDA新药审批程序中,新药试验结果的统计分析规定只能用SAS进行,其他软件的计算结果一律无效!哪怕只是简单的均数和标准差也不行!由此可见SAS的权威地位。
<br />SAS的特点一<br />¨
SAS是由大型机系统发展而来,其核心操作方式就是程序驱动,经过多年的发展,现在已成为一套完整的计算机语言,其用户界面也充分体现了这一特点:它采用MDI(多文档界面),用户在PGM视窗中输入程序,分析结果以文本的形式在OUTPUT视窗中输出。<br />SAS的特点二<br />¨
使用程序方式,用户可以完成所有需要做的工作,包括统计分析、预测、建模和模拟抽样等。<br />¨
但是,这使得初学者在使用SAS时必须要学习SAS语言,入门比较困难。<br />SAS的特点三<br />¨
SAS的Windows版本根据不同的用户群开发了几种图形操作界面,这些图形操作界面各有特点,使用时非常方便。但是由于国内介绍他们的文献不多,并且也不是SAS推广的重点,因此还不为绝大多数人所了解。
<br /><br />SAS的缺点一<br />¨
由于SAS系统是从大型机上的系统发展而来,在设计上也是完全针对专业用户进行设计,因此其操作至今仍以编程为主,人机对话界面不太友好,并且在编程操作时需要用户最好对所使用的统计方法有较清楚的了解,非统计专业人员掌握起来较为困难。<br />SAS的缺点二<br />¨
此外,SAS极为高昂的价格和只租不卖的销售策略使得实力不足的个人和机构只能对他望而却步。 <br /><br /><strong><span style="color: blue;">SPSS 介绍</span></strong><br /><br /><strong>SPSS的一般情况</strong></div>
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<br />¨ 制作单位:SPSS公司 <br />¨ 最新版本号:11.5 <br />¨ 系统大小:200兆(完全安装) <br />¨
英文网址:<a href="http://www.spss.com/" target="_blank">http://www.spss.com</a><br />¨
中-文-网址:<a href="http://www.spss.com.cn/" target="_blank">http://www.spss.com.cn</a><br /><br /><strong>SPSS的名称及含义</strong></div>
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<br />¨ SPSS是软件英文名称的首字母缩写,原意为Statistical Package for the Social
Sciences,即“社会科学统计软件包”。<br />¨
随着SPSS产品服务领域的扩大和服务深度的增加,SPSS公司已于2000年正式将英文全称更改为Statistical Product and Service
Solutions,意为“统计产品与服务解决方案”,标志着SPSS的战略方向正在做出重大调整。 </div>
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<br />SPSS的特点一<br />¨ SPSS最突出的特点<br />– 以窗口方式管理数据; <br />–
以菜单方式展示各种分析方法; <br />– 以对话框展示出各种功能选择项。 <br />SPSS的特点二<br />¨
只要掌握一定的Windows操作技能,粗通统计分析原理,就可以使用该软件为特定的科研工作服务。<br />¨
操作界面极为友好,输出结果美观漂亮(从国外的角度看),是非专业统计人员的首选统计软件。<br />SPSS的特点三<br />¨
SPSS采用类似EXCEL表格的方式输入与管理数据,数据接口较为通用,能方便的从其他数据库中读入数据。其统计过程包括了常用的、较为成熟的统计过程,完全可以满足非统计专业人士的工作需要。<br />SPSS的特点四<br />¨
对于熟悉老版本编程运行方式的用户,SPSS还特别设计了语法生成窗口,用户只需在菜单中选好各个选项,然后按“粘贴”按钮就可以自动生成标准的SPSS程序。极大的方便了中、高级用户。
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<br />SPSS的缺点一<br />¨
由于在SPSS公司的产品线中,SPSS软件属于中、低档(SPSS公司共有二十余个产品),因此从战略的观点来看,SPSS显然是把相当的精力放在了用户界面的开发上。<br />SPSS的缺点二<br />¨
该软件只吸收较为成熟的统计方法,而对于最新的统计方法,SPSS公司的做法是为之发展一些专门软件,如针对树结构模型的Answer
Tree,针对神经网络技术的Neural
Connection、专门用于数据挖掘的Clementine等,而不是直接纳入SPSS,因此他们在SPSS中均难觅芳踪。<br />SPSS的缺点三<br />¨
另外,其输出结果虽然漂亮,但不能为WORD等常用文字处理软件直接打开,只能采用拷贝、粘贴的方式加以交互。这些都可以说是SPSS软件的致命伤。</div>
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SAS——编程——数学 收藏 <br />SAS编程究竟有何特点,与其它编程有什么联系和区别,为什么易学易用并且稳定?</div>
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SAS软件的宗旨是为所有需要进行数据处理、数据分析的计算机或者非计算机工作人员提供一种易学易用、完整可靠的软件系统。SAS语言本身是一种非过程语言(第四代语言),类似于C语言,且综合了各种高级语言的功能和灵活的格式,将数据处理和统计分析融合于一体。</div>
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所以,SAS系统有其独特的编程步骤和语言,其最大的特点是:简单、易学,语句的针对性强,依赖仅有的DATA STEP和PROC
STEP,灵活的语句和步骤组合,即可解决从数据读取、处理、分析、表达、连接中的任何简单或复杂的问题。</div>
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SAS的编程语言是最令人赞赏的,只有不断丰富,而不象一些计算机语言会出现过时,甚至被淘汰,原因是SAS随计算机语言的改变而更新其支持语言。比如:V8采用C++语言支持,而新版的V9将有JAVA支持的版本,实现数据网上连接、读取、处理、分析、表达等全过程。所以,SAS编程可以不断累积经验,不必疲于操心计算机语言的更新换代。</div>
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我适合学SAS吗?学习SAS需要懂高等数学和统计学吗?</div>
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这是许多朋友关心的话题。实际情况是,任何专业背景的人,都可以学习并且掌握SAS,一经学会,终生受用。</div>
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不少人听说SAS是个统计分析软件系统,就自认为需要懂得高深数学和统计学的人才能学习,其实这是一个误区。SAS在创办起,其宗旨是着重于80%工作量的统计分析前的数据处理,至于统计分析一旦数据就绪,通过相应的分析模块,几乎象傻瓜相机一样,谁都可以操作运行。如果需要的统计方法学上提高或突破,恐怕不是统计分析的日常工作,而是统计方法学的科研了。</div>
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<br />发表于 @ 2007年08月19日 10:38:00 | 评论( 1 ) | 编辑| 举报| 收藏 </div>
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旧一篇:OLAP的多维数据分析 | 新一篇:摩根士丹利及赢利模式研究<br />查看最新精华文章
请访问博客首页相关文章<br />C/C++是程序员必须掌握的语言吗?Basic大旗不倒·谭浩强数据分析师/市场调研物业管理软件为什么选择FORTRAN(kosmos.cn)什么是托管代码R---用于统计计算和统计制图的优秀工具,S
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实现Boom - 我写的软件合集 - 持续10年agri521 发表于2008年8月28日 23:20:10
IP:举报回复删除<br />我眼中的SAS发表评论表 情: 评论内容: 用 户 名:登录 注册 匿名评论 匿名用户验 证 码: 重新获得验证码
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本文来自CSDN博客,转载请标明出处:<a href="http://blog.csdn.net/cRyIng_gG/archive/2007/08/19/1750251.aspx">http://blog.csdn.net/cRyIng_gG/archive/2007/08/19/1750251.aspx</a></div>
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什么是托管代码 收藏 <br />
<br />在“过去”(只是几年前),使用C和C++编写代码的开发人员不得不自己进行内存管理。当不再需要已分配的内存空间时,必须将其释放,除非希望该内存被“泄漏”,内存泄漏将带来严重的性能问题。更</div>
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糟糕的是因为直接处理指针,而它很容易破坏项目正在使用的内存。在很多情况下,这将导致很长时间的故障调试,因为通常实际看到出错的地方并不是内存初始被破坏的地方。</div>
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人们认为C和C++语言难于掌握,主要是因为具有很多这种类型的问题。许多开发人员不愿意尝试C和C++,也是因为这个原因,他们尝试使用其他没有这些令人头痛问题的高级语言,例如Visual
Basic。尽</div>
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管这些新语言具有易用易学的优点,但也具有一些缺点。它们的性能无法与C和C++语言相比,在大多数情况下显得特别慢。另外,因为底层操作系统是使用C++开发的,所以这些语言难以实现C++的所有</div>
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功能。尽管可以使用它们处理很多非常好的工作,但是如果想要获得操作系统的所有性能和优势,只能依靠自己。</div>
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与.NET运行库的第一个版本相比,.NET的大多数内容都已经改变了。Microsoft公司几乎完全重新设计了一种新的API,竭力确保开发人员关心的问题都会被解决。这种新的运行库必须易学易用,快速高</div>
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效,并且不存在令人头痛的内存管理问题。在本书中,将看到.NET在这些方面的好处。</div>
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托管代码 (managed code)
<br />由公共语言运行库环境(而不是直接由操作系统)执行的代码。托管代码应用程序可以获得公共语言运行库服务,例如自动垃圾回收、运行库类型检查和安全支持等。这些服务帮助提供独立于平台和语言</div>
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的、统一的托管代码应用程序行为。<br /> 如C#</div>
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非托管代码 (unmanaged
code)<br />在公共语言运行库环境的外部,由操作系统直接执行的代码。非托管代码必须提供自己的<span style="color: blue;"><strong><u>垃圾回收、类型检查、安全支持</u></strong></span>等服务;它与托管代码不同,后者从公共语言运行库中获得这些服务。如C++,C</div>
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</div>
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<br />本文来自CSDN博客,转载请标明出处:<a href="http://blog.csdn.net/dadalan/archive/2008/12/05/3443466.aspx">http://blog.csdn.net/dadalan/archive/2008/12/05/3443466.aspx</a></div>sfebbf@gmail.comhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03493373165705385749noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3520553598370090588.post-35462280171746726842012-04-23T02:21:00.000+08:002012-04-23T02:21:05.548+08:00SAS学院版基础数据分析工具包<div id="General_Content">
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</li>
<li><a href="http://www.sas.com/offices/europe/adriatic/">Bosnia & Herz.</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.sas.com/offices/latinamerica/brazil/">Brazil</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.sas.com/offices/NA/canada/">Canada</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.sas.com/offices/latinamerica/chile/">Chile</a>
</li>
<li class="active"><a href="http://www.sas.com/offices/asiapacific/china/">China</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.sas.com/offices/latinamerica/andean/">Colombia</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.sas.com/offices/europe/adriatic/">Croatia</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.sas.com/offices/europe/czech/">Czech Republic</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.sas.com/offices/europe/denmark/">Denmark</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.sas.com/offices/europe/estonia/">Estonia</a></li>
</ul>
<ul id="column2">
<li><a href="http://www.sas.com/offices/europe/finland/">Finland</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.sas.com/offices/europe/france/">France</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.sas.com/offices/europe/germany/">Germany</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.sas.com/offices/europe/greece/">Greece</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.sas.com/offices/asiapacific/hongkong/">Hong Kong</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.sas.com/offices/europe/hungary/">Hungary</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.sas.com/offices/europe/iceland/index.html">Iceland</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.sas.com/offices/asiapacific/india/">India</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.sas.com/offices/asiapacific/indonesia/">Indonesia</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.sas.com/offices/europe/ireland/">Ireland</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.sas.com/offices/europe/italy/">Italy</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.sas.com/offices/asiapacific/japan/">Japan</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.sas.com/offices/asiapacific/korea/">Korea</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.sas.com/offices/europe/belux/">Luxembourg</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.sas.com/offices/europe/adriatic/">Macedonia</a></li>
</ul>
<ul id="column3">
<li><a href="http://www.sas.com/offices/asiapacific/malaysia/">Malaysia</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.sas.com/offices/latinamerica/mexico/">Mexico</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.sas.com/offices/me/">Middle East</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.sas.com/offices/europe/adriatic/">Montenegro</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.sas.com/offices/europe/netherlands/">Netherlands</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.sas.com/offices/asiapacific/sp/">New Zealand</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.sas.com/offices/europe/norway/">Norway</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.sas.com/offices/asiapacific/pakistan/">Pakistan</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.sas.com/offices/latinamerica/andean/">Peru</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.sas.com/offices/asiapacific/philippines/">Philippines</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.sas.com/offices/europe/poland/">Poland</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.sas.com/offices/europe/portugal/">Portugal</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.sas.com/offices/europe/romania/">Romania</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.sas.com/offices/europe/russia/">Russia / CIS</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.sas.com/offices/europe/adriatic/">Serbia</a></li>
</ul>
<ul id="column4">
<li><a href="http://www.sas.com/offices/asiapacific/singapore/">Singapore</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.sas.com/offices/europe/slovakia/">Slovakia</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.sas.com/offices/europe/adriatic/">Slovenia</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.sas.com/offices/africa/southafrica/">South Africa</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.sas.com/offices/europe/spain/">Spain</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.sas.com/offices/europe/sweden/">Sweden</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.sas.com/offices/europe/switzerland/">Switzerland</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.sas.com/offices/asiapacific/taiwan/">Taiwan</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.sas.com/offices/asiapacific/thailand/">Thailand</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.sas.com/offices/europe/turkey/">Turkey</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.sas.com/offices/europe/uk/">United Kingdom</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.sas.com/">United States</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.sas.com/offices/latinamerica/andean/">Venezuela</a></li>
</ul>
<h4>
Worldwide Contacts</h4>
If you don't find your country in the list, see our worldwide contacts
in:<br />
<a href="http://www.sas.com/offices/africa/index.html">Africa</a> | <a href="http://www.sas.com/offices/asiapacific/index.html">Asia/Pacific</a> | <a href="http://www.sas.com/offices/europe/index.html">Europe</a> | <a href="http://www.sas.com/offices/latinamerica/index.html">Latin America &
Caribbean</a> | <a href="http://www.sas.com/offices/me/me_offices.html">Middle
East</a> | <a href="http://www.sas.com/offices/NA/index.html">North
America</a></div>
</div>
</li>
<li id="mn_contact"><a href="http://www.sas.com/offices/asiapacific/china/contact/index.html"><span>联系我们</span></a>
</li>
</ul>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr align="left" height="40">
<td valign="middle" width="100%"><img src="http://www.sas.com/offices/asiapacific/china/academic/images/titles/header_academic.gif" style="height: 43px; width: 544px;" /></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td colspan="7"><img src="http://www.sas.com/offices/asiapacific/china/academic/images/spacer.gif" /></td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="7"> </td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="right" valign="top" width="180">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="8" style="width: 180px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td width="100%"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-weight: 700;"><img src="http://www.sas.com/offices/asiapacific/china/academic/images/spacer.gif" style="height: 8px; width: 6px;" /><a class="leftnavhead" href="http://www.sas.com/offices/asiapacific/china/academic/index.html">大学计划</a></span></td></tr>
<tr>
<td width="100%"><b><a class="leftnavhead" href="http://www.sas.com/offices/asiapacific/china/academic/history.html"><span style="font-size: 9pt;"><img border="0" src="http://www.sas.com/offices/asiapacific/china/academic/images/dot_off.gif" style="height: 17px; width: 9px;" /><u>SAS
学术根源</u></span></a><span style="font-size: 9pt;"><br /><a class="leftnavhead" href="http://www.sas.com/offices/asiapacific/china/academic/products.html"><u><img border="0" src="http://www.sas.com/offices/asiapacific/china/academic/images/dot_off.gif" style="height: 17px; width: 9px;" />SAS
大学版产品</u></a><br /><a class="leftnavhead" href="http://www.sas.com/offices/asiapacific/china/academic/study.html"><u><img border="0" src="http://www.sas.com/offices/asiapacific/china/academic/images/dot_off.gif" style="height: 17px; width: 9px;" />教学和研究</u></a><br /><a class="leftnavhead" href="http://www.sas.com/offices/asiapacific/china/academic/management.html"><u><img border="0" src="http://www.sas.com/offices/asiapacific/china/academic/images/dot_off.gif" style="height: 17px; width: 9px;" />行政管理</u></a><br /><a class="leftnavhead" href="http://www.sas.com/offices/asiapacific/china/academic/club.html"><u><img border="0" src="http://www.sas.com/offices/asiapacific/china/academic/images/dot_off.gif" style="height: 17px; width: 9px;" />学术俱乐部</u></a><br /><a class="leftnavhead" href="http://www.sas.com/news/newsletter/tech/index.html"><u><img border="0" src="http://www.sas.com/offices/asiapacific/china/academic/images/dot_off.gif" style="height: 17px; width: 9px;" />SAS
技术报告</u></a></span></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</td>
<td width="10"><u><img align="middle" src="http://www.sas.com/offices/asiapacific/china/academic/..images/spacer.gif" style="height: 1px; width: 5px;" /></u></td>
<td align="left" valign="top" width="1"><u><img align="middle" src="http://www.sas.com/offices/asiapacific/china/academic/images/spacer.gif" style="height: 1px; width: 1px;" /></u></td>
<td width="10"><u><img align="middle" src="http://www.sas.com/offices/asiapacific/china/academic/images/spacer.gif" style="height: 1px; width: 10px;" /></u></td>
<td align="left" valign="top" width="900">
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<tbody>
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<td height="261">
<div style="color: #425563; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px;">
在以智能为本的当今社会,商业界和学术界之间的联系必然越来越紧密。
SAS 公司的首席执行官 Jim Goodnight 博士已经充分认识到了这一点:“我知道您—我们的客户—需要那些能够帮助您充分发掘 SAS
投资价值的人士。通过我们的大学计划,SAS能够确保您拥有这种智能资源” </div>
<div style="color: #425563; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px;">
言出必行,SAS
与大学和商学院在众多领域建立了合作关系,这些领域包括营销,金融,分子生物学,地质学,工程学,生命科学,商业研究,当然也包括统计学。 </div>
<div style="color: #425563; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px;">
除了在学术环境中提供软件和相关支持以外,SAS
公司还主动与学术界携手,让讲师,学生和研究者与业界专家,商业管理者和 SAS
技术专家走到一起。在建立了这种交流网络以后,学生们可以学以致用。这种双向交流活动还把相关信息反馈到课堂上,从而确保了学生们所学的课程富有时代气息,既切合实际又趣味横生。
</div>
<div style="color: #425563; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px;">
SAS
对教育的支持源自公司的学术背景,也源自 Goodnight 先生对客户的一贯承诺,也就是确保 SAS 的客户拥有能够随时准备面对商业挑战的雇员。</div>
<br />
<hr />
<br />
<div class="style5">
<strong>SAS学院版基础数据分析工具包</strong><br /><strong>Basic Analytical
Package</strong> </div>
<div class="style5">
<img src="http://www.sas.com/offices/asiapacific/china/academic/images/products_1.jpg" style="height: 77px; width: 586px;" /></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="style13">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div align="left" class="style5">
为满足学术界日益增长的SAS数据分析工具软件的需求,SAS公司专为院校及科研机构内小规模的科研教学组推出SAS基础数据分析工具包,与SAS其他学院版软件包产品相比:
<br /><span class="style15">·该软件包具有更高性价比</span><strong><br /></strong><span class="style15">·为学院及科研机构内小规模科研教学组量身定作</span><strong><br /></strong><span class="style15">·支持平台:PC Windows</span></div>
<div align="left" class="style5">
<strong>SAS学院版基础数据分析工具包(Basic Analytical
Package)</strong></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table border="1" bordercolor="#c8c8c8" class="style13">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="style1" valign="top" width="28%"><span class="style9"><strong> </strong></span> </td>
<td class="style6" valign="top" width="72%">
<div align="center">
<span class="style14">软件模块名称</span></div>
<div align="center">
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="style1" valign="top">
<div class="style5">
Basic Analytical Package<br />基础数据分析工具包</div>
</td>
<td class="style6" valign="top">
<div align="left" class="style5">
<span class="style15">*</span><a class="link1" href="http://www.sas.com/technologies/bi/appdev/base" target="_blank">Base SAS®
Software</a> <span class="style15">(SAS核心部件)</span><br /><span class="style15">*</span><a class="link1" href="http://www.sas.com/technologies/analytics/statistics/stat/index.html" target="_blank">SAS/STAT® Software</a> <span class="style15">(SAS经典统计分析工具)</span><br /><span class="style15">*</span><a class="link1" href="http://www.sas.com/technologies/bi/query_reporting/graph/index.html" target="_blank">SAS/GRAPH® Software</a><span class="style15">(SAS图形引擎)</span><br /><span class="style15">*</span><a class="link1" href="http://www.sas.com/technologies/bi/query_reporting/guide" target="_blank">SAS® Enterprise Guide</a> <span class="style15">(SAS基于项目管理的瘦客户端数据分析前端工具)</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="style1" valign="top">其他可选软件模块 </td>
<td class="style6" valign="top">
<div class="style5 style15">
<span class="style15">*</span><a class="link1" href="http://www.sas.com/technologies/analytics/forecasting/ets/index.html" target="_blank">SAS/ETS® Software</a> (时间序列和经济计量分析工具)<br /><span class="style15">*</span><a class="link1" href="http://www.sas.com/technologies/analytics/optimization/or/index.html" target="_blank">SAS/OR® Software</a> (运筹管理分析工具)<br /><span class="style15">*</span><a class="link1" href="http://www.sas.com/technologies/analytics/quality/qc/index.html" target="_blank">SAS/QC® Software</a><span class="style15">
(质量控制和实验设计分析工具</span>)<br /><span class="style15">*</span><a class="link1" href="http://www.sas.com/technologies/analytics/statistics/iml/index.html" target="_blank">SAS/IML</a>® (交互式矩阵语言开发程序)<br /><span class="style15">*</span><a class="link1" href="http://www.sas.com/technologies/dw/etl/access/pcfile.html" target="_blank">SAS/ACCESS® Interface to PC File
Formats</a></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div align="left" class="style5">
所有产品信息及价格解释权属于赛仕软件(北京)有限公司。获取最新学院版产品信息,请<a href="http://www.sas.com/offices/asiapacific/china/contact/index.html">联系SAS公司</a>
</div>
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</tbody></table>
</td></tr>
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</div>sfebbf@gmail.comhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03493373165705385749noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3520553598370090588.post-73732409357730487032012-04-23T02:19:00.000+08:002012-04-23T02:19:11.952+08:00SAS预测BI行业良好发展前景<table class="MS_WH_ZoneRow">
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<a href="http://www.chuguo.cn/news/12865.xhtml%20SAS预测BI行业良好发展前景2006-07-28%2018:39出处:天极网作者:王丹【网友评论0条%20发言】0点击分享全球领先的商业智能软件和服务提供商SAS在其成立30周年之际,预示着行业的美好发展前景。 商业智能(Business%20Intelligence)已成为当今全球软件市场的最热门领域。全球领先的商业智能软件和服务提供商SAS在其成立30周年之际,预示着行业的美好发展前景。 SAS从1976年成立时的7名员工、销售一个软">http://www.chuguo.cn/news/12865.xhtml
<div>
<hr />
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
SAS预测BI行业良好发展前景<br />2006-07-28 18:39出处:天极网作者:王丹【网友评论0条
发言】0点击分享全球领先的商业智能软件和服务提供商SAS在其成立30周年之际,预示着行业的美好发展前景。 商业智能(Business
Intelligence)已成为当今全球软件市场的最热门领域。全球领先的商业智能软件和服务提供商SAS在其成立30周年之际,预示着行业的美好发展前景。</div>
<div>
SAS从1976年成立时的7名员工、销售一个软件项目,成长到今天在全球424个分支机构雇佣超过10000名员工,其解决方案被包括《财富》500强中前100强的96家公司在内的40,000多家组织机构所使用。SAS已经站在信息技术的前沿领域达30年之久,破记录地保持了29年的收益连续增长,其营收总额从1976年的约13万8千美元一直到2005年的16.8亿美元。并且迹象表明SAS的增长还将继续。</div>
<div>
企业和机构对商业智能软件的持续高需求从今年在美国San Francisco举行的SAS全球用户大会(SAS Users Group
International)上可见一斑,破记录地吸引了来自全球的4000多名各界人士出席该大会。</div>
<div>
商业智能将继续作为商业首选和领先的技术趋势。来自Gartner的报告1指出经过其对超过30个国家的1,400名CIO的最新调查,在美国超过900亿美元的企业IT投入中,领导性技术已经不再是网络安全而转为商业智能。而SAS的商业智能解决方案并不仅仅作为一种以报表工具为代表的传统商业智能视角存在,而是一套建立在稳定、可扩展和整合的技术平台上的包括数据整合、智能存储、分析和报表工具为一体的整体解决方案。</div>
<div>
“商业智能是一个不断成长壮大的市场,它的出现是几近饱和的ERP市场的产物。同时随着法规遵从要求的不断增高,企业对商业智能高需求的时刻将在未来几年内到来。SAS已经全力准备好去满足这种需求,”SAS高级副总裁兼首席市场官Jim
Davis说,“BI应用带来的是快速、可衡量的投资回报,特别是结合预测性分析和数据整合时。”</div>
<div>
此外,SAS新的全球商业智能能力提升中心(Business Intelligence Competency
Center)项目可以通过建立一致性策略来帮助客户实现最大化的BI投资,这种策略可以应用于技术、人、流程和组织文化等各方面。而一系列升级版的SAS行业解决方案也在2006年间逐步面市。</div>
<div>
今天,SAS正向其旗舰型BI解决方案中导入更多的增强功能,SAS企业级BI服务器,通过与ESRI的集成包含了更多的报表管理、分发和进一步的空间分析功能。这些附加功能使得各层次的商业用户可以利用智能技术实现大量数据的轻松存取。</div>
<div>
“在我们公司成长的同时,以客户为中心并帮助他们成功的理念贯穿我们的软件之中,提供对客户的附加价值已成为我们的企业任务之一,”SAS公司创始人兼CEO
Jim Goodnight博士这样总结道。</div>
<div>
<br />原文出自【比特网】,转载请保留原文链接:http://soft.chinabyte.com/252/2508252.shtml</div>
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<td align="center" class="ftitle">在加拿大就业前景广阔的SAS</td></tr>
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美国SAS软件研究所(SAS Institute Inc.)创建于1976年,总部在美国北卡州。SAS系统是由SAS公司开发的集数据仓库、大规模数据处理、数据挖掘、统计分析、图表制作、网页连接等为一体的计算机软体系统。旨在为用户提供最富有竞争力的武器,让用户为自己的商务发展做出最正确、最有效的决策,即将杂乱无章的原始数据转化为富有价值的信息和知识,令用户的商务在竞争的浪潮中,永远把握正确航向和速度发展、延伸。 <br /><br /> SAS系统迄今服务于118个国家,包括各大公司、政府和大学在内的四万多个用户,广泛应用于医药、金融、商务、电讯、环境、交通、能源、林业、企业管理、统计等众多行业。美国《财富》杂志评选的500家最大公司中90%以上企业都在应用SAS软件。 <br /><br /> 27年来,SAS一直致力于金融,保险,医疗,保健,通信,制造业和政府教育等部门,在SAS的数据仓库(Data Warehouse)、联机分析处理系统(OLAP)和数据挖掘(Data Mining)技术上,为各种企业提供客户管理(Customer Relational Management)、财务管理(Financial Management)、信息管理(Information Technology Management)、专利的发掘和分析(Patent Discovery & Analysis)、业绩管理(Performance Management)、质量改善(Quality Improvement),风险管理(Risk Management)、物流分析(Supply Chain Analysis)和其它各种商务智能和决策支持系统(DSS)的解决方案。 <br /><br /> SAS公司统计分析的强大优势和完美的数据挖掘产品,可以帮助用户: <br /><br /> Customer Segmentation---识别最有利润的客户群,并揭示其中的特征Credit Risk Management---通过准确的信用评分提高客户的利润率Balanced Scorecard ----企业均衡计分管理Fraud Detection----欺诈检测Customer Retention----客户流失管理Cross Selling----组合销售以及其他需要预测和规则发现的应用等等 <br /><br /> SAS以其领先的技术和完善的服务著称于世,经过20多年的不断发展完善,SAS系统已由最初的统计分析软件发展成为大型集成应用软件系统,具有完备的数据访问、管理、分析、报表及应用开发等功能。运用SAS先进的数据仓库和领先的数据挖掘技术,用户可以进行有效及时的客户关系管理,综合企业业务风险管理,信贷业务的风险管理,供应关系管理以及财务分析和人力资源管理。 <br /><br /> 综上所述,可以看出,由于SAS系统无可比拟的优越性,在统计分析领域和数据挖掘技术中几乎处于垄断地位,已成为国际上最流行的标准企业管理软件,相对应的,此方面的职位需求一定会越来越大。 <br /><br /> SAS编程究竟有何特点,与其它编程有什么联系和区别,为什么易学易用并且稳定? <br /><br /> SAS软件的宗旨是为所有需要进行数据处理、数据分析的计算机或者非计算机工作人员提供一种易学易用、完整可靠的软件系统。SAS语言本身是一种非过程语言(第四代语言),类似于C语言,且综合了各种高级语言的功能和灵活的格式,将数据处理和统计分析融合于一体。 <br /><br /> 所以,SAS系统有其独特的编程步骤和语言,其最大的特点是:简单、易学,语句的针对性强,依赖仅有的DATA STEP和PROC STEP,灵活的语句和步骤组合,即可解决从数据读取、处理、分析、表达、连接中的任何简单或复杂的问题。 <br /> <br />SAS的编程语言是最令人赞赏的,只有不断丰富,而不象一些计算机语言会出现过时,甚至被淘汰,原因是SAS随计算机语言的改变而更新其支持语言。比如:V8采用C++语言支持,而新版的V9将有JAVA支持的版本,实现数据网上连接、读取、处理、分析、表达等全过程。所以,SAS编程可以不断累积经验,不必疲于操心计算机语言的更新换代。 <br /><br /> 我适合学SAS吗?学习SAS需要懂高等数学和统计学吗? <br /><br /> 这是许多朋友关心的话题。实际情况是,任何专业背景的人,都可以学习并且掌握SAS,一经学会,终生受用。 <br /><br /> 不少人听说SAS是个统计分析软件系统,就自认为需要懂得高深数学和统计学的人才能学习,其实这是一个误区。SAS在创办起,其宗旨是着重于80%工作量的统计分析前的数据处理,至于统计分析一旦数据就绪,通过相应的分析模块,几乎象傻瓜相机一样,谁都可以操作运行。如果需要的统计方法学上提高或突破,恐怕不是统计分析的日常工作,而是统计方法学的科研了。 <br /><br /> 可见学习SAS不需要具备高等数学和统计学基础,只是需要有一般逻辑思维训练基础即可。 <br /> <br />来源:艾迪国际</span></td></tr>
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<td style="padding-left: 1px;">今天是: 2010年10月5日 星期二</td>
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<td class="title"><b>黄页分类</b></td>
<td class="info">IT培训 </td>
<td class="title"><b>发布日期</b></td>
<td>2009-04-15 16:39:40 </td></tr>
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<td class="title"><b>服务价格</b></td>
<td class="info"> </td>
<td class="title"><b>公司地址</b></td>
<td><a href="http://maps.google.com/maps?q=College ST. and St. George St. toronto, ontario" target="_blank">College ST. and St. George St. </a> </td></tr>
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<td class="title"><b>服务地区</b></td>
<td>Downtown Toronto </td>
<td class="title"><b>联 系 人</b></td>
<td class="info">Gary </td></tr>
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<td class="title"><b>网站地址</b></td>
<td><a href="http:///" target="_blank"> </a></td>
<td class="title"><b>联系方式</b></td>
<td>电话:416-585-9880 # 电子邮件: <a href="mailto:gary.z@metroc.ca">gary.z@metroc.ca</a> </td></tr>
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<td align="center" bgcolor="#ffcc00" class="title" colspan="4"><b>服务概况</b></td></tr>
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<td class="info" colspan="4" height="100" valign="top">AS 数据分析师 <br />一劳永逸的职业解决方案 <br />城市学院
<br /><br />新来的移民或是有了多年加拿大工作经验的IT人士,或多或少被职业的稳定性所困扰。即使你拥有一份高薪职业,如果其稳定性不好,经常遭laid
off,您的平均工资也并不高。因为在laid
off期间,您从政府那里每星期领取最多$413。在找到新的职位之前,这段时间可能持续3-6个月,甚至一年。这样一平均,你的工资水平就下去了。如果在laid
off期间,你正在付房子按揭,其经济压力更是可想而知。
<br /><br />有没有什么办法解决职业不稳定所带来的困扰?答案是肯定的。本文旨在向有一定背景的人士介绍一个可行的解决方案。SAS数据分析师就是众多稳定职业中的一朵奇芭。
<br /><br />一、何谓SAS ? <br /><br />SAS 的全称是Statistical Analysis
System,是由成立于1972年总部在美国北卡州的SAS公司,开发的集数据仓、大规模数据处理、数据挖掘、统计分析、图表制作、网页连接等为一体的计算机软体系统。旨在为用户提供最富有竞争力的武器,让用户为自己的商务发展做出最正确、最有效的决策,即将杂乱无章的原始数据转化为富有价值的信息和知识,令用户的商务在竞争的浪潮中,永远把握住正确的航向和发展速度。
<br /><br />SAS系统迄今服务于118个国家,包括各大公司、政府和大学在内的四万多个用户,广泛应用于金融、商务、电讯、环境、交通、能源、林业、企业管理、医药统计等众多行业。近90%的世界500强企业属于SAS的用户。
<br /><br />SAS系统有其独特的编程步骤和语言,其最大的特点是:简单、易学,语言的针对性强,依赖仅有的DATA STEP和PROC
STEP,灵活的语句和步骤组合,即可解决从数据读取、处理、分析、表达、连接中的任何简单或复杂的问题。
<br /><br />最令人赞赏的是SAS编程语言,虽然它在不断地丰富和发展,却不象一些计算机语言那样会过时,甚至被淘汰。原因SAS随计算机语言的改变而更新其支持语言。比如:V8采用C++语言支持,而新版V9用的是JAVA支持的版本,实现数据网上连接、读取、处理、分析、表达等全过程。所以,SAS编程可以不断积累经验,不必疲于操心计算机语言的更新换代。
<br /><br />二、拥有广阔就业前景的SAS
<br /><br />由于SAS广泛应用金融、保险、临床研究、医药开发、市场调查、政府监管和科学与教育研究部门,所以,在北美的需求居全球之最。 <br /><br />SAS
在美国的就业前景是显而易见的,而加拿大对SAS编程和分析人员的需求正步美国的后尘而逐步稳定攀升。在商务“Evidence Decision Making”和
“Right Service to the Right Person at the Right
Time”等理念支配下,各大公司、政府、大学等将需要利用自己已经成熟的数据库,挖掘其有价值的信息和知识,成为正确决策的依据,特别是在经济需要从低谷走出来时,更显得起重要性和迫切性。
<br /><br /><br />三、SAS数据分析师的职业优势 <br /><br />与SAS技术相关的职位令人瞩目之处是供新起点高,增长潜力巨大。
数据调查发现,SAS数据分析师的启动工资在40K –60K;随着经验的积累以及学历的提高,年薪可达80K-150K。可见,薪资的增长潜力无限。
<br /><br />另一个更重要的特点是其不可比拟的职业稳定性。SAS数据分析师主要为两大类公司工作,一类是大公司,另一类是专业数据公司。前者如银行,保险公司,药物制造公司,
以及人所共知的巨无霸公司;后者如民意调查公司,市场调研公司,数据服务公司等等。除此以外,政府和科研机构对SAS数据分析师职位也有可观的需求。这些公司的一大特点是在市场上已立稳根基,有稳定的成功经营史。你不会因为公司倒闭而离岗。即使公司关闭,你也很快在别的公司找到同样或更高的职位。他们每天产生大量的数据。这些公司必须依赖数据分析员方可从这些数据提取有用的经营信息和知识。数据分析员是不容易被解雇的,因为它是一个不可缺少的职位,更是因为培养一个成熟的数据分析员要耗费很多时间和资源,因此SAS数据分析师的职业是稳定的。
<br /><br />正像上面提到的那样, SAS
技术本身也是相当稳定的。SAS的外在功能在不断扩充,但它的内核部分却经久不变。所以你不再为保持职位而拼命地学习新的计算机编程语言。这一点,对于年龄在35岁以上的专业人士,那就更重要了。
<br /><br /><br />四、简单易学的SAS课程 <br /><br />SAS
的最显著的特点是简单易学。虽然SAS是一门计算机编程语言,但它的语法简单明了。任何专业背景的人,只要遵循课程的安排,认真听课,完成书籍阅读和作业,将能掌握扎实SAS编程技能和技巧,并通过职业证书认证。迄今经本课程培训的学员找到工作者中,有学中(西)医、MBA、计算机、信息管理、数学,统计学,财务管理,经济学,银行及金融服务、机械自动化,甚至英语专业等。所以,不应因自身专业而束缚自己,大胆尝试,您一定能在SAS领域开辟您在加拿大的职业新天地。
<br /><br /><br /><br /><br />五、独特的课程设置和可靠的师资力量 <br /><br />城市学院的SAS课程由统计学博士Kelvin
和计算机硕士Max主讲。采用二阶段课程设置,即内容和实例相结合,授课和课后训练相结合。课程包括基础课程和高级课程,基础课程令初学者熟悉SAS编程环境、语法、操作等,而编程高级课程则从实际应用着手,令学员熟悉如何理解需求和将需求在编程中得到实现。授课老师现在多伦多的著名公司任高级数据分析师。所以学员不仅可以学到扎实的和实用的SAS编程技能,而且用机会接触具有多年SAS编程所遇到的常见疑难问题,并总结归纳出工作面试中各种各样问题的回答要点。取得证书认证、提高工作面试技巧和提高就业率是培训课程的唯一目标。通过本课程训练后学员可掌握扎实的编程技能和技巧,能满足实际工作中90%
SAS编程需求。
<br /><br />本学院SAS课程独到之处更是课程后SAS社区资源分享和支持。由老师和学员一起共建SAS编程论坛,随时分享和解决编程中段疑难问题。每年将举办2-3次研讨会,讨论如何准备个人简历、工作面试问题,并由经本课程找到工作的学员交流其经历、体会和教训,提高新学员面试的成功率。
<br /><br /><br />如对SAS课程有兴趣,可浏览www.sas.com
,或拨打电话416-585-9880取得进一步的资料。我们将带您进入就业前景广阔的SAS领域,从而开辟您在加拿大的稳定职业前程。城市学院著名的SAS培训班将于九月二十七日举行公开课。欢迎试听。
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在加拿大就业前景广阔的SAS</div>
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<br />热门板块: 算命 解梦 供佛 取名 宗教 黄历 周易 八字 姓名 风水 相学 占星 开运 灵异 图库
近几年,随着技术移民的大量涌入,适合移民的有技术含量的工作职位的竞争越来越激烈,很多人在辛苦寻觅几个月之后,失去信心,转向体力工作,虽然心有不甘,但没有更好的出路,只好就此做了下去。还有更多的朋友一直处于观望状态,举棋不定,宝贵的时间和精力慢慢流逝。<br /> 其实,大家的要求并不高,只是希望利用自己以前的优势,迅速找到一份稳定的技术工作,实际上,在北美还是有很多技术工作是适合移民的,并且竞争并不激烈,但为技术移民所忽略。所以,我们要善于开辟职业新天地,发挥原有的技术背景,再加以一些新技术,出奇制胜!在北美找工作,是需要独辟径的,有一些好的新兴热门职业,如SAS分析师,由于和Business结合的比较多,无需太多的IT背景,并且易学、易用,更可以结合很多技术移民以往的工作经验,如金融,医药研发、政府调查、销售,财务,机械,制造等,不啻为好的选择。<br /> 首先,我们是从实际的工作市场需求方面来分析一下为什么SAS拥有广阔的就业前景。<br /> 随着信息技术的迅速发展特别是数据仓库技术的广泛应用,企业拥有的数据量急剧呈几何级数增大,在这大量的数据信息中,隐藏着企业运作的利弊得失,若能够对这种海量的数据与信息进行快速有效地深入分析和处理,就能从中找出规律和模式,获取企业决策所需知识,帮助企业进行迅速有效的运筹决策。<br /> 而北美作为全球经济中重要支柱,是诸多金融巨头,保险公司的聚集地,能够在第一时间内获得或者找到最有价值的信息和资源,对各大企业至关重要,而SAS则是目前能够实现这一目标最流行的工具,故而以惊人的速度得到快速、蓬勃的发展,并且有越来越火的趋势,毫无疑问,相对应的必然是需要大量的此方面的技术人员,所以,很多大的银行和保险机构一直都在招聘大量的业务分析人员(Business
Analyst);另外,在北美,由于社会老年化,大量的医药研究公司,也一直迅猛发展,他们需要大批统计分析员(Statistical
Analyst),并且付给相当高的报酬及优厚福利,工作稳定舒适。<br /> 由于SAS广泛应用于金融,保险,临床研究,医药开发,市场调查,政府监管和教育研究部门,所以,在北美的需求居全球之最。<br /> SAS在美国的就业前景是浅而易见的,而加拿大对SAS编程和分析人员的需求正步美国的后尘而逐步、稳定攀升。在商务“Evidence
Decision Making”和“Right Service to the Right Person at the Right
Time”等理念支配下,各大公司、政府、大学等将需要利用自己已经成熟的数据库,挖掘其用价值的信息和知识,成为正确决策的依据,特别是在经济需要从低谷走出来时,更显得其重要性和迫切性。<br /> 尤其是在加拿大的金融中心---多伦多,聚集了几乎全国各大银行和保险公司所有总部,还有多所大学,学院和医院。另外,大多伦多地区也是北美最大的医药研发基地之一,在多伦多的周边城市,成百上千的医药研发公司在那里设立了自己的研发中心。所有这些大公司、研发机构、医院和学校非常需要大量熟练掌握和运用SAS的科技人员。然而,招聘到一名有经验的SAS程序员或者是分析员不是一件容易的事,而应聘者意识到这一市场需求的也不多,从安省2001年以前获得SAS职业证书认证者不足20人,就可见一斑,所以,现在SAS的市场还是处于起始阶段,谁能抓住这一机遇,谁就轻而易举地抓住工作的机会。<br /> 那么,什么是SAS?<br /> 美国SAS软件研究所(SAS
Institute
Inc.)创建于1976年,总部在美国北卡州。SAS系统是由SAS公司开发的集数据仓库、大规模数据处理、数据挖掘、统计分析、图表制作、网页连接等为一体的计算机软体系统。旨在为用户提供最富有竞争力的武器,让用户为自己的商务发展做出最正确、最有效的决策,即将杂乱无章的原始数据转化为富有价值的信息和知识,令用户的商务在竞争的浪潮中,永远把握正确航向和速度发展、延伸。<br /> SAS系统迄今服务于118个国家,包括各大公司、政府和大学在内的四万多个用户,广泛应用于医药、金融、商务、电讯、环境、交通、能源、林业、企业管理、统计等众多行业。美国《财富》杂志评选的500家最大公司中90%以上企业都在应用SAS软件。<br /> 27年来,SAS一直致力于金融,保险,医疗,保健,通信,制造业和政府教育等部门,在SAS的数据仓库(Data
Warehouse)、联机分析处理系统(OLAP)和数据挖掘(Data Mining)技术上,为各种企业提供客户管理(Customer Relational
Management)、财务管理(Financial Management)、信息管理(Information Technology
Management)、专利的发掘和分析(Patent Discovery & Analysis)、业绩管理(Performance
Management)、质量改善(Quality Improvement),风险管理(Risk Management)、物流分析(Supply Chain
Analysis)和其它各种商务智能和决策支持系统(DSS)的解决方案。<br /> SAS公司统计分析的强大优势和完美的数据挖掘产品,可以帮助用户:<br /> Customer
Segmentation---识别最有利润的客户群,并揭示其中的特征Credit Risk
Management---通过准确的信用评分提高客户的利润率Balanced Scorecard ----企业均衡计分管理Fraud
Detection----欺诈检测Customer Retention----客户流失管理Cross
Selling----组合销售以及其他需要预测和规则发现的应用等等<br /> SAS以其领先的技术和完善的服务著称于世,经过20多年的不断发展完善,SAS系统已由最初的统计分析软件发展成为大型集成应用软件系统,具有完备的数据访问、管理、分析、报表及应用开发等功能。运用SAS先进的数据仓库和领先的数据挖掘技术,用户可以进行有效及时的客户关系管理,综合企业业务风险管理,信贷业务的风险管理,供应关系管理以及财务分析和人力资源管理。<br /> 综上所述,可以看出,由于SAS系统无可比拟的优越性,在统计分析领域和数据挖掘技术中几乎处于垄断地位,已成为国际上最流行的标准企业管理软件,相对应的,此方面的职位需求一定会越来越大。<br /> SAS编程究竟有何特点,与其它编程有什么联系和区别,为什么易学易用并且稳定?<br /> SAS软件的宗旨是为所有需要进行数据处理、数据分析的计算机或者非计算机工作人员提供一种易学易用、完整可靠的软件系统。SAS语言本身是一种非过程语言(第四代语言),类似于C语言,且综合了各种高级语言的功能和灵活的格式,将数据处理和统计分析融合于一体。<br /> 所以,SAS系统有其独特的编程步骤和语言,其最大的特点是:简单、易学,语句的针对性强,依赖仅有的DATA
STEP和PROC
STEP,灵活的语句和步骤组合,即可解决从数据读取、处理、分析、表达、连接中的任何简单或复杂的问题。<br /> <br />SAS的编程语言是最令人赞赏的,只有不断丰富,而不象一些计算机语言会出现过时,甚至被淘汰,原因是SAS随计算机语言的改变而更新其支持语言。比如:V8采用C++语言支持,而新版的V9将有JAVA支持的版本,实现数据网上连接、读取、处理、分析、表达等全过程。所以,SAS编程可以不断累积经验,不必疲于操心计算机语言的更新换代。<br /> 我适合学SAS吗?学习SAS需要懂高等数学和统计学吗?<br /> 这是许多朋友关心的话题。实际情况是,任何专业背景的人,都可以学习并且掌握SAS,一经学会,终生受用。<br /> 不少人听说SAS是个统计分析软件系统,就自认为需要懂得高深数学和统计学的人才能学习,其实这是一个误区。SAS在创办起,其宗旨是着重于80%工作量的统计分析前的数据处理,至于统计分析一旦数据就绪,通过相应的分析模块,几乎象傻瓜相机一样,谁都可以操作运行。如果需要的统计方法学上提高或突破,恐怕不是统计分析的日常工作,而是统计方法学的科研了。<br /> 可见学习SAS不需要具备高等数学和统计学基础,只是需要有一般逻辑思维训练基础即可。<br /> 所以,只要要遵循正确的学习道路并且获得有效的指导,就可以掌握扎实的SAS编程技能和技巧,再经过一定的经验积累,您也可以成为SAS行家里手,一直有许多学中(西)医、MBA、计算机、信息管理、经济(金融)、机械自动化,甚至英语专业的朋友成功转行SAS的例子。所以,不应因自身专业而束缚自己,一定要迈出最有意义、又充满希望的第一步,高薪、稳定的职业人生要从大胆尝试开始,要从今天立定学习的决心开始!<br />[
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4月编程语言排行榜:Top20里的“陌生人” <a href="http://blog.51cto.com/artcommend" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="http://img1.51cto.com/images/tuijian_1.gif" /></a>
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<small><span style="font-size: x-small;">2010-04-09 13:34:48</span></small></div>
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标签:<span style="color: #aaaaaa;"><a class="operlink" href="http://blog.51cto.com/tagindex.php?keyword=%B1%E0%B3%CC%D3%EF%D1%D4%C5%C5%D0%D0%B0%F1" target="_blank">编程语言排行榜</a></span> [<a class="operlink" href="http://hong7.blog.51cto.com/390883/293002#">推送到技术圈</a>]
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<span style="font-size: 14px;">【51CTO独家特稿】Tiobe近日发布了2010年4月的编程语言排行榜,在本期榜单中,C语言反超Java夺得榜首。Tiobe分析称,在最
近的十年中,C语言一直占据软件开发中15%-20%的编程语言使用率;此次重夺王位,并不意味着C语言的增长,而是Java的衰老(详细分析请参考
51CTO之前的报道《</span><a href="http://developer.51cto.com/art/200907/134048.htm" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: 14px;">Java,正在老去的王者</span></a><span style="font-size: 14px;">》)。
另外值得注意的是,Sun的RIA技术——JavaFX脚本语言一举窜升四位,有望进入前20名。</span><br />
<span style="font-size: 14px;">本期编程榜我们将视角放在榜单前20名中那些我们并不熟悉的编程语言,来看一看Top20里的“陌生人”。</span><br />
<span style="font-size: 14px;">下面是本期榜单的前20名,请留意标亮的几门语言。</span><br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<a href="http://images.51cto.com/files/uploadimg/20100407/083416431.jpg" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><img border="0" class="fit-image" src="http://images.51cto.com/files/uploadimg/20100407/083416431.jpg" style="width: 498px;" /></span></a></div>
<span style="font-size: 14px;">Tiobo</span><a href="http://developer.51cto.com/art/200911/165281.htm" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: 14px;">编程语言排行榜</span></a><span style="font-size: 14px;">的前20名
几乎占据了全球编程语言使用率的70%。长期出现在编程榜前20名里的语言除了Java、C、PHP等我们熟悉并经常使用的语言外,还有一些国内很少应用
的语言,比如这期榜单中的SAS、ABAP、MATLAB和Lua。</span><br />
<span style="font-size: 14px;">由于国内外软件需求和开发者使用习惯上的差异,这些语言并不为我们所熟知,但其在IT界及软件开发与应用方面的作用不可小视。值得注意的是,这些陌
生的语言之所以可以长期占据编程榜重要的位置,要么是因为其背后有强势的软件平台(厂商)支持,要么是自身的特点专注并擅长于某一领域。<strong>简
单来说,还是应用场景和应用需求决定了这些小众语言的大众地位</strong>。</span><br />
<span style="font-size: 14px;"><strong>SAS </strong>—— 本期排名13</span><br />
<span style="font-size: 14px;">要了解SAS语言,首先需要知道SAS软件系统。SAS系统是国外著名的统计分析软件,1966年在美国北卡罗莱纳州立大学诞生,经过多年的发展和
完善,目前,SAS系统已经成为国际统计分析的标准软件,在各个领域应用广泛。SAS
是一个模块化、集成化的大型应用软件系统。它由数十个专用模块构成,功能包括数据访问、数据储存及管理、应用开发、图形处理、数据分析、报告编制、运筹学
方法、计量经济学与预测等等。</span><br />
<span style="font-size: 14px;">SAS系统的使用依赖其自身带有的SAS语言。SAS系统的用户需要通用SAS语言提供的命令、语句和语法来控制系统完成数据管理和分析工作。</span><br />
<span style="font-size: 14px;">简单来看,SAS语言的功能有点类似数据库语言(如FoxPro),但又添加了一般高级程序设计语言的许多成分(如分支、
循环、数组),以及专用于数据管理、统计计算的函数。在SAS中,大部分常用的复杂数据计算的算法作为标准过程调用,用户仅需要指出过程名及其必要的参
数。这一特点使得SAS编程十分简单,同时大大简化了SAS数据分析系统的工作。SAS系统的数据管理、报表、图形、统计分析等功能都可以用SAS语言程
序来调用,只要指定要完成的任务就可以由SAS系统按照预先设计好的程序去进行。关于SAS语言的详细介绍请参考:</span><a href="http://developer.51cto.com/art/200812/101288.htm" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: 14px;">数据管理与分析语言SAS简介</span></a><br />
<span style="font-size: 14px;"><strong>ABAP</strong> —— 本期排名17</span><br />
<span style="font-size: 14px;">ABAP是一门高级商业应用程序设计语言(Advanced Business
Application
Programming),它是著名商业软件公司SAP开发的一种编程语言,主要用于SAP系统内部商业应用程序的设计和开发。一般,SAP的商业软件会
提供一系列的应用解决方案,同时提供一系列的编程接口对这些系统进行二次开发,ABAP就是这种二次开发的主力编程语言。ABAP语言开发的程序通过
SAP开发平台编译并应用(依赖)与SAP系统。</span><br />
<span style="font-size: 14px;">ABAP是面向对象语言。它支持封装性和继承性。封装性是面向对象的基础,而继承性则是建立在封装性基础上的重要特性;ABAP的另一个特点是基于
事件驱动的。</span><br />
<span style="font-size: 14px;">ABAP程序的源代码包括数据定义和处理快两个部分。</span><br />
<span style="font-size: 14px;">数据定义:包含整个程序中可见的全局数据类型和数据对象,选择屏幕元素以及ABAP
Objects中自定义的类和接口;</span><br />
<span style="font-size: 14px;">处理块:是ABAP程序的主要结构单元,定义了程序在不同状态下执行的具体功能,在程序编译运行过程中,每个块都是一个独立的实体。ABAP程序
中,数据定义和生命是独立于任何处理快递,其他所有语句都必须隶属于某个处理块。</span><br />
<span style="font-size: 14px;"><strong>MATLAB</strong> —— 本期排名18</span><br />
<span style="font-size: 14px;">MATLAB是一门精于数据分析和数值计算的语言,它最早有美国新墨西哥大学计算机科学系主任Cleve
Moler创建,1984年由MathWorks公司正式把MATLAB推向市场。目前,MATLAB已经发展成为国际控制界的标准高级技术计算语言和交
互式环境;MATLAB在数学类科技应用软件中在数值计算方面首屈一指。它可以进行矩阵运算、绘制函数和数据、实现算法、创建用户界面、连接其他编程语言
的程序等,主要应用于工程计算、控制设计、信号处理与通讯、图像处理、信号检测、金融建模设计与分析等领域。</span><br />
<span style="font-size: 14px;">MATLAB的基本数据单位是矩阵,它的指令表达式与数学、工程中常用的形式十分相似,所以用MATLAB来解算问题要比用C,FORTRAN等语
言完成相同的事情简捷得多。一般,我们使用MATLAB提供的软件环境进行MATALB对代码、文件和数据进行管理,MATLAB的交互式工具可以按地道
的方式探查、设计和求解问题。MATLAB提供功能强大的数学函数库,可以用于线性代数、统计、傅立叶分析、筛选、优化和数值积分等问题求解。此外,各种
函数可将基于MATLAB的算法与外部应用程序和语言,如:C、C++、Fortran、Java、COM等,还可以与Microsoft
Excel集成,开发者可以直接调用,用户也可以将自己编写的实用程序导入到MATLAB函数库中方便自己以后调用。</span><br />
<span style="font-size: 14px;">目前,MATLAB广泛应用在信号和图像处理、通讯、控制系统设计、测试和测量、财务建模和分析以及计算生物学等众多应用领域。</span><br />
<span style="font-size: 14px;">关于MATLAB编程的具体应用请参考:</span><a href="http://developer.51cto.com/art/200701/37357.htm" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: 14px;">VC++与MATLAB混合编程及其 应用</span></a></div>
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</table>sfebbf@gmail.comhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03493373165705385749noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3520553598370090588.post-9950259329594645122012-04-23T02:17:00.000+08:002012-04-23T02:17:02.245+08:00SAS中文论坛<div id="General_Content">
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现在的时间是 2010年 10月 5日 周二 5:34 pm</div>
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<a class="username-coloured" href="http://www.mysas.net/forum/memberlist.php?mode=viewprofile&u=16659&sid=a2383cf47772fd9675b8bd5ed6a30317" style="color: #00aa00;">hopewell</a>,
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<dd class="topics">4360 <dfn>主题</dfn>
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<br />2010年 10月 5日 周二 5:08 pm</span> </dd></dl>
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<dt><a class="forumtitle" href="http://www.mysas.net/forum/viewforum.php?f=6&sid=a2383cf47772fd9675b8bd5ed6a30317">SAS认证与培训</a><br />全真试题交流、认证与培训信息和考试注意事项等
<br /><strong>版主:</strong> <a class="username-coloured" href="http://www.mysas.net/forum/memberlist.php?mode=viewprofile&u=12586&sid=a2383cf47772fd9675b8bd5ed6a30317" style="color: #00aa00;">superkuhasu</a>
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<dd class="topics">308 <dfn>主题</dfn>
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<br />2010年 10月 2日 周六 7:48 pm</span> </dd></dl>
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<dt><a class="forumtitle" href="http://www.mysas.net/forum/viewforum.php?f=8&sid=a2383cf47772fd9675b8bd5ed6a30317">SAS中国用户俱乐部</a><br /><span style="color: red;">SAS中国公司官方主办专区</span>、全国各地的用户聚会和招聘信息等、发帖时请指名城市地点
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<br />2010年 10月 3日 周日 6:38 pm</span> </dd></dl>
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<br />2010年 10月 4日 周一 9:05 am</span> </dd></dl>
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<br />2010年 10月 3日 周日 10:01 pm</span> </dd></dl>
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<br /><strong>版主:</strong> <a class="username-coloured" href="http://www.mysas.net/forum/memberlist.php?mode=viewprofile&u=16659&sid=a2383cf47772fd9675b8bd5ed6a30317" style="color: #00aa00;">hopewell</a>
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<br />2010年 9月 28日 周二 4:21 pm</span> </dd></dl>
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(43), <a href="http://www.mysas.net/forum/memberlist.php?mode=viewprofile&u=21044&sid=a2383cf47772fd9675b8bd5ed6a30317">LenkaOlssen</a>
(39), <a href="http://www.mysas.net/forum/memberlist.php?mode=viewprofile&u=22136&sid=a2383cf47772fd9675b8bd5ed6a30317">ertwertwert</a>
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(31), <a href="http://www.mysas.net/forum/memberlist.php?mode=viewprofile&u=20794&sid=a2383cf47772fd9675b8bd5ed6a30317">forumerosaer</a>
(29)</strong><br />
<h3>
统计信息</h3>
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<a href="" id="bottom" name="bottom"></a>sfebbf@gmail.comhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03493373165705385749noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3520553598370090588.post-44016031062290483382012-04-23T02:16:00.002+08:002012-04-23T02:16:30.352+08:00Matlab R2010<table class="MS_WH_ZoneRow">
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使用MATLAB来预测新兴市场中的金融危机</div>
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<a href="http://www.21jrr.com/" target="_blank">www.21jrr.com</a> 发布时间:2010-05-18 16:11 来源:未知 </div>
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<strong>摘要:</strong> 1997
年,马来西亚、菲律宾、泰国、印尼等国开始的金融危机迅速在世界范围内蔓延,造成了巨大的损失。经济学家Paul McNelis
着手研究是否现代的研究方法和工具可以预测这样的金融危机,从而减少它们带来的损失。 Pa……</div>
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1997 年,马来西亚、菲律宾、泰国、印尼等国开始的金融危机迅速在世界范围内蔓延,造成了巨大的损失。经济学家Paul McNelis
着手研究是否现代的研究方法和工具可以预测这样的金融危机,从而减少它们带来的损失。 <span class="Rya713">21jrr.com</span>
<br />
Paul McNelis 将他的研究重点放在了印度尼西亚,1997
年秋天,印尼的卢布价值急剧下跌,国内对美元的需求到达了一个前所未有的水平,即使后来印尼政府从国际货币基金组织获得了230
亿美元的贷款,情况也并没有得到控制。McNelis 在美国国际发展委员会的技术协助下,在印尼的印尼银行开始他的研究,在这项雄心勃勃的计划中,McNelis
始终在利用MATLAB 这个强大的工具以及其中的Excel Link , Statistics ,Optimization , control system,
Neural Netowrk, System Identification 工具箱。 <br />
<div class="Rya713">
天下金融网</div>
<br />
挑战 <br />McNelis 着手分析印尼13
年来每个月对货币的需求量,这期间包含了金融危机这段时间。经济学家通常使用的线性分析方法和误差修正并不能适应现在的情况。他需要去确定一种非常有效的方法来分析这些累积以后产生的大量数
据,同时,他还要尽力减少数据中的巨 大波动使预测结果产生错误的可能性, 例如金融危机期间市场对美元的高需 求。 因为MATLAB 具有强大的功能,易于
使用,并且可以处理超大规模的数据 集,McNelis 选择了MATLAB 作为研究 的工具。从方法从来讲,他相信通过结 合线性模型和神经网络模型可以获得更
为准确的结果。McNelis 对神经网络的 优点解释道:估算不仅仅是对数据的顺 序化处理,从输入X 就可以得到Y , 而 是采用并行的方式来处理,隐含的层面
中的多个神经元将对输入同时进行处 理。 <span class="Rya713">21jrr.com</span> <br />
解决方法 <br />McNelis 分析过程中,核心的内容是和 Pittsburgh 大学的John Duffy 教授一起开
发的遗传算法。在开发这个算法的过程 中,他们使用了MATLAB 中的 Statistics 工具箱,同时还使用了矢量化 函数来加快数据的处理速度。"从算法中
获得的系数可以作为更通用的本地搜索 方法的起始值",McNelis 说道. 他在它的 搜索方法中使用了Optimization 工具箱 中的非线性最小化函数
在收集完数据以后,McNelis开始使用传 统的线性模型来过的一个他可以得到的 最好的结果,然后从这个模型中得到输 入值来构建神经网络
McNelis说,在定义神经网络的过程中, 他首先从一个简单的网络开始,例如, 隐含层面中只有3-4个神经元,然后使用 混合的方式来训练这个网络,开始的时
候利用遗传算法为神经网络来寻找一个 系数集,随后利用这些系数转向一个非 线性梯度递减的方法 McNelis使用了Neural Network工具箱中
的前馈结构来将输入和输出关联起来, 他为此解释道:尽管他曾经在不同的金 融应用中试验过不同的神经网络结构, 但是他认为最好的还是有一个隐含层面
的前馈体系结构。他为隐含层中的每一 个神经元使用了工具箱中的log sigmoid 激活函数。输入被传送到隐含层,通过 log
sigmoid激活函数进行挤压,最终,神 经元做为线性组合被传送到输出层。 McNelis 通过使用了一个基于时变的
GARCH模型来模拟1997年11月到12月印 尼国内货币的戏剧性贬值,从而增加了 神经网络的预测能力。 该模型具有很强的预测能力。McNelis开
发的神经网络模型同传统的线性模型相 比,可以获得相当高的精确度,并且 GARCH的使用使这个模型的预测能力更 进一步。 <br />
<div class="Rya713">
21jrr.com</div>
<br />
结论 <br />印尼银行现在正在使用McNelis的模型来 预报货币需求量以及预测通货膨胀率,借 此来增强他们抵御所必需面对的通货膨胀
压力。McNelis认为他的模型同时可以被 用来监控汇率的波动,来做为危机预测的 一个有效的早期预警系统。 McNelis博士执教于Georgetown大学,他
基于Matlab的经济分析技术,是金融界领 先的分析技术,得到了亚洲和南美洲中央 银行和以及金融组织的广泛使用。他同时 从如何减轻经济转型中给大众带来的金融
困境的角度,教授学生使用基于MATLAB 的分析方法。 <br />
<div class="Rya713">
天下金融网</div>
<br />
“ MATLAB功能非常强大,并且易于使用,我有信心,印度尼西亚银行能够应用 <br />MATLAB来做为他们的金融危机早期预警系统. ”
<br />――Dr. Paul McNelis, Georgetown University <span class="Rya713">天下金融网</span>
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As a data sort of guy, I use three programming tools on a daily basis, or at
least every week. One is <a href="http://lush.sourceforge.net/">Lush</a> a
version of lisp. The other is <a href="http://www.mathworks.com/">Matlab.</a>
Lastly, there is the <a href="http://cran.r-project.org/">R project.</a><br />
I don’t want to use three tools for dealing with data, but it’s actually
necessary right now. I don’t think it will be necessary forever. <br />
Lush is my general purpose programming language. It’s insanely great. Parts
of it are wonky and slow, and parts of it are broken or missing, but it’s a
lisp, it’s fast where I need it, and I like it a lot. More on this in a future
entry. I use Lush for speed and original research. If there are no complex
algorithms like what I need written in Matlab or R, I might as well write them
in Lush. Lush is a high level language with low level speed when you need it. It
would be perfect if it had more libraries. The only thing I may potentially like
better is OCaML/F#, and frankly, I find the type inferencer there to get in the
way more than it helps. If they made an OCaML where you could turn the type
safety off most of the time, that would be better. Or, I could just be like
everyone else and use Python or Java for this sort of thing. Not that there is
anything wrong with that.<br />
Matlab would be my second choice for hacking out original research. Why
Matlab? Matlab is reasonably fast, but one of the main value adds is that it is
extremely intuitive if you’ve used Fortran or C, and if you don’t know how to do
something, the help system is very informative. Matlab code is also extremely
well supported. The debugger, profiler and editor are all excellent; some of the
best I’ve used. Sure, someone will argue that they have more powerful debugger,
but Matlab’s is the most <i>handy</i> I’ve yet used. I don’t need to read a
manual to use it; I just use it. Sure, emacs is way better than the Matlab
editor, but it isn’t as <i>handy</i> as Matlab’s editor. You can use Matlab to
do just about anything. I’ve used it to code up embedded systems using xPC
target and Real Time Workshop. I’ve used it to code up trading systems, from
data feed to broker interface. I’ve embedded it in Excel for end users. I’ve
deployed it in Enterprise software used by Fortune 100 companies. It’s amazingly
useful stuff, especially if you have the proper toolbox to accomplish your
tasks. You can build reasonably good numeric software with it as long as you
don’t need fancy <i>“programmy”</i> features like concurrency. If Matlab had a
way of making fast compiled code, it would be close to perfect for the type of
thing I do. I wouldn’t bother with Lush any more, except when I was trying to
write interpreter type things. Alas, Matlab’s way of doing this is to write code
for your time critical pieces in C, and embed it into your code in a fairly
laborious process. The only real drawbacks to Matlab are speed, plotting and
expense. <br />
What is R good for then? Well, R is free, so many academics use it to share
their latest econometric or machine learning software with everyone else. As
such, just about everything statistical under the sun exists in R. And it’s
free! What is not to love. Well, sadly, there is plenty not to love about R.
First off, there is speed. R doesn’t seem to have anything that makes it
inherently slow for an interpreted language: it should be comparable to Matlab
in this regard. But it’s slow enough that most people do their heavy work in
other languages. Most of the modules written for it have most of the code
written in C or Fortran. This is somewhat true of Matlab also, and for the same
reasons, but Matlab has a trivial way of telling you what you need to speed up,
so R will always end up slower in practice. Second there is debugging. R is hard
to debug. First off, it doesn’t drop you into an interactive top level the way
Matlab (or Lush, or Python or anything where you write Real Programs) does. That
sucks a lot, and removes a bunch of the utility of using an interpreted
language. Oh, sure, there is a debugger, but it is buggy, poorly documented, and
doesn’t work in the simple way that Matlab’s does. Thirdly, there is the syntax.
Personally, I like the syntax; it’s a lot like OCaML. But most people don’t.
What is more; the help system is very close to worthless if you’re trying to
remember a simple command. People may say this is unfair, as I am just not used
to R, but the fact is, I’ll never get as used to it as Matlab, and neither will
anyone else. Oh, it’s OK for finding packages you want if you can think of the
right keyword for them. But compared to Matlab, or even something like Lush, its
online help is pretty worthless. Fourthly: for programming, while it should be
better than Matlab in many ways, I haven’t ever seen a legible R program which
was over 100 lines. I don’t know how they manage this. Part is doubtless the
IDEs are rather bad. I don’t know anyone who claims they can write good, large
pieces of software for R. I once asked a guy how he wrote <b>big</b> pieces of
software, and he said, <i>“very carefully.”</i><br />
This sounds pretty bad, but there are solid reasons to use R. For one thing;
it’s free. There is a lot to be said for free. Among other things, if you want
to give some code away for others to play with, R is going to be a better
vehicle than distributing raw C or a matlab package. For another thing, it has a
tremendous amount of work done on various hard numeric problems, and
installation is trivial: just press a button. Want to wire the latest AdaBoost
up to your database, and plot some nice results: pretty easy in R. I might be
able to do all this in Matlab, with the correct packages and so on, but in R,
it’s the work of seconds. Another thing: it’s a lot easier to make fancy plots
in R than it is in Matlab. Matlab’s plotting utility is from the dark ages. It’s
insanely bad. You can abstract some of its badness away with objects, but … you
shouldn’t have to. Finally, for interacting with data, R wins. Matlab’s matrix
paradigm makes it easy to use, but data.frames are more powerful.<br />
Here’s how my decision tree works. When I first heard about Benford’s law, I
decided it was simple enough; I’d hack it out in Lush. I did. It worked, and I
fiddled with it. Then I realized that goodness of fit to Benford’s distribution
might be nice. I had chi-squared distributions already coded up in Lush, and
some curve fitting stuff … but wiring it all together, then fiddling with the
plotting routines: ugh. So, google informed me that some nice statistician had
done all that work for me in R. So I used R. Probably, someone did it in Matlab
also (actually, someone did), but it’s a pain to fire up my Windows laptop with
Matlab on it, so I just went with R. That’s what R is good for. At some point,
I’ll get Lush talking to R, at which point I may cease using Matlab unless
someone pays me to do so. It will never be as slick as Matlab, and I will miss
all the great user productivity features that Matlab offers, but it will get the
job done better and quicker, I think.<br />
I use the cheat sheets in R a lot, for lack of a better help system, so if
you want to fool around with it:<br /><a href="http://cran.r-project.org/doc/contrib/Short-refcard.pdf">A cheat
sheet</a><br /><a href="http://cran.r-project.org/doc/contrib/refcard.pdf">A
better cheat sheet</a><br /><a href="http://cran.rakanu.com/other-docs.html">Other
R documents</a><br />
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<strong class="fn"><a class="url" href="http://erehweb.wordpress.com/2009/05/26/r-and-data/">R and data «
Erehweb’s Blog</a></strong> said, on May 27, 2009 at <a href="http://scottlocklin.wordpress.com/2009/05/08/choose-your-weapon-matlab-r-or-something-else/#comment-16">5:42
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[...] and data By erehweb My fellow bloggers John and Scott have posted
recently about the free statistical programming language R. How does it compare
to an [...]<br />
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<img class="avatar avatar-32" src="http://1.gravatar.com/avatar/d2d1778fa893eab24b2c4b0c66f4fe58?s=32&d=identicon&r=G" style="height: 32px; width: 32px;" />
<strong class="fn">adam</strong> said, on August 6, 2009 at <a href="http://scottlocklin.wordpress.com/2009/05/08/choose-your-weapon-matlab-r-or-something-else/#comment-199">2:11
pm</a> </div>
Hi – Just found this blog and I’m really enjoying your writing.<br />
In regards to R’s debugger – I’ll agree its poorly documented, but I haven’t
found it to be that bad. Have you tried “options(error=recover)” and
“withCallingHandlers(fun(), warning=function(c) recover())”? Also, I haven’t
tried it (and it may be what you were talking about as ‘buggy’) but the debug
package (install.packages(debug)) looks promising in terms of what you want.<br />
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<strong class="fn">Scott Locklin</strong> said, on August 6, 2009 at <a href="http://scottlocklin.wordpress.com/2009/05/08/choose-your-weapon-matlab-r-or-something-else/#comment-203">8:47
pm</a> </div>
The last time I tried debug, it crashed my system and made me sad. I was
going to try it again for this article, but I didn’t see it available for
R2.9/OS-X at the time. It seems to be available now. Fiddling for 30 seconds,
I’m remembering issues like, “I had to remember to call mtrace() on everything
that might crash.” Still, it’s better than what I was doing before.<br />I don’t
like it as much as Matlab’s debugger (or what Lisp does by default), but it
comes a lot closer to making me happy -maybe it will grow on me. Thanks for
pointing it out.<br />
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<strong class="fn">gappy</strong> said, on August 18, 2009 at <a href="http://scottlocklin.wordpress.com/2009/05/08/choose-your-weapon-matlab-r-or-something-else/#comment-259">7:03
pm</a> </div>
Nice blog. I wanted to add a couple of comments to this post. First, a
discussion related to this topic is <a href="http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1257021/suitable-functional-language-for-scientific-statistical-computing">available
on Stack Overflow</a>. There clearly isn’t a single “right” language: to each
his own. I can’t vouch much for Lush, although I appreciate Bottou as a
researcher. It doesn’t seem to have much of a user base. The user community and
the so-called ecosystem is fundamental for the viability of the language.<br />
Regarding Matlab, it is a poorly designed language. Its object system is
bolted on. It is weakly typed and passes by value, with the resulting speed
penalties. Maintaining Matlab code is unwieldy. It really never outgrew its
roots in numerical algebra.<br />
Regarding R, my impression is that you haven’t tried hard enough. I was a
heavy Matlab user, but after some grad school learning curve got used to R. R is
actually a much better designed language than Matlab. I never had problems with
debugging using browser() or debug(). Its performance in linear algebra
operations is very similar to Matlab (using BLAS, or better ATLAS in linux). And
of course, you don’t want to do loops in either language. The packages available
in R, from wavelets to shrinkage methods, to ensemble methods, SVM, to
lattice/ggplot2, is just not comparable to anything SAS, SPSS, Matlab has to
offer. <br />
The issues I have with R are speed and multicore scalability. I can use C for
speed, but not scalability (unless I get a second job to debug multithreads). I
think F# has by far the best chances to succeed as a scientific, fast, scalable
language, albeit not truly multiplatform.<br />
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<strong class="fn">Scott Locklin</strong> said, on August 18, 2009 at <a href="http://scottlocklin.wordpress.com/2009/05/08/choose-your-weapon-matlab-r-or-something-else/#comment-262">8:30
pm</a> </div>
Thanks for your detailed comment. You pegged me: I’m least familiar with R,
though I’ve done a fair amount at this point. I have many complaints though …
for example, most of what I do is timeseries based. R’s 6 different kinds of TS,
which don’t always cast properly … I don’t like them as much as the one I wrote
in Lush -only XTS comes close to my TS class’s capabilities, and my Lush TS has
far more useful functions written for it. Matlab certainly sucks: objects in it
are useless. The thing is, it sucks a lot less than a lot of the alternatives.
The UI and associated documentation is outstanding.<br />
Lush’s user base sucks, however, compared to the community of people who do
numerics in Common Lisp: Lush’s user base is awesome and enormous. As a language
it also has an advantage over Common Lisp: it’s very small and easily taken in
within a couple of days. It also comes with useful source you can look at and
imitate. When I picked Lush for my frankenstein’s monster, I was considering
OCaML instead (which I agree is a great language, even in the F# version), but I
went with Lush because a lot of the hard work was already done in Lush. I’m
basically a machine learning dude, Lush is designed for ML, so it’s a nice fit.
Python was also a consideration: it certainly would have made my life easier
from a POV of having stuff already written for it, but SWIG+C isn’t a very good
solution for speeding up the bits that need to be fast, and what they did with
Python 3.0 is totally unacceptable. Another one which has come to my attention
is Chicken: very fast, very configurable, and it doesn’t have the namespace
problems Lush does. Still, I’m comfortable in my choice: there are no Chicken
images with lots of math libraries in ‘em.<br />
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<strong class="fn">gappy</strong> said, on August 18, 2009 at <a href="http://scottlocklin.wordpress.com/2009/05/08/choose-your-weapon-matlab-r-or-something-else/#comment-264">8:44
pm</a> </div>
Scott,<br />
a suggestion and a question:<br />
suggestion (re: time series): have you tried the package <a href="http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/zoo/vignettes/zoo.pdf">zoo</a>? I
use it regularly. It has many features, like missing data imputation. more <a href="http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/zoo/vignettes/zoo.pdf">here</a><br />
question: I am intrigued by lush. Is there a newsgroup or a blog or any
community focal point for lush? The only thing I could see is that the last
announcement on the lush’s news page dates back to 2 years ago, the latest
sourceforge image is dated Nov 2006, and was downloaded less than 5000 times.
That’s when I got discouraged.<br />
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<strong class="fn">Scott Locklin</strong> said, on August 18, 2009 at <a href="http://scottlocklin.wordpress.com/2009/05/08/choose-your-weapon-matlab-r-or-something-else/#comment-270">9:23
pm</a> </div>
XTS is a superset of ZOO. Like I said, it’s pretty good. I like mine better;
but that’s probably because I wrote it. I haven’t gotten my class to be
compilable yet, but it is an eventual goal.<br />
Lush is a very small lisp interpreter married to a compiled Lispy/Fortrany
language that you can intersperse with C or C++. It’s also got all the basic
fast matrix stuff you need built into it. As I said, the user community is tiny.
There is a sourceforge mailing list. The biggest downside, besides the size of
the user base, is the fact that there is no DB interface. I wrote a cheap
interface to netCDF to shove timeseries in, but it’s too slow on writes, so I
just dump objects to file for now. At some point, I may get around to writing a
proper TS database in HDF, and a mySQL interface. Though I am also considering
making Lush callable from R, and vice versa. Meanwhile I get paid to do
something else. <br />
Why it rules: it is exactly the level of abstraction you need. Most of the
time you can write sloppy high level interpreter code. When you need to go
faster, or have decided on a basic design, you can optimize down to the metal.
Theoretically you can do stuff like this in Python + SWIG (something becoming
more common at enlightened hedge funds) or OCaML (if only I could turn off the
type inferencer when I don’t need to go fast/safe), but I liked the way Yann and
Leon did stuff. <br />
There is a new version of it being worked on by Ralf Juengling, but it’s not
ready for prime time. The old version is pretty solid.<br />
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<strong class="fn">gappy</strong> said, on August 18, 2009 at <a href="http://scottlocklin.wordpress.com/2009/05/08/choose-your-weapon-matlab-r-or-something-else/#comment-266">8:47
pm</a> </div>
Scott,<br />
1) for time series, have you tried <a href="http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/zoo/index.html">zoo</a>? I use it,
and am very happy with it. Check out the vignettes<br />
2) do you know where lush users meet, ask questions, post code, etc? On
sourceforce, the last image was uploaded 2 1/2 yrs ago, and downloaded less than
5,000 times.<br />
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<strong class="fn"><a class="url" href="http://www.win-vector.com/blog/2009/09/survive-r/">Win-Vector Blog »
Survive R</a></strong> said, on September 29, 2009 at <a href="http://scottlocklin.wordpress.com/2009/05/08/choose-your-weapon-matlab-r-or-something-else/#comment-384">6:12
am</a> </div>
[...] at Win-Vector LLC appear to like R a bit more than some of our, perhaps
wiser, colleagues ( see: Choose your weapon: Matlab, R or something else? and R
and data ). While we do like R (see: Exciting Technique #1: The “R” language )
we also [...]<br />
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<strong class="fn">Arthur</strong> said, on September 29, 2009 at <a href="http://scottlocklin.wordpress.com/2009/05/08/choose-your-weapon-matlab-r-or-something-else/#comment-390">11:21
pm</a> </div>
Great blog post. Still waiting for my work’s IT group to approve my download
of R, but I have experience with MATLAB and SPlus. <br />
My absolute favorite environment for rapid and powerful coding is Dyalog APL.
The language allows really powerful abstraction, and the IDE’s debugger is the
best I’ve ever seen. You can step backwards and forwards, and add/modify code
without having to exit debug mode. Most Dyalog users find themselves writing
code within the debugger.<br />
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<strong class="fn">Scott Locklin</strong> said, on September 30, 2009 at <a href="http://scottlocklin.wordpress.com/2009/05/08/choose-your-weapon-matlab-r-or-something-else/#comment-391">12:39
am</a> </div>
I had a very brief and scary encounter with APL in learning linear algebra
when I was 20 or so. It certainly looks powerful, and has a great pedigree, but
trying to read it: ouch. Probably Lisp looks the same way to the uninitiated.
While Lisp lacks decent IDE’s (beyond emacs + SLIME, which is admittedly pretty
good), you can certainly sling code in the debugger: its one of Lisp’s
superpowers. Anyhow, I’m pretty sure at some point somebody is going to pay me
to sling K, which is a sort of vectorized APL variant by one of the original
authors.<br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K_(programming_language)">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K_(programming_language)</a><br />
R is crazy frustrating at times, but with the helpful “cheat sheets” you can
get a lot done. I’m sure your Splus will serve you well.<br />
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<strong class="fn"><a class="url" href="http://www.incitedecisiontech.com/">Rob
Brown</a></strong> said, on October 5, 2009 at <a href="http://scottlocklin.wordpress.com/2009/05/08/choose-your-weapon-matlab-r-or-something-else/#comment-402">5:47
pm</a> </div>
I love R, but quite frankly, the best modeling language/environment is
Analytica published by Lumina. Here’s a review I wrote about it last year for
OR/MS Today:<br /><a href="http://lionhrtpub.com/orms/orms-6-08/frswr.html">http://lionhrtpub.com/orms/orms-6-08/frswr.html</a><br />
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<strong class="fn">Scott Locklin</strong> said, on October 5, 2009 at <a href="http://scottlocklin.wordpress.com/2009/05/08/choose-your-weapon-matlab-r-or-something-else/#comment-403">7:55
pm</a> </div>
I’ve heard good things about that, and am generally in favor of such things.
Some friends of mine wrote something which may even be better:<br />
<a href="http://www.advantageforanalysts.com/">http://www.advantageforanalysts.com/</a><br />
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<strong class="fn">lew burton</strong> said, on October 9, 2009 at <a href="http://scottlocklin.wordpress.com/2009/05/08/choose-your-weapon-matlab-r-or-something-else/#comment-406">6:04
am</a> </div>
Both of those look neat. The connection with Babcock and Brown is quite
funny.<br />
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<strong class="fn"><a class="url" href="http://blog.x14n.org/">Helmingstay</a></strong> said, on October 21, 2009
at <a href="http://scottlocklin.wordpress.com/2009/05/08/choose-your-weapon-matlab-r-or-something-else/#comment-513">11:06
pm</a> </div>
options(error=recover) and options(warn=2) are the most helpful (non-default)
settings that ive found for run-of-the-mill errors. Just to clarify, by “crash”
do you mean the R interpreter crashes? Ive heard many more complaints about
matlab “giving up the ghost” than R.<br />
An ongoing weakness in R seems to be an odd/poor set of default choices (as
with the options above). Google “stringsasfactors” and witness a long list of
novice users ready to do violence to their computers. R’s factor-handling has
brought me to the verge of tears, only to discover a single pithy sentence in
the docs that clarifies all.<br />
In short, R’s public relations team isnt likely to win any awards today,
tomorrow, or ever…<br />
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<strong class="fn">Scott Locklin</strong> said, on October 21, 2009 at <a href="http://scottlocklin.wordpress.com/2009/05/08/choose-your-weapon-matlab-r-or-something-else/#comment-514">11:38
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I think I’ve encountered “stringsasfactors” before. I’ve been living in the R
debugger for the last few days. When I say it crashes, I mean crash as in
crashes R; sometimes with pagefault, sometimes it gets stuck in some kind of
wacky ESS REPL->somewhere else loop, probably with the debugger’s TK bits.
Either way, I lose whatever I was doing with a kill -9.<br />
Other fun: keeping track of which libraries you have loaded from where. I
found a fun “bug” in my code which couldn’t be reproduced on different installs
of R; apparently the old version of XTS (or ZOO, I never figured out which was
at fault) allowed you to subset pretty sloppily. New version requires everything
be just so. Finding out which lib R was pointing to … any of 3-4 in Framework or
my home directory: insanity. In the end, I’m going to have to maintain an R
distribution along with my code, because the libraries change so much underneath
the code, I can’t rely on CRAN to do it for me for anything resembling software.
Shoulda done it in Lush.<br />
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<strong class="fn">gappy</strong> said, on October 22, 2009 at <a href="http://scottlocklin.wordpress.com/2009/05/08/choose-your-weapon-matlab-r-or-something-else/#comment-515">2:05
am</a> </div>
Scott, have you encountered any stability issue in Lush? I don’t have many
issues with core R stability. In fact I think the base distribution is stable.
Libraries however vary wildly. The ones that work better are usually ports of
independently developed, solid C/Fortran code. Also, those that are older and
more used work better (usually). Aside from this, I am exploring Lisp dialects.
Lush is very intuitive. However, I am using Clojure, and I really like it. It’s
not coming with batteries included, though. Incanter is a project that aims at
building a stat/numeric platform on top of Clojure. It’s in the early stages,
though.<br />
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<strong class="fn">Scott Locklin</strong> said, on October 22, 2009 at <a href="http://scottlocklin.wordpress.com/2009/05/08/choose-your-weapon-matlab-r-or-something-else/#comment-516">2:32
am</a> </div>
You can easily crash lush with null pointers and whatnot if you’re screwing
around in C. There’s not much you can do about that. The idea is to stay away
from C; just encapsulate the bits you need and leave the rest of it alone. I’ve
stumped the garbage collector with some weird recursion as well. My comments
only apply to 1.x lush: 2.0 is fairly different, and I don’t have enough
experience with it yet to comment. It’s a lot better in several obvious ways; I
suspect it will be more stable too.<br />
Clojure is interesting, though I feel better about resorting to C than I do
about resorting to Java, even if the latter is safer. Incanter looks incredibly
weaksauce though.<br />
I suspect most people would find Lush pretty DIY and clunky. Compared to,
say, OCaML, it isn’t as solid or well developed. But it is incredibly handy to
get stuff done in. I may some day regret spending the time in Lush rather than
OCaML, but I doubt it.<br />
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</tbody></table>sfebbf@gmail.comhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03493373165705385749noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3520553598370090588.post-13216702629936149342012-04-23T02:13:00.001+08:002012-04-23T02:13:03.616+08:00UML软件工程组织 北京火龙果软件工程技术中心<table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="height: 38px; width: 760px;">
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<td width="631"><b><span style="color: teal; font-size: x-large;">UML</span><span style="color: teal;"><span style="color: teal; font-family: 方正姚体; font-size: x-large;">软件工程</span><span style="font-family: 方正姚体; font-size: x-large;">组织</span></span></b>
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<a class="content_a" href="http://www.uml.net.cn/" target="_blank"> 北京火龙果软件工程技术中心</a></div>
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<td align="center" class="title" height="56" valign="middle"><b><span style="color: red; font-size: small;">UML中文FAQ</span></b></td></tr>
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<td align="center" class="formtitle" height="40">来自:zhangxun.com</td></tr>
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<strong>什么是 UML ?</strong><br />
Unified Modeling
Language(统一建模语言)是国际对象管理组织OMG制定的一个<strong>通用的、可视化</strong>建模语言标准,可以用来<strong>描述</strong>(specify)、<strong>可视化</strong>(visualize)、<strong>构造</strong>(construct)和<strong>记载</strong>(document)软件密集型系统的各种工件(artifacts,又译制品)。<br />
<strong>UML 有哪些特点?</strong><br />
UML的“<strong>通用性</strong>”主要是指不仅仅可以用它来描述软件,而且还可以用它来描述一般企业或组织的业务流程以及由软、硬件共同组成、以软件为主的复杂系统(即所谓的软件密集型系统),甚至还包括非软件系统。<br />
UML的“<strong>可视性</strong>”是指可以通过UML一系列的图形符号,组成多种视图(view)来直观、清晰地表达系统分析设计中方方面面的、许多复杂的概念。UML主要是为了人的阅读和使用而设计的,所以它采用了半形式化的,易于人们理解、交流的形式。<br />
UML是一种<strong>分析设计专用的建模语言</strong>,它本身不是编程(programming)语言,不能直接执行,却可用它来生成可执行的软件程序。UML是一种抽象层次比C、C++、Java、VB、Delphi等文本高级语言更高的图形语言,通过它我们可以抽象地表示用高级编程语言编写的文本程序的逻辑结构和行为。相比传统的第三代、第四代高级编程语言(3GL、4GL),UML能够更加高效、准确地反映软件设计的方案和思路,在当代软件工程中是真正用来“设计程序”(design
programs)的语言。从这个意义上看,不妨称UML为“甚高级”或第五代程序设计语言(5GL)。<br />
UML基本上不能算作全新的发明,它并非学者教授、科研机构的最新研究成果,而是直接来自于产业界、工程界的实践总结,是在归纳基础上进行理论升华的产物,其核心内容反映了30多年来全球软件工业的领导者在软件设计构造领域的最佳实践和成功经验,因而具有很高的实用价值。<br />
实践证明,作为对象技术的核心,面向对象分析设计(OOAD)方法比传统方法能更加准确、全面地描述物理现实世界和由逻辑概念构成的软件世界。UML是用来表述OO概念的一种语言工具,而很奇妙,它本身作为一件产品同样也是由世界级的软件大师们用OO方法设计出来的,这使得UML具有传统建模语言所不具备的极强的语义表达能力和非常灵活的可扩展性。<br />
<strong>UML 有什么用?</strong><br />
UML的用途非常广泛,可以概括为“<strong>描述、可视化、构造、记载</strong>”4种基本功能,在软件开发全生命周期的各阶段任务中,如业务建模、需求分析、系统设计、实现和测试、数据建模、项目管理等,均可根据需要采用。<br />
UML建模是建立软件开发文档非常有效的一个手段,通过UML可视化地描述系统需求,记载软件构成,能够显著地提高文档的质量和可读性,减少文档编写的工作量。<br />
UML实质上是一种<strong>系统分析设计专用语言</strong>,通过可视化的图形符号结合文字说明或标记可以帮助业务/系统分析员、软件架构师/设计师、程序员等各种建模者有效地描述复杂软件(或业务)的静态结构和动态行为,包括工作流(数据流和控制流)、功能需求、结构元素及关系、架构组成、设计模式、对象协作、事件响应和状态变化等等。<br />
UML是描述软件设计模式最常用和最有效的标准语言。<br />
<strong>UML 不能做什么?</strong><br />
UML不是高度形式化的语言,一般不能用于定理证明。<br />
UML是基于面向对象(OO)方法的通用建模语言,目前不适合用户图形界面(GUI)设计、超大规模集成电路(VLSI)设计、基于规则的人工智能等专业领域。<br />
UML是一种离散型建模语言,适合对由软件、固件或数字逻辑构成的离散系统建模,不适合对工程和物理学领域中的连续系统建模。<br />
本身作为语言,UML仅仅是一种表达形式,不是建模方法,在实际的软件项目开发中<strong>仅仅掌握一套标准的图形符号是远远不够的</strong>。用好UML首先需要掌握OOAD的基本原则和方法,并在一定的软件开发过程(如统一过程UP/USDP/RUP、XP等)的指导下进行有取舍的运用。<br />
<strong>为什么要学习和掌握 UML ?</strong><br />
首先, UML对于当前大多数希望进一步改进质量的软件开发团队来说是 <strong>必不可少或必须 </strong>的。为什么这样说呢?因为,
C++、Java等源码并不能直观、方便地反映复杂程序的设计:如内部逻辑结构、各种隐含的依赖关系、运行时的状态改变和特殊行为等等。程序员编写好的代码仅仅是一种实现方式,很难反映出现象背后的真实本质——软件的设计,因此对于大多数稍稍复杂点的项目来说,仅有代码是不够的。<br />
可视化建模历来是一种成功的工程实践做法,并非软件行业所特有。软件的设计方案在用
C++、Java等编程语言实现之前通常隐藏在人们的头脑当中,而设计正确与否是决定软件质量好坏的要害,一个前提是必须用适当的方式把它表达出来。通过程序代码来表达、讨论、评估和选择复杂软件的设计往往是很笨拙的,这一表达方式的空欠唯有通过像UML这样的建模语言来填补。<br />
其次,
OO方法是当代主流的软件开发技术。世界先进的软件团队和个人早已摆脱了对如何使用具体的平台API、个别编程语言特性的纠缠,而把更多的精力放在了需求、架构、设计机制和模式等对软件质量有重大影响的核心要素——分析与设计上。UML作为工业界OO建模语言的事实上标准和主要的表达媒介,在这些场合能发挥关键的作用。所以,<strong>熟练地掌握并运用好UML是当今系统分析员、架构师/设计师以及程序员等软件工程人员所必备的一项基本技能</strong>。<br />
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<strong>什么情况下不需要或不适合用UML ?</strong></div>
对于一个特定的软件开发机构或团队,在下列情况下建议不采用 UML:<br />
1)传统的做法已完全适用,对OOAD的要求也不高,项目非常成功,无任何改进的必要;<br />
2)开发的系统比较简单,直接用源码配上少量的文字就能解决问题,软件开发文档也无需添加图形来辅助说明;<br />
3)开发人员更习惯于直接阅读源码,用源码交流,这样做不影响工作效率和质量;<br />
4)开发的系统本身不属于OO方法、UML适用范围。<br />
<strong>什么情况下应该用UML ?</strong><br />
对于一个特定的软件开发机构或团队,在下列情况下建议采用 UML:<br />
1)OO方法是项目决定采用的方法论,是整个项目或产品成功的关键;<br />
2)开发人员感觉用源码说明不了真正的问题,希望利用可视化建模语言简化文档,提高交流的效率,准确抓住问题的本质;<br />
3)系统的规模和设计都比较复杂,需要用图形抽象地表达复杂的概念,增强设计的灵活性、可读性和可理解性,以便暴露深层次的设计问题,降低开发风险;<br />
4)组织希望记录已成功项目、产品的公共设计方案,在开发新项目时可以参考、重用过去的设计,以节省投入,提高开发效率和整体成功率。<br />
5)有必要采用一套通用的图形语言和符号体系描述组织的业务流程和软件需求,促进业务人员、软件开发人员之间一致、高效的交流。<br />
<strong>促进UML普及和应用对于加强我国软件业的实力有什么重要意义?</strong><br />
面向对象(OO)方法自上世纪80年代以来已经成为软件开发的主流技术,标准OO建模语言UML的问世说明OO技术的发展达到了一个新的高峰。推广普及UML的应用可以使我国软件开发人员、软件企业和IT客户乃至整个行业、产业都从中获益:<br />
1)个人<br />
UML相关知识体系蕴含了非常丰富的当代软件工程先进知识。软件开发人员通过学习和掌握UML概念、表示法及相关的软件过程、软件工程技术,能够加深对OOAD原则、方法的理解,提高抽象思维能力,从而站在更高的层次上分析问题、解决问题,这是一条快速提高个人软件设计能力的有效途径。<br />
2)企业<br />
对软件企业内部,用好UML,不但能直接提升企业的软件设计开发能力,而且由于UML能形象直观地记录软件设计的核心思想,可以使软件开发管理透明化,促进企业知识资产的保护和增值,促进软件重用和整体效益的大幅提升。对外,由于UML是通行的软件行业国际标准,企业在业务交往中有效运用UML,无论对于开拓国内外产品市场还是保障工程承接、项目外包等业务的顺利开展都大有裨益。<br />
3)行业<br />
积极采用国际通行的软件描述和设计语言UML,一方面能增加信息透明度,显著降低软件企业之间、客户与开发商之间的沟通成本,减少项目失败的风险,另一方面能促进行业市场的规范化和标准化,增进国际技术交流,整体提高我国软件业的技术水平和参与国际市场竞争的能力。据悉,与UML有关的国家级标准目前正在考虑制定过程当中。<br />
<strong>UML的统一性表现在哪些方面?</strong><br />
UML的统一性至少表现在以下几个方面:<br />
1)随着对象技术的蓬勃发展,到上世纪90年代初OO方法已经多达50余种,它们之间既有很多共通之处也存在许多没有必要的细节差异,这妨碍了技术进步,不利于产业的发展。UML统一了多种互补的、最具代表性、最受业界欢迎的主流OO方法,这既是历史的必然,也OO方法成熟的一个重要标志。UML及与其配套的软件开发统一过程(RUP)在实现“合并同类项”的基础上又向前迈出了一大步,不愧为当代OO建模方法的集大成者。<br />
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2)UML适用于各个行业的信息化工程,包括电信、银行、保险、税务、办公自动化、电力、电子、国防、航天航空、制造、工业自动化、医疗卫生、交通、商业、电子商务等诸多领域的业务建模和软件分析设计,尤其适合对大中型、复杂、分布式应用系统或软件产品建模,在这些广泛的领域中都可以统一使用这一套标准的建模语言。</div>
3)作为一种独立于具体实现的、抽象的表述方式,UML广泛地适用于各种现代程序设计语言、数据库和开发平台。<br />
4)有了UML标准,面向各种不同的软件开发方法和过程(如重载/轻载,瀑布式/迭代递增式),在软件开发生命周期各个阶段的工作(如业务建模、需求分析、系统设计、实现、测试)中,都可以采用一套统一的概念和表示法,避免了语言转换的麻烦。<br />
5)UML明确定义了一套公共的内部概念,建立了统一的关于建模语言的元模型,反映了在软件和信息建模技术领域的最新成果。 <br />
<div id="pageName">
<div class="story">
<strong>UML是如何诞生的?</strong><br />
识时务者为俊杰。为了突破上世纪 90年代初OO方法论混战的局面,1994年杰出的Rational公司OO大师Grady
Booch邀请通用电气公司著名OO大师James Rumbaugh博士加盟Rational,启动了OO方法的统一历程。他们于1995年发表了“统一方法0.8 ”
。与此同时,另一位超一流 OO大师、瑞典爱立信公司的Ivar Jacobson博士也在该年加入了二人的行列。<br />
1996年,3人正式把他们的统一成果命名为“统一建模语言”,UML于此诞生。同时,他们还做出了一个非常重要的决定——把UML提交到非赢利性的OMG进行标准化,让全世界的软件开发人员都可以自由地分享这一软件史上的重大成果。于是,在全球软件界具有广泛影响力的国际对象管理组织OMG从此开展了一系列OO建模语言的标准化工作。1997年11月,UML
1.1经OMG各成员投票被正式采纳为行业标准。<br />
<strong>UML是一家之言或少数派的观点吗?</strong><br />
否,
UML是全球软件工业界和学术界的领导者协同努力的成果。自从进入OMG程序后,UML就不再由Rational一家公司所有或由少数人控制,而成为凝结了百家之长的公共知识结晶。具有丰富企业信息系统和信息工程经验的OO大师、Martin/Odell方法的领军人物James
Odell为此曾表明放弃自己的方法,并直接参与领导了UML 1.x系列标准的制订工作。<br />
另一位OO大师Coad/Yourdon方法的创始人之一Peter
Coad,虽然没有直接参与UML制订,但却独具慧眼创办了TogetherSoft公司(已被Borland收购),开发了著名的UML集成开发环境Together
ControlCenter,成为Rational
Rose的有力竞争者。事实说明,UML的确促进了各种OO方法和流派的大融合,在OO建模语言领域具有不可替代的地位。<br />
UML的形成和演化过程是国际软件工程界一次盛况空前、史无先例的大团结和大合作,可谓群英荟萃,星光灿烂。对UML标准作出重要贡献的大师级人物,除了以上介绍的,大家比较熟悉的还有Cris
Cobryn, Ward Cunningham, Bruce Douglas, Martin Fowler, Eric Gamma和Richard Helm,
Ralph Johnson, John Vlissides四人组, David Harel(状态图的发明人),Robert Martin, Bertrand
Meyer, Bran Selic, Rebecca Wirfs-Brock, Edward
Yourdon等等,世界级的专家贡献者实在是太多了,在此不可能逐一细述,我将在以后的文章中陆续向大家介绍。<br />
<strong>UML之父是谁?</strong><br />
UML之父有三位:他们是Grady Booch(Booch方法发明人),James Rumbaugh(OMT方法发明人)和Ivar
Jacobson(OOSE方法发明人)。人们亲切地称他们为“3
amigos”(即“三高”,类似于大家给予联手举办世纪音乐会的,世界上3位顶尖男高音歌唱家的称谓)。<br />
<strong>UML标准有哪些最新进展?</strong><br />
UML 1.x系列的最新版本是于2003年3月发布的1.5版本。<br />
OMG从2000年起启动了UML 2.0标准的制定工作。U2P组织(UML2 Partners Consortium)在UML
2.0标准的制定过程中发挥了主导作用。UML 2.0上层结构(Superstructure)规范在2003年6月12日获得通过标志着UML
2.0标准研制的成功,目前对所有相关文件的扫尾工作也即将结束,UML 2.0将于2004年夏季正式发布。<br />
<strong>初学者如何开始学习UML ?</strong><br />
无外乎几种方式:读书、上网、培训和实践。最近几年国内出版了不少与UML有关的中英文书籍,但说实话,有点良莠不齐,初学者不管自学还是参加培训,选择合适的UML教材/读物是很重要的。<br />
Craig
Larman的《UML和模式应用》是一本非常好的内容丰富、真正实用的入门教材,在国际上可能也是用得最多的一本。纵观全书,以实案为中心,脉络清晰,组织老到,深浅适当,循循善诱,非常适合UML、UP、设计模式的初学者和一直对OOAD、UML的价值存有疑虑的结构化人士一读。对于熟悉OO的人来说,阅读此书也是再一次享受梳理知识、进行系统性训练的美妙体验。本人尤其推荐第2版(内容更新了不少,听说正在引进翻译,值得期待)。<br />
如果希望与大师对话,全面深入地掌握UML的基本要领,通过领悟UML设计者的思想和意图来达到在实战中得心应手运用OO建模技术的目的,建议阅读UML之父Grady
Booch亲自撰写的《UML用户指南》。本书相当全面,偏重理论分析和概念阐释,这些内容和抽象技术对于真正理解UML是非常基本、必不可少的,它适合喜欢认真探究一切的读者。<br />
用好UML离不开有好的过程作指导。RUP极其丰富的内容令人生畏,Ivar
Jacobson大师在《统一软件开发过程》一书中从管理者和系统架构师的角度,通过实例分析系统地讲解了将UML用于分析设计实践的完整过程,深入浅出,言简意赅,可以说此书正是RUP的精华所在。带领自己的团队用好UML,得此书足矣。<br />
UML规范、《UML参考手册》内容深、篇幅大,主要面向UML工具开发者、专家和研究人员,不适合初学者阅读。<br />
另外,国内的IT之源等网站还提供了非常丰富的学习资料和参考文章,欢迎参加我们组织的相关培训。<br />
<strong>世界上有哪些著名的公司、组织参与了UML 标准的制订?</strong><br />
历年来,参与UML标准制订的一些核心公司和组织包括(1.x、2.0):<br />
全能型 IT公司:HP, IBM, Sun, Unisys<br />
大型软件公司: CA, Microsoft(1.x), Oracle<br />
软件开发工具厂商:Artisan, Borland, Compuware, Embarcadero, Gentleware, I-Logix,
Jaczone, Mercury Computer, Popkin, Rational(已被IBM收购), Telelogic<br />
电信供应商: Alcatel,Ericsson,Fujitsu,Motorola<br />
行业组织: OMG IT系统集成商:EDS 咨询公司:Intellicorp<br />
大型行业客户:DaimlerChrysler, Lockheed Martin, France Telecom<br />
等等,参与制定并直接支持UML
2.0标准的国际知名企业、院校和机构多达53家以上,UML在业界的影响力和地位由此可见一斑。</div>
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</tbody></table>sfebbf@gmail.comhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03493373165705385749noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3520553598370090588.post-43478103995189537732012-04-23T02:12:00.001+08:002012-04-23T02:12:25.255+08:00UML建模工具比较<div id="General_Content">
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UML建模工具比较</h1>
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2007-8-10 作者:UmlChina 编辑:眼镜丢了 </div>
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<a href="http://soft6.com/comment?f=1&i=46648" target="_blank">点击进入论坛</a><a class="MSC_SecondaryNavLink-On" href="http://sceii.web.officelive.com/UML.aspx"><u><span style="color: blue;">
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自从1997年正式发布UML以后,大量商用UML建模CASE工具粉墨登场。这样为我们提供了许多的选择,同时也要求我们在选择正确的UML建模工具以更好地适应我们业务和软件应用程序开发需求,达到最好的投资回报率(ROI)方面做大量的调查。在这篇文章中,我们将比较两款CASE工具的UML建模能力、双向工程特性和项目生命周期支持:<strong><u><span style="background-color: #ffaf00; color: #c41200;">Sparx Systems的Enterprise
Architect</span></u></strong>(EA)专业版V.3.51和IBM Rational的Rational Rose企业版V.2002。
<br />为什么我们需要UML建模CASE工具<br />今天,系统的构建变得越来越复杂,UML建模CASE工具为项目相关人员(如,项目经理,分析员,设计者,构架师,开发者等)提供了许多的好处。<span style="background-color: #ffaf00; color: #c41200;"><strong><u>UML建模CASE工具允许我们应用规范的面向对象分析和设计的方法与理论,远离纠缠不清的源代码,达到构建和设计变得更直观,更容易地理解与修改的层次</u></strong></span>。在大型项目中,使用CASE工具更重要。通过使用CASE工具:
<br />* 通过用例模型,业务/系统分析可以捕获到业务/系统需求。 <br />*
设计者/构架师所作的设计模型能在不同层次的同一层内清晰表达对象或子系统之间的交互(典型的UML图如类图和交互图)。 <br />*
开发者能快速地将模型转变为一个可运行的应用程序,寻找类和方法的子集,以及理解它们如何交互。
<br />模型被看作是蓝图和构建系统的最终手册。同样,建模也就是一种从高层并以适当的形式来考虑一个设计的表述和理解它怎样运行的能力。 <br />出于这些动机,UML
CASE工具以及对应的方法论为我们提供了一种因系统太复杂而不能理解下层源代码的描述系统的方法,同时允许我们更快更便宜地开发正确的软件解决方案。
<br />当然,要考虑CASE工具在UML建模能力,项目生命周期支持,双向工程,数据建模,性能,价格,可支持性,易使用性等方面的不同。这篇文章将探索Rose与EA在UML建模,项目生命周期支持以及双向工程领域的相同点和不同点,希望能帮助你在你的项目中选择正确的工具。
<br />UML建模特性<br />UML标准由三部分组成,即:构造块(如对象,类,消息),构造块间的关系(如关联,泛化)和图(如,活动图)。UML
profile使用UML可扩展性机制扩展标准UML符号,即,构造型,标注值和约束。EA专业版V.3.51和Rational Rose
V.2002.05都支持UML 1.4 九种图中的八种标准UML图 - 用例图,类图,序列图,协作图,活动图,状态图,实现图(组件)图,部署图,和几种UML
Profiles. 如果需要,对象图可以使用协作图来创建。不同点仅仅存在于创建UML图(表1)和扩展UML profiles时所支持的一些特性。<br />
<br />
<table align="center" border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="hui24">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>UML图</td>
<td>功能</td>
<td>EA</td>
<td>Rose </td></tr>
<tr>
<td>用例图</td>
<td>建立描述领域的边界</td>
<td>Yes</td>
<td>No.但是,一些工作使用文本或包。 </td></tr>
<tr>
<td>序列 <br />协作</td>
<td>序列图与协作图之间的相互转化</td>
<td>No</td>
<td>Yes</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>序列</td>
<td>更改消息的范围</td>
<td>Yes</td>
<td>No </td></tr>
<tr>
<td>序列</td>
<td>显示消息层次号码</td>
<td>Yes</td>
<td>No </td></tr>
<tr>
<td>序列 <br />协作</td>
<td>在浏览器中创建对象</td>
<td>Yes</td>
<td>No </td></tr>
<tr>
<td>序列</td>
<td>管理控件的焦点</td>
<td>容易</td>
<td>困难 </td></tr>
<tr>
<td>所有</td>
<td>图的属性</td>
<td>Yes</td>
<td>No </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br />
表1. EA和Rose的UML图建模比较 <br />Enterprise Architect 有一个通用的UML
profile机制用来加载和运行不同的Profiles。Enterprise Architect为UML
profiles指定一个特定格式的XML文件。而在Rational Rose中却需要生成一个附加项。 表2展示了在EA和Rose中UML
profiles的可用性。<br />
<br />
<table align="center" border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="hui24">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>UML Profiles</td>
<td>EA</td>
<td>Rose </td></tr>
<tr>
<td>业务流程建模</td>
<td>支持Eriksson-Penker业务流程建模扩展</td>
<td>使用UML活动图 </td></tr>
<tr>
<td>业务建模</td>
<td>No</td>
<td>Yes </td></tr>
<tr>
<td>数据建模</td>
<td>Yes</td>
<td>Yes </td></tr>
<tr>
<td>用户体验建模</td>
<td>Yes</td>
<td>No </td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Web建模</td>
<td>Yes </td>
<td>Yes</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>XML DTD</td>
<td>No </td>
<td>Yes</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br />
表2. EA和Rose的UML Profile比较 <br />双向工程 <br />双向工程包括正向工程 - 从模型到代码
和反向工程 - 从代码到模型。一旦设计完成后,使用模型(设计模型和数据模型)信息能够生成特定编程语言的源代码或者数据库的DDL脚本。当开发人员添加/更改代码或数据库实现时,设计和数据模型能够通过双向工程同步代码或DDL脚本以保持一致。表3显示了EA和Rose双向工程的特征。
<br />
<br />
<table align="center" border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="hui24">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>语言</td>
<td>EA</td>
<td>Rose</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>ANSI C++ </td>
<td>Yes</td>
<td>Yes </td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Visual C++</td>
<td>No</td>
<td>Yes </td></tr>
<tr>
<td>VB6</td>
<td>Yes</td>
<td>Yes </td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Java</td>
<td>Yes</td>
<td>Yes </td></tr>
<tr>
<td>C#</td>
<td>Yes</td>
<td>No </td></tr>
<tr>
<td>VB.NET</td>
<td>Yes</td>
<td>No </td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Delphi</td>
<td>Yes</td>
<td>No. </td></tr>
<tr>
<td>J2EE/EJB</td>
<td>No </td>
<td>Yes </td></tr>
<tr>
<td>CORBA</td>
<td>No</td>
<td>Yes </td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Ada83, Ada95 </td>
<td>No</td>
<td>Yes </td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Database</td>
<td>Yes. 从数据模型到DDL脚本的正向工程。ODBC数据源的反向工程</td>
<td>Yes.DB2,Oracle, SQL 92, <br />SQL Server, Sybase </td></tr>
<tr>
<td>COM</td>
<td>No</td>
<td>Yes. 只是反向工程 </td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Web应用程序</td>
<td>No</td>
<td>Yes </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br />
表3. EA和Rose的双向工程 <br />EA为类生成类的源代码文件放在同一个包里。Rational Rose在VC++或VB中更多的涉及到具体的项目。
Rational
Rose也可以通过向导和提供代码模板来创建类,这样可以大大增加源代码生成的数量。另外,EA和Rose都可以应用设计模式。当使用EA时,用户必须自己创建模式,而Rose则提供了Java的20种GOF设计模式。
<br />项目生命周期的支持
<br />CASE工具应该为团队中的所有队员完成他们的任务提供支持。关于项目生命周期的支持,EA将大量的功能合成一体,而Rose则主要是一个建模工具,它可以与其他的Rational或第三方工具集成,如RequisitePro,
Test Manager, Soda, MS Word, MS Project 以达到同样的目标。 表4比较了EA和Rose在不同科目的功能支持。<br />
<br />
<table align="center" border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="hui24">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td width="12%">项目科目</td>
<td width="38%">EA</td>
<td width="50%">Rose </td></tr>
<tr>
<td>业务建模</td>
<td>Yes. 使用UML Profile为业务流程建模</td>
<td>Yes.使用业务用例模型 </td></tr>
<tr>
<td>需求管理</td>
<td>Yes. 功能和非功能需求;需求跟踪矩阵</td>
<td>合并RequisitePro </td></tr>
<tr>
<td>分析和设计</td>
<td>Yes <br />UML类图和交互图,如果需要可以添加一些原型,如<<层>>,<<用例实现>></td>
<td>Yes <br />UML类图和交互图 框架向导提供了一系列的模板来构造模型 </td></tr>
<tr>
<td>实现</td>
<td>参见表3 <br />适合C++,VB,C#和VB.NET项目</td>
<td>参见表3 <br />支持大多数语言,除了.NET外 </td></tr>
<tr>
<td>测试</td>
<td>Yes</td>
<td>No. Quality Architect提供了单元测试,但是它需要其他的Rational工具,如Test Manager,Robot
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>版本控制</td>
<td>不直接支持。使用控制单元,为将来发布计划。</td>
<td>集成SCC相应版本控制应用程序 </td></tr>
<tr>
<td>项目管理</td>
<td>风险管理 <br />资源分配 <br />项目预算</td>
<td>No </td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Web发布</td>
<td>Yes</td>
<td>Yes </td></tr>
<tr>
<td>生成报表</td>
<td>Yes</td>
<td>No. 使用SoDA </td></tr>
<tr>
<td>多用户协作</td>
<td>Yes</td>
<td>Yes </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br />
表4 EA和Rose对项目生命周期的支持 <br />结论<br />大体上,EA和Rose在UML建模能力上有相似的功能。 EA和Rational
Rose都支持UML九种图中的八种。 从表1中可以看出EA在用户友好性的灵活性中比Rose更胜一筹,特别是序列图。
在双向工程中,Rose比EA支持更多的语言,除C#和VB.NET 外(事实上,Rational 开发了另外的工具 – Rational XDE for .NET
就是针对.NET环境的)。
表4阐明,在项目生命周期的支持方面,EA相对于Rose来说,是更好的选择。尽管你可以购买其他的Rational工具来协助它,但是绝大部分公司在考虑成本问题时却不认为这是一个可接受的方案。当然,你需要工具上没有或第三方工具不支持的一些其他的特定功能时,这也是要考虑的重要因素。在这一点上,Rational
Rose得到了更广的支持。 <br />最后,经过一系列同类型的比较,是不是费用也不同?
是的――非常大的不同!单是Rose花费就是EA的28倍。如果你要比较项目生命周期的支持,假设你是一个Rose用户,你将必须去购买Rational捆绑的一整套产品,如Requisite
Pro, SoDA, Test
Manager等。虽然附加的工具比同类的EA提供了更丰富的功能,但是在大部分时间里EA的基本功能已经够用了。在写本文时,EA企业版(最高版本支持SQL后台)的费用是$179.00(£111.58)
而Rational Rose企业版的费用是$5024(£3140),一天整套开发包(Rational Developer
Suite)的费用是$8976(£5610)。 </div>
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在北美IT行业,.NET技术越来越受到重视,与之相关的职位也被越来越多的雇主和求职者所看好。<br />
.NET简介<br />
“Microsoft .NET代表了一个集合、一个环境、一个可以作为平台支持下一代Internet的可编程结构。”
微软首席执行官鲍尔默的这句话基本上简单扼要地表述了.NET的特性。.NET领导的是一个理想化的未来互联网环境,微软的构想是一个“不再关注单个网站、单个设备与因特网相连的互联网,而是要让所有的计算机群、相关设备和服务商协同工作”的网络计算环境。.NET把自己定位为可以作为平台支持下一代Internet的可编程结构。.NET的最终目的就是让用户在任何地方、时间、任何设备都能访问他们所需要的信息、文件和程序,而不需要知道具体细节。只需发出请求,然后只管接收,而所有后台的复杂性是完全屏蔽起来的。所以对于企业的IT人员来说,他们也不需要管理复杂的平台以及各种分布应用之间的工作是如何协调的。可以说从战略角度来看,Microsoft已经找到了在Internet上占据优势地位的道路。今天,Microsoft通过.NET为我们展示了一个由无数可协同运行的Web应用所构成的Internet,所有这些Web应用都来自全球服务交换网络。可以说自从微软2002年推出跨时代的.NET平台,至今不过六年时间,却在IT行业掀起了翻天覆地的变革。<br />
.NET的就业状况<br />
.NET代表了Microsoft的核心技术,也可以说是Microsoft贴在现有产品和未来产品上的一个新式行销标签。Microsoft已决定将.NET运用于其旗下的所有产品,如今MS
Office已与.NET紧密捆绑,SQL SERVER 2005/2008已内建.NET SQL CLR,Microsoft的所有王牌操作系统XP /
VISTA / WINDOWS SERVER 2003均已内置了.NET
Framework。同时Microsoft从不满足现状,一直致力于技术的更新升级,已从2002年V1.0,2003年V1.1,2005年V2.0,2006年的V3.0到2007年的V3.5。从最初支持包括C#,VB.NET在内的十多种语言,到如今数十种支持.NET技术语言。Microsoft
的.NET技术已成为现在IT开发的首选平台。<br />
由于越来越多的企业纷纷采用.NET技术开发,或将现有产品移植到.NET平台上,使.NET的应用空前广泛。.NET的快捷开发,高效率,低成本的特性,已经真正给从事.NET的开发人员带来了令人欣喜的机会和强大的竞争力。市场对.NET开发人员的需求越来越大,在各大职业网站上,.NET的开发人员的职位数量已远远超出其他职位。<br />
从02年至今,developer职位中单就
.NET中的C#和VB.NET的就业已实现从无到60%的大幅跃进。如今搜索任何一个求职网站,.NET的职位已以绝对的数量优势胜出。以2008年3月17日星期一为例,在www.workopolis.com上搜索C#可以找到436个与之相关的职位,在monster.ca上可以搜索到398个相关职位,不能不说令人鼓舞。由于.NET
Framework不同于以往的单一技术,从业人员不仅仅可从事传统的Windows上的开发,还可以从事有着无限前景的Web Site/Web
Services上的开发。全球著名的戴尔公司,伦敦股票交易市场,以及加拿大著名的BMO Financial Group, Manulife Financial
Group,RBC Financial,Scotia Bank
等著名公司或企业的网站和系统都是全面使用.NET的技术开发的。除了上述两个方面的就业,手机,汽车和电视机顶盒等小型设备上的应用开发,也处处可见.NET开发人员的身影。<br />
哪些人适合学.NET<br />
.NET的特点是易学,易上手。只要懂得Windows操作就可以选学,对背景要求相对较低。有高等教育背景的中国移民尤其适合。再者,学习.NET的资源充足,资料、例子应有尽有。随便在网上搜索就可以查到几百万条关于.NET的信息,学习资料信手可得。在有经验的老师指导下,你便可以迅速掌握。<br />
如何有效学习.Net技术并在职场脱颖而出<br />
微软的.NET Framework 3.5已经发布接近一年时间,但是了解这个最新的强大的编程平台的人员却寥寥无几。<br />
.NET是一个面向未来的高度集成的技术平台,其技术优势除了Microsoft和Partner们多年心血凝结而成的技术先进性和产品稳定性之外,对于我们要学习和应用它,并把它作为职业金饭碗的技术人员来说,应该更重视它的完整性和集成性。对.NET
Framework中的SQL Server 2008,Visual Studio
2008等核心技术和Framework本身的精髓有一个全面的了解和掌握,才能充分发挥.NET平台的优势,进而提升自身的职业价值。就学习和职业准备来说,最新技术,动手实践和权威证书三位一体,相辅相成,可以起到事半功倍的效果。<br />
第一,要学习最新的技术<br />
新版的.NET Framework 3.5,SQL Server 2008和Visual Studio 2008构成了Microsoft
.NET的最新核心。无论是对于准备将.NET作为自己技术优势的求职者或是已经有丰富的.NET从业经验的软件工程师来说,最新的技术都可以为你创造新的职业优势,提升你在竞争者或整个team中的地位。随着新版本的推出,旧的必然要升级,时刻保持自己在.NET的发展前沿,使自己可以充分利用公司系统升级带来的职业机遇。<br />
第二,学习必须和动手实践结合<br />
“实践是最好的学习方法”,这句话得到大多数人的认同。.NET作为商业技术平台,其目标是商业应用系统,学习.NET的目标就是能够充分利用.NET
Framework的优势,快速、高质量的搭建商业应用。学习的重头戏就应该是亲手开发一个代表典型应用的,技术覆盖面比较全面的.NET应用系统,这也是.NET
Co-op课程的设计理念。只有亲手做过,才有可能经历所有的步骤,掌握所有的细节。也只有亲手做过,才能在求职或工作中有信心表述自己的能力,承担更大的责任。<br />
第三,充分利用证书在学习和求职中的价值<br />
就.NET目前和将来的职业要求,证书是先行的。证书是就业市场用来衡量从业人员知识技术水平的唯一的可量化的标准。证书不但是检验自身水平的试金石,更是寻找更高更好工作的敲门砖。SQL
Server作为微软.NET战略的核心产品,它和Visual Studio .Net完美地整合在一起,从Visual Studio
.Net开发环境可直接连接到SQL Server。相对其它两种后端服务器产品,SQL Server的普及度更高,几乎所有采用微软技术的公司都有SQL
Server的应用。一张业界公认﹑符合职业要求的证书可以让你从众多的竞争者中脱颖而出,胜过简历中洋洋洒洒的万语千言。<br />
获得微软认证资格就意味着,微软承认您已具备较高专业技术水平,能够运用微软开发工具、技术手段来设计开发代表一流水平的商务解决方案。毫无异议也将为你的简历添上精彩的一笔。就考证本身而言,也是对知识水平的检验。考证将涵盖所有技术层面,将会弥补自学或工作中不全面的部分,对已就职人员,在技术方面也会起到加深加强的作用。另外,考证本身也是一种北美文化。在西人大公司里,人人不忘考取各种证书,并且悬挂在显眼位置,既是炫耀也是未来升迁加薪的筹码,因为那能证明自己在努力更新知识,自然比别人更能跟上时代步伐从而更具实力。</div>
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</a></span></u>sfebbf@gmail.comhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03493373165705385749noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3520553598370090588.post-43522632817269640302012-04-23T02:11:00.001+08:002012-04-23T02:11:33.890+08:002.2 程序设计语言的演变简史<div class="m_l_cont_title">
<h3>
2.2 程序设计语言的演变简史</h3>
</div>
<br />
<div class="m_l_cont_note">
<a href="http://book.51cto.com/">http://book.51cto.com</a> 2010-07-06 09:30 王东青
清华大学出版社 <a href="http://www.51cto.com/php/feedbackt.php?id=209599">我要评论(<span id="feedback">0</span>)</a></div>
<br />
<div class="m_l_cont_note1">
<ul>
<li><span class="fa">摘要:</span>《计算机软件技术基础》第2章程序设计语言,本章不是研究某一种具体的程序设计语言的语法,而是讲述这些程序设计语言的共同特点。通过本章的学习,使读者对程序设计语言的特点、发展历史、基本语法、典型语言的特点以及程序设计语言的发展趋势有一个全面地概括性了解。本节为大家介绍程序设计语言的演变简史。
</li>
<li><span class="fa">标签:</span><a href="http://www.51cto.com/php/search.php?keyword=%BC%C6%CB%E3%BB%FA%C8%ED%BC%FE%BC%BC%CA%F5" target="_blank">计算机软件技术</a> <a href="http://www.51cto.com/php/search.php?keyword=%BC%C6%CB%E3%BB%FA%C8%ED%BC%FE%BC%BC%CA%F5%BB%F9%B4%A1" target="_blank">计算机软件技术基础</a>
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<a class="font_a" href="http://www.51cto.com/exp/oow2010/baoming/" style="font-size: 12px;" target="_blank">限时报名参加“甲骨文全球大会·2010·北京”及“JavaOne和甲骨文开发者大会2010”</a></div>
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<div class="m_l_cont_text">
<br />
<strong>2.2 程序设计语言的演变简史</strong><br />
最早的程序设计语言是机器语言,出现在20世纪50年代初。机器语言(machine language)也称为机器代码指令(machine code
instruction)。直接用二进制的机器代码指令编写的、由处理器执行的程序就是机器语言程序。这是早期的程序设计语言,虽然计算机可以直接执行这种语言编写的程序,而且效率高、速度快,但是这种程序的可读性较差、难以记忆、与计算机处理器硬件紧密相关导致可移植性差。第一个商用计算机UNIVAC就使用了机器语言编程。有人把这种语言称为第一代语言(first
generation language,1GL)。<br />
机器语言很快被称为第二代语言(2GL)的汇编语言所代替。汇编语言(assembly
language)是指用符号代替数字机器代码指令和其他常量进行编程的程序设计语言。汇编语言通常由计算机硬件制造商定义,使用的符号是有助于程序设计人员记忆的机器代码的缩写。被称为汇编程序的实用工具把汇编语言符号翻译成目标计算机的机器指令代码。这种语言依然是低级程序设计语言,因为一条汇编语言编写的语句只能翻译成一条机器指令代码。<br />
当一条程序语句能够翻译成多条机器指令代码时,这种语言就称为高级程序设计语言。例如FORTRAN、COBOL、BASIC等都是高级程序设计语言。<br />
第三代语言(3GL)是从2GL精炼而来的。2GL侧重于改进语言的逻辑结构,3GL主要是提高了语言的用户友好性。许多常见的语言都是3GL,例如FORTRAN、COBOL、BASIC、C、C++、Visual
Basic、Java、C#等,都是典型的3GL。下面,介绍一下这些典型语言的演变过程及其特点。<br />
1953年,IBM的John
Backus领导一个开发团队开始开发FORTRAN语言。1957年4月,第一个FORTRAN版本正式发布。这是一个优化的编译器,也是一个高级程序设计语言。FORTRAN是公式翻译系统(formula
translating system)的缩写。1966年FORTRAN语言被美国标准协会纳入标准,称为FORTRAN 66。与FORTRAN
66相比,1977年发布的FORTRAN 77语言有了许多重要的改变,特别是开始支持字符数据。1990年发布的Fortran
90语言增加了模块化编程并具备对象编程的特点。在发布的标准规范中,名称中的部分大写字母改成了小写字母。完全具备面向对象编程的版本是2003年发布的Fortran
2003,该版本与C语言具有互操作性。Fortran
2008语言在并行编程方面得到了增强。IBM开发的FORTRAN语言最早主要用于科学计算,后来逐渐应用在天气预报、有限元分析、流体力学、计算物理、计算化学等高性能计算领域。<br />
Grace Hopper于1959年提出了COBOL语言的第一个规范。COBOL是通用商业语言(common business-oriented
language)的简称,主要用于商业、金融、行政等行业领域。1968年,COBOL语言被纳入ANSI标准。2002年,COBOL语言被ISO接纳为标准。COBOL-2002包括了许多面向对象语言的特征,例如,支持本地语言、用户定义的函数、指针、在.NET和Java环境中执行等,并且还可以生成和分析XML语言。<br />
1964年,美国达特茅斯学院的两位教授John Kemeny和Thomas
Kurtz在教授计算机课程的时候,针对非计算机专业的学生的特点,提出了BASIC(beginner's all-purpose symbolic
instruction
code,针对初学者的一般用途的符号指令代码)语言。该语言采用了解释计算方式,具有简单易学的特点。在20世纪70、80年代出现了大量的BASIC语言变种,例如微软公司1981年发布的IBM
BASICA、Borland公司1985年发布的Turbo BASIC等。微软公司1991年推出的Visual
Basic语言,除了具有图形化用户界面、事件驱动编程、集成的开发环境等特点之外,继承了BASIC语言的许多特点。<br />
1972年,AT&T贝尔实验室的Dennis
Trichie在开发Unix操作系统的过程中,提出了C程序设计语言。之所以称为C语言,是因为其来自早期的B(BCPL)语言。1978年,Brian
Kernighan和Dennis Ritchie出版了《C程序设计语言》一书,该书详细描述了C语言的规范。1983年,C语言成为ANSI
C。1990年,ANSI C被纳为ISO标准。1999年,被称为C99的ISO/IEC 9899:1999标准引入了一些新的功能,包括内联函数、long
long
int数据类型、可变长度的数组、单行注释等。虽然C语言来自于操作系统的实现,但是现在也被广泛应用于开发各种可移植的应用程序,并且对后来的许多语言有重大的影响。例如,C++、Java、C#等语言都受到了C语言的显著影响。<br />
1979年,在贝尔实验室工作的、29岁的Bjarne
Stroustrup在写剑桥大学的博士论文时,对C语言进行了研究,并尝试在C语言中增加类以便增强C语言的功能。他的这项研究结果产生了C with
Classes语言。1983年,C with
Classes语言的名称改为C++语言,其中++表示增量运算符。与C语言相比,C++语言中增加了虚拟函数、函数名和运算符重载、引用、用户控制的内存控制等。1985年,《C++程序设计语言》一书出版。1989年,多继承性、抽象类、静态成员函数、常量成员函数、保护成员等功能被增加到C++语言中。1990年,C++中又增加了模板、异常处理、命名空间等功能。1998年,C++语言被纳入ISO/IEC标准体系中。2003年,新修订后的标准是ISO/IEC
14882:2003。目前,C++是一种非常流行的程序设计语言,在系统软件、应用软件、嵌入式软件、高性能服务器等诸多领域都有广泛的应用。<br />
Visual Basic是微软公司于1991年发布的、基于COM模型的、具有集成开发环境的第三代事件驱动式程序设计语言。在Visual
Basic语言中,可以使用拖拉技术创建表单,表单上可以放置控件,控件有属性和事件处理程序。使用Visual
Basic语言可以创建可执行程序、ActiveX控件、DLL文件等。1998年,微软发布的Visual Basic
6是该软件的最终版本,其后续版本被命名为Visual Basic .NET语言。2002年发布的Visual Basic
.NET是一种基于微软.NET框架的面向对象程序设计语言,该版本的语言与VB6开发的应用程序之间没有兼容性。2007年发布的Visual Basic
2008(也称为VB9)是与Microsoft .NET Framework
3.5对应的,增加了许多新的功能,例如条件运算符、匿名类型、LINQ支持、XML字符支持等。<br />
Java语言是1995年由Sun Microsystems公司发布的,是James
Gosling领导的开发小组开发的程序设计语言。最初的名称是Oak,后来命名为Java。Java源程序经过编译生成可以运行在Java虚拟机上的字节码,从而实现Write
Once,Run
Anywhere的跨平台运行目标。Java语言的主要特点包括:纯粹的面向对象语言、跨平台、编译-解释执行、支持多线程、支持分布式应用等。Java也是一种源代码开放软件。目前,Java语言是一种非常流行的程序设计语言,在许多领域都有广泛的应用。据TIOBE公司统计,Java语言在程序设计语言排行榜中持续多年名列榜首。<br />
C#语言是微软公司于2001年发布的、具有面向对象功能的、运行于.NET
Framework之上的程序设计语言。C#语言的主要开发人员是丹麦软件工程师Anders
Hejlsberg。C#继承了C和C++强大功能的同时,去掉了一些它们的复杂特性,例如没有宏和模板,不允许多重继承等。C#与Java有许多类似的地方,例如,与Java几乎同样的语法和编译成中间代码再运行的过程。但是,C#又与Java语言有显著的不同,它借鉴了Pascal、Delphi等语言的特点,是.NET程序开发的首选语言工具。2001年,ECMA接受C#语言为其标准,并发布了ECMA-334C#语言标准规范。2003年,C#语言也成为ISO/IEC
23270标准。<br />
第四代语言(4GL)是从3GL演变而来的,具有更高抽象级别程序设计语言或程序设计环境。虽然说3GL是更加自然的、块结构的语言,但是3GL的开发方法依然比较缓慢、容易出错。与3GL相比,4GL是针对特定目的的、面向问题和系统工程的程序设计语言。目前,4GL可以分为一般作用的语言(例如Clipper、Foxpro、PowerBuilder等)、数据库查询语言(例如SQL语言)、报表生成语言(例如Metafont、Oracle
Report、NATURAL等语言)、数据操纵和统计分析语言(例如MATLAB、SAS、SPSS、Stata等语言)、Web开发语言(例如ColdFusion)等。<br />
目前,有关第五代语言(5GL)的话题正处于讨论中。一般地认为,5GL关注的是约束条件和逻辑,而不是如何去实现算法。例如,对于一个给定的问题,5GL侧重于写出解决这种问题需要的条件和约束,而不是关注如何编写算法来解决这种问题。5GL主要用于解决人工智能领域中的问题。
<br />
<hr />
<br />
<br />
<table style="width: 500px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><span style="font-family: Arial;">Appendix H: 4GL or 5GL </span>
4GLs are typically used to meet special needs of data processing, with such
applications as databases, spreadsheets, and program generators for use by
non-expert programmers [<a href="http://archive.adaic.com/docs/reports/lawlis/b.htm#g">Ghezzi 87</a>]. 4GLs
typically have properties such as [<a href="http://archive.adaic.com/docs/reports/lawlis/b.htm#a">Appleby 91</a>]:<br />
<ul>
<li>database structures and programming
<br />
</li>
<li>centralized data dictionary containing information about system components
<br />
</li>
<li>visual programming, such as using a mouse with icons
<br />
</li>
<li>graded-skill user interface allowing novices as well as database experts to
use the programs
<br />
</li>
<li>interactive, integrated, multifunction programming environment
</li>
</ul>
The intent of 4GLs is to "make languages easy to use so that end users can
solve their own problems and put computers to work" [<a href="http://archive.adaic.com/docs/reports/lawlis/b.htm#m">Martin 86</a>].
However<i>, a 4GL must be selected to fit the particular application</i>, unlike
3GLs, which tend to be more general purpose. 4GLs are essentially
non-procedural, whereas 3GLs tend to be procedural, but there is no standard
definition. The term 4GL is actually very imprecise, and it is used for
marketing reasons to describe many modern application development tools. [<a href="http://archive.adaic.com/docs/reports/lawlis/b.htm#a">Appleby 91</a>] [<a href="http://archive.adaic.com/docs/reports/lawlis/b.htm#d">DoD 87</a>] [<a href="http://archive.adaic.com/docs/reports/lawlis/b.htm#g">Glass 91</a>] [<a href="http://archive.adaic.com/docs/reports/lawlis/b.htm#m">Martin 86</a>] [<a href="http://archive.adaic.com/docs/reports/lawlis/b.htm#m">Misra 88</a>] [<a href="http://archive.adaic.com/docs/reports/lawlis/b.htm#v">Verner 88</a>] [<a href="http://archive.adaic.com/docs/reports/lawlis/b.htm#w">Wojtkowski
90</a>]<br />
A 5GL is essentially a 4GL that uses a knowledge-based system [<a href="http://archive.adaic.com/docs/reports/lawlis/b.htm#a">ANSI/IEEE 90</a>],
although some such systems are also called 4GLs. A 5GL tends to be a more
complete development environment than a 4GL, and its concept is for <i>all</i>
code to be automatically generated. Then a system is maintained by modifying the
5GL statements, rather than manually changing the generated code. [<a href="http://archive.adaic.com/docs/reports/lawlis/b.htm#c">Connors
94</a>]<br />
<a href="" name="lc"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Language Criteria
</span></b>
<br />
It is impossible to assess every possible 4GL or 5GL of interest because
these language applications are numerous, and more are appearing all the time.
It is important to note that these languages vary widely in capabilities and
intended purpose. Some newer ones, such as Visual Basic and Powerbuilder, are
particularly powerful with respect to ease of programming and prototyping
capabilities. Others, such as SQL and Oracle, have been around for a while but
continue to provide powerful capabilities for interfacing with databases. All
languages in this category also share many concepts. A specific language should
be examined in terms of how its specific purpose matches the current need, and
its particular characteristics should be assessed with respect to the language
criteria. The general <i>category</i> of 4GL and 5GL languages is considered in
this appendix. The assessments can be used to guide the assessment of a specific
language. Hence, the following assesses the category of 4GLs and 5GLs with
respect to the language criteria presented in the Criteria for a Good Language
section in the main document:<br />
<ol>
<br />
<li><i>Its definition should be independent of any particular hardware or
operating system.</i> A 4GL or 5GL is defined at a very high level, and,
therefore, it is independent of any particular platform.
<br />
<br />
</li>
<li><i>Its definition should be standardized, and compiler implementations
should comply with this standard.</i> Since 4GLs and 5GLs are more like
applications than languages in the way they are used, only a few have been
concerned with standardization. Of these, SQL is probably the most popular
because it is widely used as a database query language. The SQL ANSI and ISO
standard provides a baseline language, and implementations are likely to provide
additional language features as well [</li>
</ol>
</a><ol>
<li><a href="http://archive.adaic.com/docs/reports/lawlis/b.htm#a">Appleby 91</a>].
<br />
<br />
</li>
<li><i>It should support software engineering technology, discouraging or
prohibiting poor practices, and promoting or supporting maintenance
activities</i>. Since a 4GL or 5GL is used more like an application than a
language, specific support for engineering good software within the 4GL or 5GL
is not usually a concern. The emphasis is on making the development system easy
to use. However, the method of creating an application from one of these systems
often makes good use of certain aspects of software engineering technology. For
example, providing a mechanism for automatically generating code for an
application makes good use of such software engineering concepts as abstraction
and maintainability (assuming that changes made to the code are also made using
the 4GL or 5GL). Also, some types of poor practices are discouraged or
prohibited because of the mechanisms provided for the user to interact with the
system.
<br />
<br />
</li>
<li><i>It should effectively support the application domain(s) of interest.</i>
A 4GL or 5GL is specific to a particular application domain, and it should only
be used within that domain. To attempt to use it outside its intended domain is
to negate its potential benefits.
<br />
<br />
</li>
<li><i>It should support the required level of system reliability and safety.
</i>Reliability is not a primary concern for these development systems, and the
actual reliability of a system generated by a 4GL or 5GL will vary with the
particular language used. Safety-critical systems, those concerned with putting
human lives in jeopardy, are not supported by current 4GLs or 5GLs.
<br />
<br />
</li>
<li><i>Its compiler implementations should be commensurate with the current
state of technology.</i> It makes more sense here to discuss the tool set
comprising the 4GL or 5GL, because this tool set transforms the program into a
form understandable by the computer, much as a compiler does for a 3GL. With
such a wide variety of products available in this category, as well as the
increasing interest in this form of creating software, 4GL and 5GL
implementations continue to be competitive by taking full advantage of current
technology. With this technology changing so rapidly, versions of products more
than a year old will not use the current state of the technology.
<br />
<br />
</li>
<li><i>Appropriate software engineering-based supporting tools and environments
should be available.</i> A 4GL or 5GL tends to contain its own development
environment. Most 4GLs do not support a complete software engineering process,
and, in this respect, their usefulness is usually limited to systems that are
small, or possibly medium, in size and complexity [<a href="http://archive.adaic.com/docs/reports/lawlis/b.htm#m">Misra 88</a>] [<a href="http://archive.adaic.com/docs/reports/lawlis/b.htm#w">Wojtkowski 90</a>].
The 5GL concept is to provide a more complete support environment. However,
these systems have not existed long enough for information on their
effectiveness to be studied. It is also likely that the amount of software
engineering support provided by different products will vary widely. </li>
</ol>
<a href="" name="lchar"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Language Characteristics
</span></b></a><br />
<a href="" name="lchar"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"></span></b>
<br />
In this section, 4GLs and 5GLs are rated with respect to the language
characteristics used in </a><a href="http://archive.adaic.com/docs/reports/lawlis/5.htm#t2">Table 2</a> in the
main document [<a href="http://archive.adaic.com/docs/reports/lawlis/b.htm#a">Appleby 91</a>] [<a href="http://archive.adaic.com/docs/reports/lawlis/b.htm#d">DoD 87</a>] [<a href="http://archive.adaic.com/docs/reports/lawlis/b.htm#g">Glass 91</a>] [<a href="http://archive.adaic.com/docs/reports/lawlis/b.htm#m">Martin 86</a>] [<a href="http://archive.adaic.com/docs/reports/lawlis/b.htm#m">Misra 88</a>] [<a href="http://archive.adaic.com/docs/reports/lawlis/b.htm#v">Verner 88</a>] [<a href="http://archive.adaic.com/docs/reports/lawlis/b.htm#w">Wojtkowski 90</a>].
The given ratings are for this category of languages, rather than a specific
language. Hence, a given rating is intended to be typical of a 4GL or 5GL, but
<i>a rating may not be representative of every product</i>. The ratings range
from 0 to 10, where 0 means the language provides no support for the
characteristic, and 10 means it provides extensive support. The ratings given
below are those provided in <a href="http://archive.adaic.com/docs/reports/lawlis/5.htm#t2">Table 2</a>. The
reader must bear in mind that the support for a good characteristic in a
language does not necessarily mean that it is always used, or used
appropriately. Unskilled programmers can write bad code in any language, but a
good language facilitates the production of good code by skilled
programmers.<br />
<b><i>
Clarity of source code –<i> the extent to which inherent language features
support source code that is readable and understandable and that clearly
reflects the underlying logical structure of the program</i>.</i></b>
For this characteristic, the source code consists of the commands used by the
programmer, and this varies greatly with different 4GLs and 5GLs. Many use
graphical interfaces or menus that require very little typing. The higher the
language level, the better the code clarity tends to be because of the nature of
the commands used. However, to the extent that the commands are text-based, they
tend to be full of abbreviations and not completely descriptive. This rating
will vary with different products, with the given rating considered typical.
<b>Rating: 5<i>
</i></b><br />
<b><i>Complexity management (architecture support) –<b> </b><i>the extent to which
inherent language features support the management of system complexity, in terms
of addressing issues of data, algorithm, interface, and architectural
complexity</i>.</i></b>
<br />
A 4GL or 5GL tends to target a relatively small application, and complexity
management is not one of the development considerations. Complexity is usually
managed only through the use of abstraction. <b>Rating: 2<i>
</i></b><br />
<b><i>Concurrency support – <i>the extent to which inherent language features
support the construction of code with multiple threads of control (also known as
parallel processing).</i></i></b>
<br />
Support for concurrency is not usually represented in 4GLs or 5GLs.
<b>Rating: 0<i>
</i></b><br />
<b><i>Distributed system support – <i>the extent to which inherent language
features support the construction of code to be distributed across multiple
platforms on a network</i>.</i></b>
<br />
In general, 4GLs and 5GLs provide no support for distributed systems.
<b>Rating: 0<i>
</i></b><br />
<b><i>Maintainability –<b> </b><i>the extent to which inherent language features
support the construction of code that can be readily modified to satisfy new
requirements or to correct deficiencies</i>.</i></b>
<br />
If the 4GL or 5GL is used as intended, maintenance is performed on the
high-level commands provided by the development system, rather than on the
low-level code intended to be understood by the computer. To the extent that
this concept is used, the maintainability is generally good. Understanding the
program from the high-level commands facilitates maintainability, and small
changes will usually not impact more than a small number of the high-level
commands. However, the low-level code tends to be very difficult to understand,
and making changes at that level is not easy. Since most current 4GL development
systems cannot automatically generate all of the necessary code for many
applications, and the ability of a 5GL to generate all necessary code is still
in doubt, maintenance must consider working with some low-level code. <b>Rating:
5<i>
</i></b><br />
<b><i>Mixed language support – <i>the extent to which inherent language features
support interfacing to other languages</i>.</i></b>
<br />
4GL and 5GL systems are not usually concerned with interfacing with other
languages, although other languages are often concerned with interfacing with a
4GL such as SQL. When procedural commands are needed, a language is usually
provided for that purpose by the 4GL or 5GL, rather than relying on a
conventional 3GL. This is an inherent weakness because the procedural language
provided is typically not as rich or expressive as a conventional 3GL [Misra
88]. <b>Rating: 0<i>
</i></b><br />
<b><i>Object-oriented programming support – <i>the extent to which inherent
language features support the construction of object-oriented
code</i>.</i></b>
<br />
Although a 4GL or 5GL uses high-level commands, and it is possible for these
to be object-oriented in nature, they usually are not. Constructing
object-oriented code is rarely an issue. <b>Rating: 0<i>
</i></b><br />
<b><i>Portability – <i>the extent to which inherent language features support the
transfer of a program from one hardware and/or software platform to
another</i>.</i></b>
<br />
Since a 4GL or 5GL is used more like an application than a language,
portability is not a major goal. SQL is portable to a certain extent because it
is standardized (an exception rather than a rule in a 4GL or 5GL), but since
most applications use non-standard features, its portability is also limited.
<b>Rating: 1<i>
</i></b><br />
<b><i>Real-time support – <i>the extent to which inherent language features support
the construction of real-time systems</i>.</i></b>
<br />
Real-time systems are not usually a concern of 4GLs or 5GLs, although there
are a few exceptions for which the given rating should be changed accordingly.
<b>Rating: 0<i>
</i></b><br />
<b><i>Reliability – <i>the extent to which inherent language features support the
construction of components that can be expected to perform their intended
functions in a satisfactory manner throughout the expected lifetime of the
product</i>.</i></b>
<br />
Reliability is not usually a primary concern for a 4GL or 5GL application.<b>
Rating: 3<i>
</i></b><br />
<b><i>Reusability – <i>the extent to which inherent language features support the
adaptation of code for use in another application</i>.</i></b>
<br />
Since a 4GL or 5GL is used more like an application than a language,
reusability is not usually a goal. Only a widely-used and standardized language,
such as SQL, could be reasonably considered for reuse. However, SQL does not
have inherent characteristics, such as encapsulation, which lends itself to
reusability. <b>Rating: 1<i>
</i></b><br />
<b><i>Safety – <i>the extent to which inherent language features support the
construction of safety-critical systems, yielding systems that are
fault-tolerant, fail-safe, or robust in the face of systemic
failures</i>.</i></b>
<br />
Safety systems, those concerned with putting human lives in jeopardy, are not
supported by current 4GLs or 5GLs. <b>Rating: 0<i>
</i></b><br />
<b><i>Standardization – <i>the extent to which the language definition has been
formally standardized (by recognized bodies such as ANSI and ISO) and the extent
to which it can be reasonably expected that this standard will be followed in a
language translator</i>.</i></b>
<br />
Since 4GLs and 5GLs are more like applications than languages in the way they
are used, only a few have been concerned with standardization. Of these, SQL is
probably the most popular because it is widely used as a database query
language. The SQL ANSI and ISO standard provides a baseline language, and
implementations are likely to provide additional language features as well.
<b>Rating: 1<i>
</i></b><br />
<b><i>Support for modern engineering methods – <i>the extent to which inherent
language features support the expression of source code that enforces good
software engineering principles</i>.</i></b>
<br />
Since a 4GL or 5GL is used more like an application than a language, specific
support for engineering good software is not usually a concern. The emphasis is
on making the development system easy to use. However, some types of poor
practices are discouraged or prohibited because of the high-level mechanisms
provided for the user to interact with the system. <b>Rating: 3
</b><br />
<b></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<hr />
</div>
<br />
<table>
<tbody>
<tr>
<th align="center" colspan="3">1. 程序和编程语言</th></tr>
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<div class="titlepage">
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<div>
<h2 class="title" style="clear: both;">
<a href="" id="intro.program">1. 程序和编程语言 </a><a href="http://learn.akae.cn/akabook/intro.program_1" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: medium;">请点评</span></a></h2>
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程序(Program)<a class="indexterm" href="" id="id2655709">告诉计算机应如何完成一个计算任务,这里的计算可以是数学运算,比如解方程,也可以是符号运算,比如查找和替换文档中的某个单词。从根本上说,计算机是由数字电路组成的运算机器,只能对数字做运算,程序之所以能做符号运算,是因为符号在计算机内部也是用数字表示的。此外,程序还可以处理声音和图像,声音和图像在计算机内部必然也是用数字表示的,这些数字经过专门的硬件设备转换成人可以听到、看到的声音和图像。</a><br />
<a class="indexterm" href="" id="id2655709">
程序由一系列指令(Instruction)</a><a class="indexterm" href="" id="id2655719">组成,指令是指示计算机做某种运算的命令,通常包括以下几类:</a><br />
<a class="indexterm" href="" id="id2655719">
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt><span class="term">输入(Input)</span></dt>
</dl>
</div>
</a><div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt><a class="indexterm" href="" id="id2655663">
</a></dt>
<a class="indexterm" href="" id="id2655663"><dd>
从键盘、文件或者其它设备获取数据。<br />
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">输出(Output)</span></dt>
</a>
<dt><a class="indexterm" href="" id="id2703792">
</a></dt>
<a class="indexterm" href="" id="id2703792"><dd>
把数据显示到屏幕,或者存入一个文件,或者发送到其它设备。<br />
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">基本运算</span>
</dt>
<dd>
执行最基本的数学运算(加减乘除)和数据存取。<br />
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">测试和分支</span>
</dt>
<dd>
测试某个条件,然后根据不同的测试结果执行不同的后续指令。<br />
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">循环</span>
</dt>
<dd>
重复执行一系列操作。</dd></a></dl>
<a class="indexterm" href="" id="id2703792"></a></div>
<a class="indexterm" href="" id="id2703792">
对于程序来说,有上面这几类指令就足够了。你曾用过的任何一个程序,不管它有多么复杂,都是由这几类指令组成的。程序是那么的复杂,而编写程序可以用的指令却只有这么简单的几种,这中间巨大的落差就要由程序员去填了,所以编写程序理应是一件相当复杂的工作。<span class="emphasis"><em>编写程序可以说就是这样一个过程:把复杂的任务分解成子任务,把子任务再分解成更简单的任务,层层分解,直到最后简单得可以用以上指令来完成。</em></span><br />
编程语言(Programming Language)</a><a class="indexterm" href="" id="id2703866">分为低级语言(Low-level
Language)</a><a class="indexterm" href="" id="id2703874">和高级语言(High-level Language)</a><a class="indexterm" href="" id="id2703882">。机器语言(Machine Language)</a><a class="indexterm" href="" id="id2703891">和汇编语言(Assembly Language)</a><a class="indexterm" href="" id="id2703899">属于低级语言,直接用计算机指令编写程序。而C、C++、Java、Python等属于高级语言,用语句(Statement)</a><a class="indexterm" href="" id="id2703909">编写程序,语句是计算机指令的抽象表示。举个例子,同样一个语句用C语言、汇编语言和机器语言分别表示如下:</a><br />
<a class="indexterm" href="" id="id2703909">
<div class="table">
</div>
</a><div class="table">
<a href="" id="id2703919">
<div class="title">
<b>表 1.1. 一个语句的三种表示</b></div>
<div class="table-contents">
<table border="1">
<colgroup>
<col></col>
<col></col></colgroup>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>编程语言</th>
<th>表示形式</th></tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>C语言</td>
<td>a=b+1;</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>汇编语言</td>
<td>
<div class="literallayout">
mov 0x804a01c,%eax<br />add $0x1,%eax<br />mov %eax,0x804a018</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>机器语言</td>
<td>
<div class="literallayout">
a1 1c a0 04 08<br />83 c0 01<br />a3 18 a0 04 08</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</a></div>
<a href="" id="id2703919"><br class="table-break" />
计算机只能对数字做运算,符号、声音、图像在计算机内部都要用数字表示,指令也不例外,上表中的机器语言完全由十六进制数字组成。最早的程序员都是直接用机器语言编程,但是很麻烦,需要查大量的表格来确定每个数字表示什么意思,编写出来的程序很不直观,而且容易出错,于是有了汇编语言,把机器语言中一组一组的数字用助记符(Mnemonic)</a><a class="indexterm" href="" id="id2703988">表示,直接用这些助记符写出汇编程序,然后让汇编器(Assembler)</a><a class="indexterm" href="" id="id2703997">去查表把助记符替换成数字,也就把汇编语言翻译成了机器语言。从上面的例子可以看出,汇编语言和机器语言的指令是一一对应的,汇编语言有三条指令,机器语言也有三条指令,汇编器就是做一个简单的替换工作,例如在第一条指令中,把<code class="literal">movl ?,%eax</code>这种格式的指令替换成机器码<code class="literal">a1
?</code>,?表示一个地址,在汇编指令中是<code class="literal">0x804a01c</code>,转换成机器码之后是<code class="literal">1c a0 04 08</code>(这是指令中的十六进制数的小端表示,小端表示将在</a><a class="xref" href="http://learn.akae.cn/media/ch18s05.html#asm.relocatable">第 5.1 节
“目标文件”</a>介绍)。<br />
从上面的例子还可以看出,C语言的语句和低级语言的指令之间不是简单的一一对应关系,一条<code class="literal">a=b+1;</code>语句要翻译成三条汇编或机器指令,这个过程称为编译(Compile)<a class="indexterm" href="" id="id2704056">,由编译器(Compiler)</a><a class="indexterm" href="" id="id2704064">来完成,显然编译器的功能比汇编器要复杂得多。用C语言编写的程序必须经过编译转成机器指令才能被计算机执行,编译需要花一些时间,这是用高级语言编程的一个缺点,然而更多的是优点。首先,用C语言编程更容易,写出来的代码更紧凑,可读性更强,出了错也更容易改正。其次,C语言是可移植的(Portable)</a><a class="indexterm" href="" id="id2704085">或者称为平台无关的(Platform Independent)</a><a class="indexterm" href="" id="id2704093">。</a><br />
<a class="indexterm" href="" id="id2704093">
平台这个词有很多种解释,可以指计算机体系结构(Architecture)</a><a class="indexterm" href="" id="id2704105">,也可以指操作系统(Operating System)</a><a class="indexterm" href="" id="id2704114">,也可以指开发平台(编译器、链接器等)。不同的计算机体系结构有不同的指令集(Instruction Set)</a><a class="indexterm" href="" id="id2704122">,可以识别的机器指令格式是不同的,直接用某种体系结构的汇编或机器指令写出来的程序只能在这种体系结构的计算机上运行,然而各种体系结构的计算机都有各自的C编译器,可以把C程序编译成各种不同体系结构的机器指令,这意味着用C语言写的程序只需稍加修改甚至不用修改就可以在各种不同的计算机上编译运行。各种高级语言都具有C语言的这些优点,所以绝大部分程序是用高级语言编写的,只有和硬件关系密切的少数程序(例如驱动程序)才会用到低级语言。还要注意一点,即使在相同的体系结构和操作系统下,用不同的C编译器(或者同一个C编译器的不同版本)编译同一个程序得到的结果也有可能不同,C语言有些语法特性在C标准中并没有明确规定,各编译器有不同的实现,编译出来的指令的行为特性也会不同,应该尽量避免使用不可移植的语法特性。</a><br />
<a class="indexterm" href="" id="id2704122">
总结一下编译执行的过程,首先你用文本编辑器写一个C程序,然后保存成一个文件,例如<code class="literal">program.c</code>(通常C程序的文件名后缀是<code class="literal">.c</code>),这称为源代码(Source Code)</a><a class="indexterm" href="" id="id2703560">或源文件,然后运行编译器对它进行编译,编译的过程并不执行程序,而是把源代码全部翻译成机器指令,再加上一些描述信息,生成一个新的文件,例如<code class="literal">a.out</code>,这称为可执行文件,可执行文件可以被操作系统加载运行,计算机执行该文件中由编译器生成的指令,如下图所示:</a><br />
<a class="indexterm" href="" id="id2703560">
<div class="figure">
</div>
</a><div class="figure">
<a href="" id="id2703581">
<div class="title">
<b>图 1.1. 编译执行的过程</b></div>
<div class="figure-contents">
<div>
<img src="http://learn.akae.cn/media/images/intro.compile.png" /></div>
</div>
</a></div>
<a href="" id="id2703581"><br class="figure-break" />
有些高级语言以解释(Interpret)</a><a class="indexterm" href="" id="id2703595">的方式执行,解释执行过程和C语言的编译执行过程很不一样。例如编写一个Shell脚本<code class="literal">script.sh</code>,内容如下:</a><br />
<a class="indexterm" href="" id="id2703595"><pre class="programlisting">#! /bin/sh
VAR=1
VAR=$(($VAR+1))
echo $VAR</pre>
定义Shell变量<code class="literal">VAR</code>的初始值是1,然后自增1,然后打印<code class="literal">VAR</code>的值。用Shell程序<code class="literal">/bin/sh</code>解释执行这个脚本,结果如下:<br />
<pre class="screen">$ /bin/sh script.sh
2</pre>
这里的<code class="literal">/bin/sh</code>称为解释器(Interpreter)</a><a class="indexterm" href="" id="id2703650">,它把脚本中的每一行当作一条命令解释执行,而不需要先生成包含机器指令的可执行文件再执行。如果把脚本中的这三行当作三条命令直接敲到Shell提示符下,也能得到同样的结果:</a><br />
<a class="indexterm" href="" id="id2703650"><pre class="screen">$ VAR=1
$ VAR=$(($VAR+1))
$ echo $VAR
2</pre>
<div class="figure">
</div>
</a><div class="figure">
<a href="" id="id2703667">
<div class="title">
<b>图 1.2. 解释执行的过程</b></div>
<div class="figure-contents">
<div>
<img src="http://learn.akae.cn/media/images/intro.interpret.png" /></div>
</div>
</a></div>
<a href="" id="id2703667"><br class="figure-break" />
编程语言仍在发展演化。以上介绍的机器语言称为第一代语言(1GL,1st Generation Programming Language)</a><a class="indexterm" href="" id="id2704432">,汇编语言称为第二代语言(2GL,2nd Generation Programming
Language)</a><a class="indexterm" href="" id="id2704441">,C、C++、Java、Python等可以称为第三代语言(3GL,3rd
Generation Programming Language)</a><a class="indexterm" href="" id="id2704450">。目前已经有了4GL(4th
Generation Programming Language)</a><a class="indexterm" href="" id="id2704459">和5GL(5th
Generation Programming Language)</a><a class="indexterm" href="" id="id2704468">的概念。3GL的编程语言虽然是用语句编程而不直接用指令编程,但语句也分为输入、输出、基本运算、测试分支和循环等几种,和指令有直接的对应关系。而4GL以后的编程语言更多是描述要做什么(Declarative)</a><a class="indexterm" href="" id="id2704480">而不描述具体一步一步怎么做(Imperative)</a><a class="indexterm" href="" id="id2704488">,具体一步一步怎么做完全由编译器或解释器决定,例如SQL语言(SQL,Structured Query
Language,结构化查询语言)</a><a class="indexterm" href="" id="id2704496">就是这样的例子。</a><br />
<a class="indexterm" href="" id="id2704496">
<div class="simplesect">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title">
</h3>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</a><div class="simplesect">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title">
<a href="" id="id2704506">习题 </a><a href="http://learn.akae.cn/akabook/intro.program_2" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: medium;">请点评</span></a></h3>
</div>
</div>
</div>
1、解释执行的语言相比编译执行的语言有什么优缺点?<br />
这是我们的第一个思考题。本书的思考题通常要求读者系统地总结当前小节的知识,结合以前的知识,并经过一定的推理,然后作答。本书强调的是基本概念,读者应该抓住概念的定义和概念之间的关系来总结,比如本节介绍了很多概念:<span class="emphasis"><em>程序</em></span>由<span class="emphasis"><em>语句</em></span>或<span class="emphasis"><em>指令</em></span>组成,计算机只能执行<span class="emphasis"><em>低级语言</em></span>中的<span class="emphasis"><em>指令</em></span>(汇编语言的指令要先转成机器码才能执行),<span class="emphasis"><em>高级语言</em></span>要执行就必须先翻译成低级语言,翻译的方法有两种--<span class="emphasis"><em>编译</em></span>和<span class="emphasis"><em>解释</em></span>,虽然有这样的不便,但高级语言有一个好处是<span class="emphasis"><em>平台无关性</em></span>。什么是<span class="emphasis"><em>平台</em></span>?一种平台,就是一种<span class="emphasis"><em>体系结构</em></span>,就是一种<span class="emphasis"><em>指令集</em></span>,就是一种<span class="emphasis"><em>机器语言</em></span>,这些都可看作是一一对应的,上文并没有用“<span class="quote">一一对应</span>”这个词,但读者应该能推理出这个结论,而高级语言和它们不是一一对应的,因此高级语言是<span class="emphasis"><em>平台无关</em></span>的,概念之间像这样的数量对应关系尤其重要。那么编译和解释的过程有哪些不同?主要的不同在于什么时候翻译和什么时候执行。<br />
现在回答这个思考题,根据编译和解释的不同原理,你能否在执行效率和平台无关性等方面做一下比较?</div>
</div>sfebbf@gmail.comhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03493373165705385749noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3520553598370090588.post-81934407545107950972012-04-23T02:10:00.003+08:002012-04-23T02:10:48.555+08:00UML 中文 FAQ / 第一部份 UML 基础<a href="http://www.zhangxun.com/_templates/tmpl_doc.aspx?sname=umlfaq&section=one">http://www.zhangxun.com/_templates/tmpl_doc.aspx?sname=umlfaq&section=one</a>
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<h2>
UML 中文 FAQ / 第一部份 UML 基础 </h2>
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<select name="selectpage"><option>第 1/8 页
目录</option><option>第 2/8 页 UML 是什么?</option><option>第 3/8 页 第一部份 UML
基础</option><option>第 4/8 页 什么情况下不需要不适合用 UML?</option><option>第 5/8 页 第二部份 UML
深度话题</option><option>第 6/8 页 第三部份 UML 应用</option><option>第 7/8 页
如何确定设计类的导航方向?</option><option>第 8/8 页 其他 UML FAQ</option></select> <a href="http://www.zhangxun.com/_templates/tmpl_doc.aspx?sname=umlfaq&pg=1"><span><img border="0" src="http://www.zhangxun.com/img/first.jpg" style="height: 20px;" /></span></a> <a href="http://www.zhangxun.com/_templates/tmpl_doc.aspx?sname=umlfaq&pg=2"><span><img border="0" src="http://www.zhangxun.com/img/previous.jpg" style="height: 20px;" /></span></a> <a href="http://www.zhangxun.com/_templates/tmpl_doc.aspx?sname=umlfaq&pg=3">第
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<td valign="top" width="30%"><strong>作者</strong>:张恂<br /><strong>发表日期</strong>:2006
年 8 月 </td>
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更新日期 2010-4-3 21:03:59</div>
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1.2 <em>draft</em> 2005-8<br />1.1 2004-04-26
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<td bgcolor="#ede9e4" bordercolor="#cccccc"><a href="http://www.zhangxun.com/_templates/tmpl_doc.aspx?sname=umlfaq&section=one#none"><添加新主题></a>
<a href="http://www.zhangxun.com/_templates/tmpl_news.aspx?sname=umlfaq" target="_blank"><所有评论></a> 共 1 个主题 2 条评论 </td></tr>
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<td bgcolor="#ffefdf" bordercolor="#cccccc">(1) <span class="CommentBrowserSubject" id="umlfaq_2277"><a href="http://www.zhangxun.com/_templates/tmpl_doc.aspx?sname=umlfaq&section=one#none">回复-可否推荐一些实用的
UML 学习资料</a>
<div class="popUp" id="umlfaq_2_content277">
不知你从事哪方面的软件开发,我想<a href="http://www.zhangxun.com/entry.aspx?sname=aup3" target="_blank">《UML和模式应用》</a>这本书应该很适合你,它的重点在讲一种流行的方法和实例,而不仅仅是语法。</div>
</span>(张恂
99 字 0 回复 E2007-1-18 10:16:39 LID:2 Hit:180)</td></tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#ffefdf" bordercolor="#cccccc">(2) <span class="CommentBrowserSubject" id="umlfaq_1277"><a href="http://www.zhangxun.com/_templates/tmpl_doc.aspx?sname=umlfaq&section=one#none">[转]
可否推荐一些实用的 UML 学习资料</a>
<div class="popUp" id="umlfaq_1_content277" style="visibility: hidden;">
你好,仔细阅读你的 <a href="http://www.zhangxun.com/entry.aspx?sname=umlfaq" target="_blank">UML FAQ</a>
后对 UML
是个什么东西很清楚了,准备对它定义的几种图,尤其是顺序图,状态图,类图进一步学习并应用,可否推荐一些实用的学习资料,希望有详尽实例的那种,而不是枯燥的谈语法.<br /><br />2007-1-17</div>
</span>(张恂
159 字 1 回复 E2007-1-18 10:15:33 LID:1 Hit:139)</td></tr>
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<h2>
UML 有哪些特点? </h2>
<br />概括而言,UML 建模语言具备这样一些特点:通用性、可视性、抽象性、实用性、 <a href="http://www.zhangxun.com/entry.aspx?sname=umlfaq&section=two#4">统一性</a>
、灵活性、可扩展性和 <a href="http://www.zhangxun.com/entry.aspx?sname=umlfaq&section=three#2">广泛性</a>
等等 ... (像不像软件质量属性?其实 UML 本身也是一种“软件”) <br /><br />UML
的“<strong>通用性</strong>”主要是指不仅仅可以用它来描述软件,而且还可以用它来描述一般企业或组织的业务流程以及由软、硬件共同组成、以软件为主的复杂系统(即所谓的软件密集型系统),甚至还包括非软件系统。
<br /><br />UML 的“<strong>可视性</strong>”是指可以通过 UML
一系列的图形符号,组成多种视图(view)来直观、清晰地表达系统分析设计中方方面面的、许多复杂的概念。 UML
主要是为了方便人们的阅读和使用而设计的,所以它采用了形式化或半形式化的、易于人们理解和交流的形式。 <br /><br />UML
是一种<strong>分析设计专用的抽象建模语言</strong>,它本身不是编程(programming)语言或实现级别的语言。目前 UML
还不能直接执行,也不是一种严格意义上的程序语言,却可用它来生成可执行的程序框架。 <br /><br />UML 是一种比 C、C++、Java、VB、Delphi
等文本高级语言抽象层次更高的图形语言,通过它我们可以抽象地表示用高级编程语言编写的文本程序的逻辑结构和行为。相比传统的第三代、第四代高级编程语言(3GL、4GL),UML
能够更加高效、准确地反映软件设计的方案和思路,在当代软件工程中,UML 是被真正用来“设计程序/高级程序”(design the
programs)的语言。从这个意义上看,不妨可以称之为“甚高级”或第五代程序设计语言(5GL)—— 鄙人之陋见。 <br /><br />UML
基本上不能算作一种全新的发明,而且作为一项产品,它也并非来自学者教授、科研机构理论性研究的最新学术成果,而是直接来自于产业界、工程界的实践总结,它是在软件工业实践归纳基础上进行理论升华的产物,其核心内容反映了
30 多年来全球软件工业的领导者在软件分析、设计和构造领域的最佳实践和成功经验,因而具有很高的实用价值。 <br /><br />
实践证明,作为对象技术的核心,面向对象分析设计(OOAD)方法比传统方法能更加准确、全面地描述物理现实世界和由逻辑概念构成的虚拟软件世界。UML
是用来表述 OO 概念的一种语言工具,而很奇妙,它本身作为一件产品同样也是由 <a href="http://www.zhangxun.com/entry.aspx?sname=umlfaq&section=three#2">世界级软件大师们</a>
用 OO 方法设计出来的,这使得 UML 具有传统建模语言所不具备的极强的语法语义表达能力和非常灵活的可扩展性。 <a href="" id="3" name="3"></a><br />
<a href="" id="3" name="3">
<h2>
UML 有什么用? </h2>
<br />UML
的用途非常广泛,可以概括为“<strong>描述、可视化、构造、记载</strong>”四种基本功能,在软件开发全生命周期的各阶段任务中,如业务建模、需求分析、系统设计、实现和测试、数据建模、项目管理等,均可根据需要采用。
<br /><br />UML 建模是建立软件开发文档非常有效的一个手段,通过 UML
图形可视化地描述系统需求,记载软件构成,能够显著地提高文档的质量和可读性,减少文档编写的工作量。 <br /><br />UML
实质上是一种<strong>系统分析设计专用语言</strong>,通过可视化的图形符号结合文字说明或标记可以帮助业务/系统分析员、软件架构师/设计师、程序员等各种建模者有效地描述复杂软件(或业务)的静态结构和动态行为,包括工作流(数据流和控制流)、功能需求、结构元素及关系、架构组成、设计模式、对象协作、事件响应和状态变化等等。
<br /><br />
UML 是描述软件设计模式(Design Patterns)最常用和最有效的标准语言。 </a><a href="" id="4" name="4"></a><br />
<a href="" id="4" name="4">
<h2>
UML 不能做什么? </h2>
<br />UML 不是高度形式化的语言,一般不能用于定理证明。 <br /><br />UML
是基于面向对象(OO)方法的通用建模语言,目前不适合用户图形界面(GUI)设计、超大规模集成电路(VLSI)设计、基于规则的人工智能等专业领域。
<br /><br />UML 是一种离散型建模语言,适合对由软件、固件或数字逻辑构成的离散系统建模,不适合对工程和物理学领域中的连续系统建模。 <br /><br />
作为语言(language),UML
本身仅仅是一种表达形式,不是建模方法(method),在实际的软件项目开发中<strong>仅仅掌握一套标准的图形符号是远远不够的</strong>。用好
UML 首先需要掌握 OOAD 的基本原则和方法,并在一定的软件开发过程(如统一过程 UP/USDP/RUP/AUP、XP
等)的指导下进行有取舍的运用。当然,有时候我们也会说“<strong>UML 方法</strong>”,这是指“采用 UML 建模的开发方法”或者“UML
的建模方法”。 </a><a href="" id="5" name="5"></a><br />
<a href="" id="5" name="5">
<h2>
为什么要学习和掌握 UML ? </h2>
<br />我们认为 UML 对于当前大多数希望进一步改进质量的软件开发团队来说是 <strong>必不可少或必须
</strong>的。为什么这样说呢?因为, C++、Java
等源码并不能直观、方便地反映复杂程序的设计:如内部逻辑结构、各种隐含的依赖关系、运行时的状态改变和特殊行为等等。程序员编写出来的代码仅仅是<u>一种</u>可行的实现方式,很难反映出现象背后的真实本质
—— 软件的设计原理或算法,因此对于大多数稍稍复杂点的项目来说,仅有代码是不够的。
<br /><br />可视化建模历来是一种行之有效的最佳工程实践,并非软件行业所特有。软件的设计方案在用 C++、Java
等编程语言实现之前,通常隐藏在人们的头脑当中,C++、Java
程序是人们思考的结果产物。而解决方案的设计正确与否是决定解决方案本身及软件质量优劣的根本。为了保证一个复杂设计方案的正确性,我们最好在实现它之前,用简洁和恰当的方式把设计表达出来。相较于含混的大脑模型和冗长的程序代码,经验老到的程序员发现对图形化的软件设计模型进行验证往往是一种更为高效和可靠的工作方式。事实上通过程序代码来表达、讨论、评估和选择复杂软件的设计往往是很笨拙的,这一表达方式的空欠唯有通过像
UML 这样的比具体的程序语言/实现语言更高层次的、更抽象的建模语言来填补。 <br /><br />OO
方法是当代主流的软件开发技术。世界先进的软件团队和个人早已摆脱了对如何使用具体的平台
API、个别编程语言特性的纠缠,把更多的精力放在了需求、架构、设计机制和模式等对软件质量有重大影响的核心要素 ——
分析与设计上,因而成功开发出了规模越来越大、复杂度越来越高、质量越来越好的软件产品与系统。 UML 作为工业界 OO
建模语言的事实上标准和主要的表达媒介,在软件的分析、设计、架构和模式表达这些场合能发挥关键的作用。所以,熟练地掌握并运用好 UML
是当今项目主管、系统分析员、架构师/设计师以及高级程序员等软件工程人员所必备的一项基本技能。 <br /></a></div>
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<td bgcolor="#ede9e4" bordercolor="#cccccc"><a href="http://www.zhangxun.com/_templates/tmpl_doc.aspx?sname=umlfaq&section=one#none"><添加新主题></a>
<a href="http://www.zhangxun.com/_templates/tmpl_news.aspx?sname=umlfaq" target="_blank"><所有评论></a> 共 1 个主题 2 条评论 </td></tr>
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<td bgcolor="#ffefdf" bordercolor="#cccccc">(1) <span class="CommentBrowserSubject" id="umlfaq_2280"><a href="http://www.zhangxun.com/_templates/tmpl_doc.aspx?sname=umlfaq&section=one#none">回复-可否推荐一些实用的
UML 学习资料</a>
<div class="popUp" id="umlfaq_2_content280">
不知你从事哪方面的软件开发,我想<a href="http://www.zhangxun.com/entry.aspx?sname=aup3" target="_blank">《UML和模式应用》</a>这本书应该很适合你,它的重点在讲一种流行的方法和实例,而不仅仅是语法。</div>
</span>(张恂
99 字 0 回复 E2007-1-18 10:16:39 LID:2 Hit:180)</td></tr>
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<td bgcolor="#ffefdf" bordercolor="#cccccc">(2) <span class="CommentBrowserSubject" id="umlfaq_1280"><a href="http://www.zhangxun.com/_templates/tmpl_doc.aspx?sname=umlfaq&section=one#none">[转]
可否推荐一些实用的 UML 学习资料</a>
<div class="popUp" id="umlfaq_1_content280">
你好,仔细阅读你的 <a href="http://www.zhangxun.com/entry.aspx?sname=umlfaq" target="_blank">UML FAQ</a>
后对 UML
是个什么东西很清楚了,准备对它定义的几种图,尤其是顺序图,状态图,类图进一步学习并应用,可否推荐一些实用的学习资料,希望有详尽实例的那种,而不是枯燥的谈语法.<br /><br />2007-1-17</div>
</span>(张恂
159 字 1 回复 E2007-1-18 10:15:33 LID:1 Hit:139)</td></tr>
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By <a href="http://forms.theregister.co.uk/mail_author/?story_url=/2007/01/17/5gl/">Philip
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Posted in <a href="http://www.theregister.co.uk/software/developer/">Developer</a>, <a href="http://www.theregister.co.uk/2007/01/17/">17th January 2007
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<strong class="trailer">Comment</strong> From time to time vendors in the
application development space have claimed 5GL (5th generation language)
capabilities. If you think about this for a moment you will realise that this
can't be true. The idea of GLs is that each is an abstraction of the former, so
we had machine code (on which I cut my teeth as a developer); assembler; third
generation languages such as COBOL, Java, C++ and so forth; and finally 4GLs
(now sometimes referred to as ABLs-advanced business languages-as 4GL seems to
be out of fashion).<br />
You can't get a further level of abstraction than a 4GL so there can't be
such a thing as a 5GL, just as you can't abstract further than
meta-meta-metadata (which is what high-end repositories provide).<br />
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So, if you can't get beyond a 4GL, what can you do to a 4GL to make it a
quantum step forward compared to current 4GLs, even if it isn't actually a
5GL?</div>
One possible answer is that you could build a data federation engine into the
development environment. This would allow you to create applications that
accessed diverse, heterogeneous data sources. Now, data federation has typically
been thought of as being used for EII (enterprise information integration) and
the premise has been that it is about queries. But a database look-up is, from a
theoretical perspective, just a query, even if it is going to be used for a
transactional application, so supporting data federation within a development
environment sense. Indeed, it is easy to see how such an approach could be used
for building MDM (master data management) applications, for example.<br />
So, is there anybody actually doing this? Well, as you might guess, yes. A
small UK company called Abbro Interactive has a tool called Abbro (now in
version 3-it has been in use for some seven years), which does exactly this. You
can go to the company's <a href="http://www.it-analysis.com/xurl.php?cid=9096&url=http://www.abbro.com/capability/index.php">website</a>
and take a look at the facilities provided but the key to note is that this is a
4GL with extras that, in the case of federation, includes the ability to reverse
engineer existing databases to create database views that can then be merged or
joined, and caching capabilities so that reading the same data from these
sources does not mean repeated database access.<br />
The product is based on its own scripting language which is interpreted
dynamically at run-time by the Abbro engine. It has to work this way because it
is intended that applications will be event-driven, so event exits may occur at
any time. Note that this facilitates the deployment of workflow as well as
alerts, notifications and so on. It includes the ability to scan documents and
populate forms therefrom, support for bar codes (and, at least in theory, RFID
tags) and GPS messages so that you can determine the locations of things.<br />
As I said: a 4GL with extras.<br />
However, you can't buy Abbro as a product: at present all you can do is to
have the company build an application for you using Abbro (based on a proof of
concept, if required), which should be significantly faster (in terms of
delivery) and cost less money than would normally be the case. Once you've got
the application you can customise it but the underlying logic will be developed
by Abbro Interactive for you. The company does have one package built on Abbro,
for export documentation, but its potential uses are much broader than this. The
company is considering how it might make use of channel partnerships but however
good the product is, we cannot expect to see widespread deployment while Abbro
itself remains the only company doing core development work.<br />
Copyright © 2007, <a href="http://www.it-analysis.com/" target="_blank">IT-Analysis.com</a></div>
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<h3>
2.2 程序设计语言的演变简史</h3>
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<div class="m_l_cont_note">
<a href="http://book.51cto.com/">http://book.51cto.com</a> 2010-07-06 09:30 王东青
清华大学出版社 <a href="http://www.51cto.com/php/feedbackt.php?id=209599">我要评论(<span id="feedback">0</span>)</a></div>
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<ul>
<li><span class="fa">摘要:</span>《计算机软件技术基础》第2章程序设计语言,本章不是研究某一种具体的程序设计语言的语法,而是讲述这些程序设计语言的共同特点。通过本章的学习,使读者对程序设计语言的特点、发展历史、基本语法、典型语言的特点以及程序设计语言的发展趋势有一个全面地概括性了解。本节为大家介绍程序设计语言的演变简史。
</li>
<li><span class="fa">标签:</span><a href="http://www.51cto.com/php/search.php?keyword=%BC%C6%CB%E3%BB%FA%C8%ED%BC%FE%BC%BC%CA%F5" target="_blank">计算机软件技术</a> <a href="http://www.51cto.com/php/search.php?keyword=%BC%C6%CB%E3%BB%FA%C8%ED%BC%FE%BC%BC%CA%F5%BB%F9%B4%A1" target="_blank">计算机软件技术基础</a>
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<a class="font_a" href="http://www.51cto.com/exp/oow2010/baoming/" style="font-size: 12px;" target="_blank">限时报名参加“甲骨文全球大会·2010·北京”及“JavaOne和甲骨文开发者大会2010”</a></div>
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<br />
<strong>2.2 程序设计语言的演变简史</strong><br />
最早的程序设计语言是机器语言,出现在20世纪50年代初。机器语言(machine language)也称为机器代码指令(machine code
instruction)。直接用二进制的机器代码指令编写的、由处理器执行的程序就是机器语言程序。这是早期的程序设计语言,虽然计算机可以直接执行这种语言编写的程序,而且效率高、速度快,但是这种程序的可读性较差、难以记忆、与计算机处理器硬件紧密相关导致可移植性差。第一个商用计算机UNIVAC就使用了机器语言编程。有人把这种语言称为第一代语言(first
generation language,1GL)。<br />
机器语言很快被称为第二代语言(2GL)的汇编语言所代替。汇编语言(assembly
language)是指用符号代替数字机器代码指令和其他常量进行编程的程序设计语言。汇编语言通常由计算机硬件制造商定义,使用的符号是有助于程序设计人员记忆的机器代码的缩写。被称为汇编程序的实用工具把汇编语言符号翻译成目标计算机的机器指令代码。这种语言依然是低级程序设计语言,因为一条汇编语言编写的语句只能翻译成一条机器指令代码。<br />
当一条程序语句能够翻译成多条机器指令代码时,这种语言就称为高级程序设计语言。例如FORTRAN、COBOL、BASIC等都是高级程序设计语言。<br />
第三代语言(3GL)是从2GL精炼而来的。2GL侧重于改进语言的逻辑结构,3GL主要是提高了语言的用户友好性。许多常见的语言都是3GL,例如FORTRAN、COBOL、BASIC、C、C++、Visual
Basic、Java、C#等,都是典型的3GL。下面,介绍一下这些典型语言的演变过程及其特点。<br />
1953年,IBM的John
Backus领导一个开发团队开始开发FORTRAN语言。1957年4月,第一个FORTRAN版本正式发布。这是一个优化的编译器,也是一个高级程序设计语言。FORTRAN是公式翻译系统(formula
translating system)的缩写。1966年FORTRAN语言被美国标准协会纳入标准,称为FORTRAN 66。与FORTRAN
66相比,1977年发布的FORTRAN 77语言有了许多重要的改变,特别是开始支持字符数据。1990年发布的Fortran
90语言增加了模块化编程并具备对象编程的特点。在发布的标准规范中,名称中的部分大写字母改成了小写字母。完全具备面向对象编程的版本是2003年发布的Fortran
2003,该版本与C语言具有互操作性。Fortran
2008语言在并行编程方面得到了增强。IBM开发的FORTRAN语言最早主要用于科学计算,后来逐渐应用在天气预报、有限元分析、流体力学、计算物理、计算化学等高性能计算领域。<br />
Grace Hopper于1959年提出了COBOL语言的第一个规范。COBOL是通用商业语言(common business-oriented
language)的简称,主要用于商业、金融、行政等行业领域。1968年,COBOL语言被纳入ANSI标准。2002年,COBOL语言被ISO接纳为标准。COBOL-2002包括了许多面向对象语言的特征,例如,支持本地语言、用户定义的函数、指针、在.NET和Java环境中执行等,并且还可以生成和分析XML语言。<br />
1964年,美国达特茅斯学院的两位教授John Kemeny和Thomas
Kurtz在教授计算机课程的时候,针对非计算机专业的学生的特点,提出了BASIC(beginner's all-purpose symbolic
instruction
code,针对初学者的一般用途的符号指令代码)语言。该语言采用了解释计算方式,具有简单易学的特点。在20世纪70、80年代出现了大量的BASIC语言变种,例如微软公司1981年发布的IBM
BASICA、Borland公司1985年发布的Turbo BASIC等。微软公司1991年推出的Visual
Basic语言,除了具有图形化用户界面、事件驱动编程、集成的开发环境等特点之外,继承了BASIC语言的许多特点。<br />
1972年,AT&T贝尔实验室的Dennis
Trichie在开发Unix操作系统的过程中,提出了C程序设计语言。之所以称为C语言,是因为其来自早期的B(BCPL)语言。1978年,Brian
Kernighan和Dennis Ritchie出版了《C程序设计语言》一书,该书详细描述了C语言的规范。1983年,C语言成为ANSI
C。1990年,ANSI C被纳为ISO标准。1999年,被称为C99的ISO/IEC 9899:1999标准引入了一些新的功能,包括内联函数、long
long
int数据类型、可变长度的数组、单行注释等。虽然C语言来自于操作系统的实现,但是现在也被广泛应用于开发各种可移植的应用程序,并且对后来的许多语言有重大的影响。例如,C++、Java、C#等语言都受到了C语言的显著影响。<br />
1979年,在贝尔实验室工作的、29岁的Bjarne
Stroustrup在写剑桥大学的博士论文时,对C语言进行了研究,并尝试在C语言中增加类以便增强C语言的功能。他的这项研究结果产生了C with
Classes语言。1983年,C with
Classes语言的名称改为C++语言,其中++表示增量运算符。与C语言相比,C++语言中增加了虚拟函数、函数名和运算符重载、引用、用户控制的内存控制等。1985年,《C++程序设计语言》一书出版。1989年,多继承性、抽象类、静态成员函数、常量成员函数、保护成员等功能被增加到C++语言中。1990年,C++中又增加了模板、异常处理、命名空间等功能。1998年,C++语言被纳入ISO/IEC标准体系中。2003年,新修订后的标准是ISO/IEC
14882:2003。目前,C++是一种非常流行的程序设计语言,在系统软件、应用软件、嵌入式软件、高性能服务器等诸多领域都有广泛的应用。<br />
Visual Basic是微软公司于1991年发布的、基于COM模型的、具有集成开发环境的第三代事件驱动式程序设计语言。在Visual
Basic语言中,可以使用拖拉技术创建表单,表单上可以放置控件,控件有属性和事件处理程序。使用Visual
Basic语言可以创建可执行程序、ActiveX控件、DLL文件等。1998年,微软发布的Visual Basic
6是该软件的最终版本,其后续版本被命名为Visual Basic .NET语言。2002年发布的Visual Basic
.NET是一种基于微软.NET框架的面向对象程序设计语言,该版本的语言与VB6开发的应用程序之间没有兼容性。2007年发布的Visual Basic
2008(也称为VB9)是与Microsoft .NET Framework
3.5对应的,增加了许多新的功能,例如条件运算符、匿名类型、LINQ支持、XML字符支持等。<br />
Java语言是1995年由Sun Microsystems公司发布的,是James
Gosling领导的开发小组开发的程序设计语言。最初的名称是Oak,后来命名为Java。Java源程序经过编译生成可以运行在Java虚拟机上的字节码,从而实现Write
Once,Run
Anywhere的跨平台运行目标。Java语言的主要特点包括:纯粹的面向对象语言、跨平台、编译-解释执行、支持多线程、支持分布式应用等。Java也是一种源代码开放软件。目前,Java语言是一种非常流行的程序设计语言,在许多领域都有广泛的应用。据TIOBE公司统计,Java语言在程序设计语言排行榜中持续多年名列榜首。<br />
C#语言是微软公司于2001年发布的、具有面向对象功能的、运行于.NET
Framework之上的程序设计语言。C#语言的主要开发人员是丹麦软件工程师Anders
Hejlsberg。C#继承了C和C++强大功能的同时,去掉了一些它们的复杂特性,例如没有宏和模板,不允许多重继承等。C#与Java有许多类似的地方,例如,与Java几乎同样的语法和编译成中间代码再运行的过程。但是,C#又与Java语言有显著的不同,它借鉴了Pascal、Delphi等语言的特点,是.NET程序开发的首选语言工具。2001年,ECMA接受C#语言为其标准,并发布了ECMA-334C#语言标准规范。2003年,C#语言也成为ISO/IEC
23270标准。<br />
第四代语言(4GL)是从3GL演变而来的,具有更高抽象级别程序设计语言或程序设计环境。虽然说3GL是更加自然的、块结构的语言,但是3GL的开发方法依然比较缓慢、容易出错。与3GL相比,4GL是针对特定目的的、面向问题和系统工程的程序设计语言。目前,4GL可以分为一般作用的语言(例如Clipper、Foxpro、PowerBuilder等)、数据库查询语言(例如SQL语言)、报表生成语言(例如Metafont、Oracle
Report、NATURAL等语言)、<span style="background-color: #ffaf00; color: #ce3a2b;">数据操纵和统计分析语言(例如<u>MATLAB、SAS、SPSS、Stata等语言</u>)、Web开发语言(例如ColdFusion)</span>等。<br />
目前,有关第五代语言(5GL)的话题正处于讨论中。一般地认为,5GL关注的是约束条件和逻辑,而不是如何去实现算法。例如,对于一个给定的问题,5GL侧重于写出解决这种问题需要的条件和约束,而不是关注如何编写算法来解决这种问题。5GL主要用于解决人工智能领域中的问题。</div>
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</div>sfebbf@gmail.comhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03493373165705385749noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3520553598370090588.post-10031734652992921322012-04-23T02:08:00.000+08:002012-04-23T02:08:08.918+08:00第五代PaaS (第五代开发语言平台及服务) 热 荐 ★★★ 【字体:小 大】<table class="MS_WH_ZoneRow">
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<td class="Article_tdbgall" colspan="2">作者:佚名 文章来源:本站原创 点击数:
200 更新时间:2009-8-11 <a href="javascript:d=document;t=d.selection?(d.selection.type!='None'?d.selection.createRange().text:''):(d.getSelection?d.getSelection():'');void(vivi=window.open('http://vivi.sina.com.cn/collect/icollect.php?pid=2008&title='+escape(d.title)+'&url='+escape(d.location.href)+'&desc='+escape(t),'vivi','scrollbars=no,width=480,height=480,left=75,top=20,status=no,resizable=yes'));vivi.focus();"><img align="absMiddle" border="0" src="http://ecloud.com.cn/images/vivi_coop1.gif" /></a></td></tr>
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<span><span style="font-family: 宋体;">新闻导读:本文从每一代开发语言的角度分析了</span><a class="channel_keylink" href="http://www.ecloud.com.cn/Article/Cnews/Index.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 宋体;">Paas</span></a><span style="font-family: 宋体;">(平台及服务),给我们在开发语言的方面有了新的视野和角度。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥;"><span style="font-family: 宋体;">同时关注两家模棱两可的工业标准和晦涩的词语</span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 9pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥;"><span style="font-family: 宋体;">我们能得到什么呢?那么,对所有你的怀疑者们,答案不是</span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 9pt;">“</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥;"><span style="font-family: 宋体;">一个巨大的市场机遇!</span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 9pt;"> ”
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<span style="font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥;"><span style="font-family: 宋体;">认真严肃的汇总,这两个代表未来很有潜力的版本</span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 9pt;">;</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥;"><span style="font-family: 宋体;">在未来</span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 9pt;">“</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥;"><span style="font-family: 宋体;">没有程序员</span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 9pt;">”
</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥;"><span style="font-family: 宋体;">的世界里,即有人没有经验</span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 9pt;">“</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥;"><span style="font-family: 宋体;">编写代码</span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 9pt;">”
</span><span style="font-family: 宋体;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥;">,也可以快速创建灵活的软件解决方案,实际上增强了实业的流程,并能满足实际业务需求。这是个有趣的设想,其中包括在我们今天可以看到的一个更深入的渗透应用自动化,包括无缝链接外部数据源。</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 9pt;">
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<span style="font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥;"><span style="font-family: 宋体;">在这里有两个难以置信的价值驱动,对他们的规模和可能产生的影响的理解是非常重要</span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 9pt;">;
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 9pt;">1,</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥;"><span style="font-family: 宋体;">启动非程序员写程序</span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 9pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥;"><span style="font-family: 宋体;">(</span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 9pt;">
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 9pt;">2,</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥;"><span style="font-family: 宋体;">增强商业化,以驱动他们的技术比今天更加深入他们的组织。</span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 9pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥;"><span style="font-family: 宋体;">(提高</span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 9pt;">80
</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥;"><span style="font-family: 宋体;">%生产率,或更多?</span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 9pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥;"><span style="font-family: 宋体;">)</span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 9pt;">
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<span style="font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥;"><span style="font-family: 宋体;">两者合计,这些因素都代表着生产力的革命和自动化正在发生的。</span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 9pt;"> ... </span><span style="font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥;"><span style="font-family: 宋体;">假如它是容易的事</span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 9pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥;"><span style="font-family: 宋体;">就会有更多的企业云产生。</span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 9pt;">
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 9pt;">5GL</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥;"><span style="font-family: 宋体;">的概念和</span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 9pt;"><a class="channel_keylink" href="http://www.ecloud.com.cn/Article/Cnews/Index.html" target="_blank">Paas</a></span><span style="font-family: 宋体;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥;">似乎是钥匙打开了这一设想。为了解释他们,让我们掌握两个概念并且解剖他们。</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 9pt;">
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<span><span style="font-family: 宋体;">什么是第五代语言(</span> 5GL <span style="font-family: 宋体;">)</span> <span style="font-family: 宋体;">?</span>
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<span style="font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥;"><span style="font-family: 宋体;">想象一下,一把尺子。一端的规则是一个非常具体的标准,仅仅是计算机能识别精确的语言,基本上是</span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 9pt;">“</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥;"><span style="font-family: 宋体;">一</span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 9pt;">”</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥;"><span style="font-family: 宋体;">和</span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 9pt;">“</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥;"><span style="font-family: 宋体;">零</span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 9pt;">”
</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥;"><span style="font-family: 宋体;">。另一端的规则是广泛的,有时不完整,往往被误解的语言,人类的语言。机器语言被称为第一代语言,</span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 9pt;"> 1GL </span><span style="font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥;"><span style="font-family: 宋体;">。随着计算机的历史演变,</span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 9pt;"> “</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥;"><span style="font-family: 宋体;">编程语言</span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 9pt;">”</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥;"><span style="font-family: 宋体;">,并一步一步的接近人类的语言。</span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 9pt;"> <span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>
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<span style="font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥;"><span style="font-family: 宋体;">每一次重大突破,在向人类语言靠近,一个新一代的语言被创造出来。这里给你一个非常粗糙集的例子给你理解</span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 9pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥;"><span style="font-family: 宋体;">它是如何工作的</span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 9pt;">; 2GL –</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥;"><span style="font-family: 宋体;">汇编语言。</span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 9pt;">
3GL -</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥;"><span style="font-family: 宋体;">结构化的语言</span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 9pt;">;COBOL , Java</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥;"><span style="font-family: 宋体;">,</span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 9pt;"> C +
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-</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥;"><span style="font-family: 宋体;">解决具体的需要的工具集,思想,</span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 9pt;"> RAD</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥;"><span style="font-family: 宋体;">工具,</span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 9pt;">
OLAP</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥;"><span style="font-family: 宋体;">工具,某些</span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 9pt;">Web</span><span style="font-family: 宋体;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥;">开发环境。请记住,每一个进步,有计划的语言的通信会大幅度削减开发成本,提高开发人员的效率,并最终提高企业的生产力。</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 9pt;">
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 9pt;">5GL</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥;"><span style="font-family: 宋体;">必须进一步向人类语言的道路前进</span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 9pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥;"><span style="font-family: 宋体;">。有些人会认为你不能抽象的一个抽象的事物,因此</span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 9pt;">5GL</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥;"><span style="font-family: 宋体;">的是不可能的。还有人认为,真正的</span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 9pt;">5GL</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥;"><span style="font-family: 宋体;">的影响是在解释人命令的计算机智能。最后,有些人会说,</span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 9pt;"> “</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥;"><span style="font-family: 宋体;">如果它发展更快,因此它一定是</span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 9pt;">RAD</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥;"><span style="font-family: 宋体;">工具,是</span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 9pt;">
4GL <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>;</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥;"><span style="font-family: 宋体;">然而,问题是,</span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 9pt;">
<u><span style="background-color: #ffaf00; color: #c41200;">4GL</span></u></span><span style="font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥;"><span style="font-family: 宋体;"><u><span style="background-color: #ffaf00; color: #c41200;">仍然是涉及代码和程序员</span></u>。尽管如此,许多人说,</span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 9pt;"> 5GL</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥;"><span style="font-family: 宋体;">的特点将是某种形式的可视化编程语言,这样的说明可能更加接近真实。</span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 9pt;">
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<span style="font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥;"><span style="font-family: 宋体;">我见过的统计数字说,每一个人用</span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 9pt;">3GL</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥;"><span style="font-family: 宋体;">写代码,有几千人用高阶工具工作(我认为</span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 9pt;">Visual Basic</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥;"><span style="font-family: 宋体;">中,实际上是高阶工具中引用的统计)</span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 9pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥;"><span style="font-family: 宋体;">。</span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 9pt;">5GL</span><span style="font-family: 宋体;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥;">的承诺是使成千上万同时工作,在以前只能一个人做的。在今天可以为商业做什么了?</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 9pt;">
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<span><span style="font-family: 宋体;">什么是平台及服务(</span>PASS<span style="font-family: 宋体;">)</span> <span style="font-family: 宋体;">?</span>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 9pt;">PASS</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥;"><span style="font-family: 宋体;">似乎仅仅是任何形式的</span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 9pt;">“</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥;"><span style="font-family: 宋体;">开发平台</span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 9pt;">”
</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥;"><span style="font-family: 宋体;">,也就是服务,作为一项服务在互联网上。</span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 9pt;">PASS</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥;"><span style="font-family: 宋体;">要求的方案加以利用的能力,</span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 9pt;">PASS </span><span style="font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥;"><span style="font-family: 宋体;">本身不能这么做。实在没有什么好论点来确切定义,但它并没有真正讨论与</span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 9pt;">5GL</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥;"><span style="font-family: 宋体;">相关的。我认为</span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 9pt;">PASS</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥;"><span style="font-family: 宋体;">是一个</span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 9pt;">5GL</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥;"><span style="font-family: 宋体;">的关键因素消除系统管理的各种担忧和其他硬件有关的问题,通常需要一支训练有素的个人共同工作,通过某种代码或命令行界面。</span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 9pt;">PASS</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥;"><span style="font-family: 宋体;">,创建者简单的</span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 9pt;">“</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥;"><span style="font-family: 宋体;">登陆</span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 9pt;">”</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥;"><span style="font-family: 宋体;">和</span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 9pt;">“</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥;"><span style="font-family: 宋体;">创建</span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 9pt;">” ...
</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥;"><span style="font-family: 宋体;">,然后利用简单的工具,部署,管理和执行其他任务,以维持必要的生产环境,往往只要点击。</span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 9pt;">
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华山论剑 — 未来软件开发的语言和工具</h1>
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16:42:00 来源:<a href="http://company.ca800.com/index.asp?id=38187">北京世纪长秋科技有限公司</a></td></tr>
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<strong>前言:</strong>自计算机问世以来其应用领域不断扩大,相关产业迅速发展,软件市场的蓬勃发展各种编程语言也孕育而生,到目前为止,编程语言已发展到第四阶段,开发工具更是层出不穷。<br /> “攻欲善其事必先利其器”,这是众所周知的道理。一件好的“利器”,就使让我们的工作事半功倍。现在主流的开发语言和开发工具包罗万象,一时间很难把握,那么就让我们从当前社会的主要编程语言,编程工具出发,回顾一下发展过程,历史环境及他们当今所主要涉及的领域等几个方面,从中展望未来的发展趋势。<br />
<strong>编程语言及开发工具的发展史</strong><br /> 第一代编程语言:机器语言。一种很古老的语言。对象很简单就是“0”和“1”。相对应的编程工具是纸带和打孔器。因为计算机多为8位,16位,32位和64位,每次处理一个字节。原理也很简单,1的位就打孔,0的位保留。利用光学原理,遮光为0,透光为1。根据定义位置取得指令和操作数。这种语言比较古老,这里不做表述。<br /> 第二代编程语言:汇编语言。和机器语言一样,也是面向机器的语言,利用计算机所有硬件特性并能直接控制硬件的语言。优点是可以直接操作计算机硬件,速度快。缺点则是太难理解,所以除非本人所写,且不好维护。不过这里写出的程序是半成品,需要手动汇编成目标文件再连接成中间文件,最后才能生成可执行文件。<br /> 第三代编程语言:面向过程的编程语言。刚刚问世时叫高级语言,意思为比更接近人的语言。Basic,Fortran
,Cobol ,C,Pascal
等等真正叫做高级语言的原因是它们已有属于自己的编译系统、开发包等,要执行必须通过编译器才行。相比于机器语言和汇编语言,这次是以人类逻辑思维角度出发设计的计算机语言,抽象程度大大提高,模块化思想的引入使得程序更加清晰。可它的缺点是非常难讲述,因为它就是基于面向过程的思想创建,所以自然不具备面向对象的特点。<br /> 第四代编程语言:面向对象的编程语言。这就是当前主流的开发语言。如C++、Java等。它的几个特点为:(1)封装性,是基于安全考虑。(2)继承性,是基于扩展处理。(3)多态性,更多考虑到灵活性和重用性。第四代语言的开发工具种类丰富。MicroSoft公司的VS系列有多种VC—C++,VB—Basic,VJ—Java,VF—FoxBase,还有基于DotNet平台的C#(最新VS2010还推出F#)等等。如日中天的Java开发工具也很多,下文将根据软件开发未来的发展趋势谈到相关的一部分。<br /> 以上是四代的编程语言简述,对于第五代编程语言,有很多人提出想法,不过到目前为止还没有任何一个方案能脱颖而出,笑傲群雄。<br />
<strong>主流编程语言及工具主要涉及的领域</strong> 到今天,机器语言早已绝迹于江湖,成为古老的传说。汇编语言和C语言基本统治操作系统内核、工业控制、实时系统等领域。近些年在世面上较火的Linux系统下主要用的就是C语言,C++不仅支持面向对象的编程,也支持面向过程的结构程序设计。<br /> 目前在通信、网络、图形、图像、多媒体平台等领域优势比较明显。在这些领域通常都有很高的性能要求,C++有较高执行效率(汇编和C的执行效率更高但实在难以实现),再加上开发商在开发包方面的重点“照顾”,而使其它语言在算法精度较高的编程方面不能望其项背。<br /> 曾经有句非常经典的老话:“真正的程序员用VC,聪明的程序员用Delphi。”粗略一看好像这句话有问题,VC是编程工具,而Delphi是编程语言,其实不然。在Delphi1到Delphi7是用Object
Pascal语言,到Delphi8以后才改叫Delphi语言,这与平时听到人们讲“我会VC”完全是两回事。VC是编程工具,斧头是伐木工具,如果你因为会伐木就说,“我会斧头”就贻笑大方了,正常的说法应该是“我会用VC”。delphi当初虽是Borland公司研发,但在Windows(上的大多数)编程方面,比VS(包括VC)更容易上手,与WinAPI连接更紧密,(使用者)更容易实现预定的目标,而且更容易做更漂亮的界面。<br /> 现在大名鼎鼎的QQ最初就是delphi开发,2001年后才逐渐改为VC开发,常用的迅雷也有很多是delphi的版本。简而言之,05年以前凡是VC做到的,delphi同样能做得到(甚至更好),随着Borland公司希望把更多精力投入在新看好的应用程序生命周期管理(ALM)业务上,<br />Delphi(目前的编程工具属于IDE业务)的传奇之路也走到尽头。95年以后互联网的大跃进,<strong><span style="color: blue;">B/S结构越来越受到人们的推宠</span></strong>。APS,PHP,Java……一时间各路英豪各显伸手。<br />
<strong>未来编程语言和工具发展趋势</strong><br /> 未来编程语言和工具的发展趋势大至取决于三个方面,第一,未来计算机网络工作框架及工作模式;第二,当前开发工具对开发语言的支持程度与硬件发展;第三,各种语言的本身的生命力和活力。<br /> 20年后的计算机网络,我们都知道<strong><span style="background-color: #ffaf00; color: #c41200;">将会进入到“云计算”时代。“云计算”是大量的网络计算机为我们提供计算机所需的各种服务,而非本地计算机。只需一个浏览器,甚至不需要操作系统,一切工作都通过网络来实现。现在“云计算”已经开始试探性进入我们的生活</span></strong>。<br /> 做为“云计算”的先锋,可以用到一些在线的工具系统,比如,在线办公、在线电视、在线翻译……,其中很多内容都基于“云计算”模式,尽管还不完善,但也初具规模。不完善是因为在线工作的服务器处理能力不够,网络带宽不够或算法不佳导致的流量分配不合理等,在这里扮演最主要角色的还是服务器的处理能力。现在的高端和大型服务器几乎都被IBM和SUN公司“垄断”。SUN是Java之父,对Java呵护倍至,而IBM更是用一半的力量把其相所有关代码用Java重新编写,并且用另一半的力量在推广Java。不要怀疑Java的开发前景,<strong><span style="background-color: #ffaf00; color: #c41200;">Java在未来必定是与大型服务器贴合的最紧密、兼容性、有效性最好的语言</span></strong>,<strong><span style="background-color: #ffaf00; color: #c41200; font-size: large;">Eclipse也将成最火的编程工具</span></strong>。(其实现在Java已经在各种编程语言使用量中排名第一,最近10年中更是9年排名榜首,仅2005年一次失手屈居第二)。<br /> <strong><span style="font-size: large;">Java统治互联网是必然趋势</span></strong>,但Python在未来(桌面程序)扮演重要角色也绝对不能说成是意外。Python具有<strong><span style="color: black;">非常简捷而清晰的语法特点</span></strong>,适合完成各种高层任务,几乎可以在所有的操作系统中运行。更重要的一点是,Python本身的设计理念
“There should be one-- and preferably only one --obvious way to do
it”,译成汉语就是对于一个特定的问题,只要有一种明显、最好(完美)的方法来解决就可以。这个设计理念本身很符合未来开发团队的胃口。如果(不用Python来编写)一个软件工程只有概设,没有详设,那最后由工程师写出来的程序很可能是五花八门个性化实足,就算编程人员有很好的开发素养,编码风格统一,也不能保证使用的方法相同,这样程序升级和维护就很受人员限制且效率低下。<br /> 但如果你使用Python就完全不一样,Python是一种代表简单主义思想的语言。<strong><span style="color: black;">阅读一个良好的Python程序就感觉像是在读英语一样</span></strong>,尽管这个英语的要求非常严格!<span style="background-color: #ffaf00; color: #c41200;"><strong>Python的这种伪代码本质是它最大的优点之一</strong></span>,它使你<strong>能够专注于解决问题而不是去搞明白语言本身</strong>。Python号称“胶水语言”他能够很轻松的把用其他语言制作的各种模块(尤其是C/C++)轻松地联结在一起。常见的一种应用情形是,使用python快速生成程序的原型(有时甚至是程序的最终界面),然后对其中有特别要求的部分,用更合适的语言改写,比如3D游戏中的图形渲染模块速度要求非常高,就可以用C++重写。<span style="background-color: #ffaf00; color: #c41200; font-size: small;">Python是最早的(基于互联网的)在线开发语言,Google在推出在线office之后,就把在线Python推给网友,在Google的背景支持下Python肯定会很有前景。</span> 一种编语言能不能广泛的推广,很大一部分原因取决于它的开发工具好不好用;一种语言开发的软件能不能大量使用,则取决于它的开发包支持的够不够好。<br /> C++曾经的状元,在92年VC1.0问世开创可视化编程后,98年VC6.0达到巅峰。除了MicroSoft在02年发布基于WinXP的SDK以后,就基本没有大的动作。VC7,VC8,VC9都只是在编程界面上下的功夫,开发包也没有太多增加。2006年底Vista上市,可支持相关的开发包直到08年VS2008的SP1补丁包中才发布。最近版的VS2010测试版在09年Win7闪亮登场后,终于千呼万唤始出来。这次对VC10在开发工具上确实有不少改进,对C++语法也增加不少支持。VC10增加生成调用树的功能,可以把有层次的调用关系树型表示出来,使程序人员对逻辑结构更加清晰。VC10新加一机多配显示器的功能,并配合程序内部即用即生成的功能,在新增的对函数的模糊查找功能,据说还增强智能感知功能,可以高亮引用。<br /> C++的优势在于效率,归根到底还是因为它是编译型语言,产生的代码将有很多工作在寄存器中执行。而Java的是解释型语言,大多代码执行都要入栈,因为寄存器是在CPU中,它的访问速度比内存访问速度快好几个数量级。计算(PC)机的芯片大多都是register
computer型(如Intel,
AMD),所以Java目前的执行速度没办法与C++相比。<br /> 之所以现在的嵌入式领域Java比C++流行,就是因为大多数嵌入式芯片都是stack
computer型。那你会问,为什么不都采用register
computer型的芯片呢?原因不言自明,为了跨平台(跨CPU),现在我们用是双核芯片,但在本机线程都不能跨CPU,何谈“云计算”(云计算本质就是分布式计算)。既然高端大型服务器都被IBM和SUN“垄断”。那CPU的发展又何去何从呢?当C++不再拥有速率优势的时候,是不是有人会说“廉颇老矣”呢。<br /> 近年来C++的使用量大大下降,要不是与C语言天然的裙带关系,要不是开源的程序在支撑门面,恐怕光靠VC,C++早就江河日下。评论一个事物有没有生命力,就要看它当前的发展程度和未来的发展趋势。Java是由C++中的一流高手设计出来的语言,天然性的摒弃一些C++中不妥不安全不稳定的机制,反射机制又使Java如虎添翼。Java的开源框架资料随处可见,WebLogic,TomCat也都开源可寻,可C++的框架却很少。ACE虽然出名但能拿到源码吗?只能配置。经常会有人问可不可以写个C++版的Hibernate给C++程序员来用,连数据库也不能跨平台。每次提到Hibernate,我不仅联想到风马牛不相及的词汇:哈勃定律。哈勃定律是天文学上的定律,是指所有的星系之间有互相远离的趋势,而且远离的速度越来越大,以此来证明宇宙不断膨胀。Java和C++是不是也像软件行业中的两颗行星呢?<br /> 活力对于任何开发语言来都是永恒的话题,有没有活力就要看是否与世界上最热门的技术的紧密联系,以及有多少人在关心它。Java已经在3G、数字电视等多个领域都有所建树。Java拥有世界上最多的软件工程师,看看大街小巷各种软件培训的传单,就能看出来人们对这门开发语言有多么关心。<br /> 综上所述,在未来的20年中汇编和C仍然会在操作系统内核、工业控制、实时系统等领域独树一职,<span style="background-color: #ffaf00; color: #c41200; font-size: large;"><strong>Java在互联网上称王</strong></span>,<strong><span style="color: black; font-size: small;">Python会成为团队开发新的尊者</span></strong>,C++则在目前涉及领域继续发挥余热并与Python成为好伙伴。<br />
<strong>篇后语:</strong><br /> Java本身是以C++为基础设计,包括Eclipse的好多版本也是用VC来写,如果C++真的不能在未来软件市场王者归来,那会不会是命运的安排?至于Python做为黑客教学的语言,成为未来开发团队标准的开发语言。是不是上天故意开下的一个玩笑?!一切都让我们拭目以待。■
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微软架构师谈编程语言发展</h1>
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<a href="http://archive.it168.com/user/%cf%fe%d0%dc/" target="_blank">晓熊</a><a href="http://www.ca800.com/zt/2010pinpai/" target="_blank">作者:<b class="red"><span style="color: #cc0000;">CSDN </span></b> </a><a href="http://archive.it168.com/10004/2009/2009-02-20.shtml" target="_blank">2009-02-20</a><a href="http://www.ca800.com/zt/2010pinpai/" target="_blank">
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<b>【IT168 评论】</b><br />
大约2个月前,在Herb
Sutter的网站上看到了一个链接,内容是Channel9网站对他和其他三名微软架构师就“编程语言发展”进行的采访,架构师中有Anders
Hejlsberg。一看之下,就被这个</div>
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<a href="http://movie.it168.com/" style="color: black;" target="_blank">视频</a><a href="http://www.ca800.com/zt/2010pinpai/" target="_blank">迷住了。这些大师站在历史的高度,通观全局又不失细节,高屋建瓴,有点有面地谈到了多个语言的发展和语言间的相互关系。看完之后,感到视野得到了不小地开拓,对于语言、框架、工具的关系;对于静态(动态)类型、函数(命令)型编程;对于“可组合性”、“并发性”、“抽象层次”都有了更多的认识。
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<a href="http://www.ca800.com/zt/2010pinpai/" target="_blank"> 说开点,随着互联网的真正深入生活,随着“多核”时代的到来,IT技术领域正在经历一场变革。这场变革和“可组合性”、“并发性”这两个关键词息息相关。围绕着这两个关键词,若干新点子,新技术被提出来,而这些新技术往往与</a><a href="http://software.it168.com/" style="color: black;" target="_blank">软件</a><a href="http://www.ca800.com/zt/2010pinpai/" target="_blank">产业生产者所用的工具——编程语言紧密相关。因此,作为一个软件职业者(或爱好者),听听大师的谈话,对于把握这场变革的脉搏,跟上变革的潮流都不无裨益。看完视频,感到由于语言关系,如此好的材料无法为广大中国程序员所知,实在是个遗憾,于是萌发了编译的念头。水平所限,错误难免,欢迎大家指正!此文在本人博客上发布后,drdirac和pongba
两位朋友对译文提出了若干补充和修正,在此表示感谢!
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<a href="http://www.ca800.com/zt/2010pinpai/" target="_blank"> Charles:今天的访谈主要讨论两个相关的论题:可组合性与编程语言。作为程序员,当我们构造系统时,总是要面对这两个问题。你们是创设语法,搭建架构的人。所以,我想讨论的一点是,你们是如何协调工作的?三个语言——C#、VB和C++都在演进,同时又服务于不同目的,C++更多服务于系统级,C#和VB更多偏向应用层面这一切是如何形成的?你们一起工作吗?你们是如何决定语言创新的?你们是一起设计,还是想到什么后再与他人共享?<br />
Anders:我想,你说的两种情况都存在。早在做LINQ之前,Erik就在COmega项目上做了不少工作。LINQ和COmega相互影响,相似之处很多。我和他一直在讨论相关问题。实际上,Erik也在C#设计组中,我们总是在交换意见。VB组和C++组的人也在一幢楼里,大家经常碰到一起。<br />
Charles:但我的意思是,你们是否也像最终用户一样对自己做出区分?比如,有的事情在VB中能做,C#中就做不了。例如,VB以非常简单的方式实现了完全的晚绑定,而C#中根本没有晚绑定。为什么VB和C#如此不同?你们有意这样设计的吗?<br />
Anders:我认为,影响这个问题更多的是历史原因。VB有其悠久而丰富的历史。VB刚出现时就是晚绑定语言,没有任何类型。很显然,晚绑定对VB来说有某种核心作用。但是,从那时起,VB已逐步演进为一种更“强类型”的语言,到现在,你甚至可以把VB看作一种支持晚绑定的强类型语言。呵呵。实际的过程刚好相反。C#从一开始就是强类型语言,而且,直到现在我们都坚持早绑定。这并非说C#未来也不会支持晚绑定,但是,它很可能以不同于VB的方式来做,而且可能会有所改进。C#是否支持晚绑定其实只是一种选择。对于老式的弱类型对象模型来说,比如OLE,如果我们从晚绑定角度出发,会比从早绑定角度出发好讨论得多,因为这种对象模型无非就是对象若干方法的交互,反射等。<br />
Herb:在一定程度上,用户造成了语言之间的差异。对于靠近底层编程的C和C++程序员来说,性能永远都是一个主要问题。你可能发现不同语言有不同特性,但是,更经常的,你会发现这些不同特性想要解决的是同一类问题,比如,“并发执行”。现在,没人能忽视这个问题。在未来5到10年,一种语言如果想留在主流编程语言的队伍中,这个问题就无法忽视,因为这是硬件的发展方向。我们正处于一个新时代——50年来,我们首次在非单核的机器上工作。任何人都无法忽视这点。因此,就这点来说,大家面临相似的问题。但是,根据处理方式、语法的不同,具体特性也会不尽相同。我也相信,不同语言推出相似特性的时间先后顺序也不相同,因为不同语言服务于不同客户群体,客户要求不同。就像Anders所说,各种情况都有一些。<br />
Erik:我给个具体例子,说明VB和C#的差异。这例子是“无名表达式(或lambda表达式)”。我们想在VB中加入这种功能。首先就是寻找正确的语法。我们向VB项目组要到了VB的主名称表,名称表中的名字往往对VB和C#都适用。但是,这次他们想要更像关键字的名字,而不是像C#那样长长的名字,他们觉得像关键字的名字更加“VB化”一些。这里你看到的就是语法上的区别。但在语义上也有区别。当你查看一个大函数内部嵌套很深的结构,比如for循环时,语言是何时、如何处理变量捕获、如何进行实例保护就非常不同。在C#中,每次循环时实例都被保护,而VB有点像JavaScript,变量被隐性提升到函数顶部。所以,在变量捕获方面也存在语义上的区别。有时,这些区别极其细微,你必须用非常变态的程序才能观察到。<br />
Anders:只要你写出依赖这样的特性的程序,我们就能找出成百的Bug。<br />
Brian:你逃不出“作战室”的。(译者注:微软“作战室”,是产品、程序、测试人员一起确认需求、找Bug之所在。)<br />
Charles:这样看来,大家都同意不同语言在相互影响,不断演进。对于VB和C#来说,有相同的核心:处理引擎,你们必须在CLR的基础上出发,随着CLR的演进而演进。很显然,C++属于另一个世界。但各种语言要互相影响,你们必须在C#中加点什么来吸引用户,让他们用C#而不是VB.NET,是吧?应该不止是语法的区别,语言中必须还有一些核心的东西来吸引用户。<br />
Herb:你说得对。但是,我不同意你提出的理由,说我们必须在各自的语言中加点什么特性吸引用户,从而使他们不去使用其他的微软的语言。为什么呢?比如我更加关心使用C++或者C#的用户到底需要什么,怎样才能帮助他们把工作完成得更好。也许某种语言性能强大,但我的工作是怎样才能使客户的工作更成功?我必须要考虑客户会如何集成,我怎样做才能使客户工作得更好,这也是CLR的核心所在,因为目前已经不是靠一种语言就能完成整个项目的时代了。我怀疑在稍有点规模的项目中,是否还有人仅仅依靠一种开发语言。<br />
一般说来,你用脚本语言写代码;其他语言写工具和组件;系统语言写核心——不停地在做集成。这就带来了我们所讨论的“可组合性”的问题。因为“可组合性”本质上就是跨语言的问题。当你写Web浏览器时,你不知道某个插件是用C#、C++,某种CLR扩展,还是其他什么写的。不管如何,这些东西必须一起工作,这就是主要的挑战。因为,要想使这种“可组合性”成为现实,我们必须时时将CLR和CLR以外的东西当作白盒来考虑。但是,这样做的时候又会碰到“锁”的问题。“并发执行”已经越来越重要了,但是,“锁”完全不具备可组合性。因此,这是“可组合性”面对的主要障碍。总之,对我而言,这更多的是一个语言交互的问题,而非语言竞争的问题。<br />
Brian:我在一定程度上代表了用户。我是个物理学家,同时,我也经常写点小程序,进行模拟和仿真,解决一些数学问题。要想成功,“可组合性”对我的来说非常重要。我可以不在乎编程语言,但是我很在乎该语言是否有我所需要的组件。基本上,我十分愿意使用任何能使我的工作更简单的编程语言。<br />
这里,我要戴上顶“老人”帽,谈谈历史上非常少的成功软件之一:数值计算库。这些东西是N年以前用Fortran写的。几十年以来,人们用这些库解决了许多非常重要的科学问题。任何头脑正常的人都不会想重新写一个“线性代数包”或者类似的东西。有许多数学家终其一生在完善这些软件包。我们需要的是“互操作性”,更是“可组合性”。所有人都知道,Fortran不支持递归,因为变量基于引用传递。这就带来了包接口的问题:如果你想要集成自身就做集成的东西,你就不能在用这个包来集成自己,这行不通。回到C++、C#和VB上,这些语言我都使用,但更喜欢C#一些,主要因为它的操作符重载。为什么我喜欢操作符重载?因为我做奇怪的线代计算,如四元数、八元数,此时用一个小加号就能够代表一大堆怪异的计算。<br />
可能听上去有点像是使用模板,但绝不是这样,我一用模板就会开始想:模板的预处理器是完备的,也许我可以仅用模板就实现出一个链表处理库来解决。很快,我就会偏离真正的数学思考。在应用程序绝对需要晚绑定的场合,比如,那些小的计算模拟器。此时,我很自然地会选择VB。至于C++,大多数时候,它被用来实现其他的语言。在用于科学的环境下,我多次实现过Scheme。总之,就是泛谈“可组合性”。<br />
Anders:当我开始编程生涯时,进入编程这行的学习曲线就是:学习要使用的编程语言本身。各个编程语言几乎在每个方面都不相同。语法是你要学习的很大一部分。但这是以前的事了,现在你要学习巨大的框架,这个框架正越变越大,语法只是顶上的一颗“小樱桃”,我认为这方面确实进展很大。但是,实际上起作用的东西是学习所有的API,学习你所基于的,越来越大的平台或者框架。如今,学习曲线的90%都耗费在这上面。掌握了这些,你就可以在C++、C#或者VB.NET什么的之间,毫不费力地进行语言转换,将部分项目使用这种语言,部分项目使用那种,并且找出组合这些语言的解决方案。相对于以前,实际上是不久之前,这是个主要的进步。当然,所有这些得以出现,是由于有了通用的类型系统,以及各种语言中的那些抽象。每种语言之间的差别则是细微的,而且这些差别说不上来有什么特别的理由。<br />
Brian:有时,这些语言必须综合运用。比如,如今的Windows编程就是一大苦事:你必须懂PHP、JavaScript、HTML、XML、SQL等等,要把这些东西全写到名片上,你就只有小小的一块地方可以写自己的名字了。当然,能够同时使用多种语言也有好处,至少你可以选择自己喜欢的语法。<br />
Erik:我们的编程语言之所以有差异,还是因为这些语言没有能够统一起来,在语言下面还有若干不一致的地方,我们实际上是被强迫使用不同的东西。CLR就不一样,基于CLR上使用相同的库,这些语言之间的排他性就要少一些,你可以选择,而非被迫使用某种特定的语言。<br />
Brian:目前我们做得很多工作就是减少大家被迫使用某种语言这种情况。我们努力改进平台,增加更多的功能,提供更多的.NET库。<br />
Charles:但是,C++除之外,像VB和C#这样的语言,确实绑定在某个框架上。这样的话,在一定意义上是否有局限性?如函数型程序等将如何融入到我们所谈的巨大的框架中呢?比如Haskell,又比如流行的F#,它们的结构与现在的语言完全不同。<br />
Erik:如果我们用“命令型语言”编程,我们的基本成份是“语句”。“语句”使用并且共享“状态”,从而导致不太好的“可组合性”。你不能拿着两段语句,然后简单地把它们粘合到一起,因为它们的全局状态不能很好地交互。这就导致“命令型语言”不能很好地组合到一起。如果你看看LINQ,就会发现我们已经更多地采用“函数型语言”的风格,所有的东西都基于表达式。“表达式”从其定义来说就是可组合的。从一定意义上来说,我认为在C#3和VB9中没有什么东西是Haskell或F#中没有的。这里面有一些深奥的事情,如果你看看Haskell的类型系统,你就会发现这个类型系统跟踪程序的副作用。这给了你一定形式的可组合性。现在你虽然不能把有某种副作用的语句组合到有其他副作用的语句上,但是,你可以组合副作用相同的东西。F#有一个非常强悍的类型推断机制,它从设计之初就考虑了类型推断。我们以前也有类型推断,这并非什么新东西,但是现在的类型推断要考虑很多困难因素,比如,重载,这些东西使类型推断很困难。如果你从这个角度来看,我认为我们已经在很大程度上采用了浓厚的“函数型”风格,并且以相当“可组合”的方式来使用表达式和lambda表达式。<br />
Anders:我们对“函数型编程”的兴趣并非</a><a href="http://school.it168.com/" style="color: black;" target="_blank">学院</a><a href="http://www.ca800.com/zt/2010pinpai/" target="_blank">式兴趣。实际上,当编程语言向前推进时,我们面临两类挑战。一是古老的追求——不断提高程序员的生产率,对此将沿用一直以来的方法:提升抽象的层次,给程序员垃圾回收机制、类型</a><a href="http://safe.it168.com/" style="color: black;" target="_blank">安全</a><a href="http://www.ca800.com/zt/2010pinpai/" target="_blank">、异常处理,甚至是全新的“声明型”编程语言等。在提升抽象层次的过程中,正如Erik指出的,这些“声明型”语言获得了更高层次的“可组合型”。“函数型”语言之所以有魅力,因此你可以做出“没有副作用”,或者其他承诺,这样一来可组合性就极大地提高了。不仅如此,在如何保证多核处理器、多</a><a href="http://product.it168.com/list/b/0217_1.shtml" style="color: black;" target="_blank">CPU</a><a href="http://www.ca800.com/zt/2010pinpai/" target="_blank">,比如,32个CPU始终忙碌,我们也会有所收获。显然,当我们更多地使用“函数型”或者“声明型”风格的编程时,我们更有可能把运行时框架构建得能更好地发挥多核的优势,更好地处理并发。如果以“命令型”风格来工作,我们能够发挥的余地就很小,因为你无法预见所有动作——这儿拿点东西,那儿放点东西,所有动作必须串行执行,否则不可预料的事情就会发生。
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<a href="http://www.ca800.com/zt/2010pinpai/" target="_blank"> Charles:作为程序员,使用了如此巨大的一个处理引擎——比如CLR之后,当然认为这些底层的东西应该被抽象掉。你的意思也是,如果我使用了一个4核的机器,运行时引擎应该有能力负责在CPU上的分配分配进程。<br />
Anders:你这样想很正常。但是,CLR以及目前我们工业中绝大多数的运行时,都是“命令型”引擎,其指令集都相当传统,比如,堆栈增长;它们也拥有易变的状态,包括易变的全局状态等等。在此之上,之所以能进行“函数型”编程,是因为“函数型”编程从本质上来说,是“命令型”编程所具备的能力集的一个子集。现在我们想做的是最大化这种灵活性,但其实不过也就是让“函数型”能力子集越来越相关,使其越来越主流化而已。<br />
Herb:我认为有必要将“函数型”编程领域划分成两个部分。我非常同意Anders和Erik的意见。我不太同意的是这样的措辞:我们之所以继续使用“命令型”编程语言,是因为这是大家目前所能理解的;通用程序开发者目前的工作并未取得巨大的成功;市场对于“所有的东西都是表达式,所有的语言都应该是表达式类型的语言”这样的理念已经非常接受了;“函数型”语言是“串行执行”病的好药方。我们要想使“函数型”语言运转良好,关键点并不是处理好基本的表达式问题,而是处理好lambda表达式和副作用的问题,是能够将表达式作为第一级的编程要素来使用——LINQ也是最近才在做,关键是能够指出lambda表达式和Closure(译者注:函数型编程语言中的一个概念,可以方便地组合函数,返回函数)的副作用。实际上,最后这点目前是缺失的。这些东西在“命令型”语言中也是要处理的东西。我为什么提这些?因为我觉得说“函数型”语言是方向,目前的“命令型”语言不够好,因此是垃圾,必须要抛在脑后,全面采用“函数型”语言这样的说法不对。我认为,“函数型”语言到底能够帮助程序员完成哪些工作,目前还不太明了。比如,能够用它写通用代码吗?能够用它系统级代码吗?当然,“函数型”语言有不少我们能够借鉴的好东西,比如lambda表达式,比如Closure,C#借鉴了,C++也在借鉴,这些语言因此增色不少。关于“函数型”语言还有另一个问题,那就是,有两种类型的“函数型”语言。一种是没有副作用的,因此就没有共享、易变的状态的问题;一种是人人都在使用的。因为你不太可能说,“瞧,我是完全并发安全的,因为每次我都从这个“微型像册”向量中得到一个拷贝。”或者说,“我操作这些元素的时候,我都是取得一个拷贝”。不错,这时是没有共享、易变的状态,但是否能完全并发安全则不一定。<br />
Anders:我的意思是,在类似C#或VB这样“命令型”编程语言中加入“函数型”结构,能给我们提供“以函数型风格”写程序库的能力,从而我们就能够非常明确地说,如果你能保证传入的lambda表达式是纯粹的函数,我们就能保证正确地把它分散到若干个线程或者CPU上,最后再把它综合起来,给出一个正确的结果。我们能保证代码运行得更快,同时还不用作任何编码上的修改。然而,如果你在写一个大大的For循环,我们永远都不可能保证做到前面所说的,此时,“函数型”编程能够提供给你的是一系列表达式,再加上“把代码当作参数传递”,“类型推断和泛型编程可以正确地绑定所有的类型”等特性,这样你就能更方便地编写“可组合的算法块”。<br />
Charles:这不就削弱了抽象吗?<br />
Herb:我想指出的是当前所有语言都刻意不保证
“没有副作用”。之所以如此的原因是,除非所有的语言都添加一些机制让程序员可以清除副作用,我们这些做语言的人不敢打这个包票。但是,添加这样的机制涉及到众多参与者,大家必须一起思考、一起讨论什么是最好的方法,这个过程会很漫长。我们所做的是相信程序员,因为我们自己不知道。然而,很多情况下,程序员也不知道,因为他写的函数要调用其他的库。而程序员根本不知道他使用的库的副作用如何。这里,“可组合性”又浮上水面了。程序员可以增加一个间接层来处理这个问题,但是,除非他拥有涉及到的所有代码,没有人能够清楚地知道副作用会如何,问题依然存在。这就是难题所在。上面这些讨论对“锁”也适用,因为“锁”也是全局问题,对“可组合性”是个障碍。<br />
Brian:在这点上Haskell做得很好,Haskell是“永远没有副作用”的范例。<br />
Erik:是的,但做到这点的过程也很痛苦,因为并非所有情况都一目了然。一旦你的库代码有副作用,而且因此使程序员的代码必须按照某种顺序执行,在某种意义上,你是用汇编语言在编程,因为程序员将不再能用“表达式+表达式”的方式来写代码,他必须先对某个表达式求值,再对另一表达式求值,最后把值相加。因此,我认为我们在这点上干得还是不够漂亮。<br />
Brian:现在,我们在“流库”上有例子。好消息是,我们已经有Haskell向你展示如何以“可行性”方面的代价,换取绝对纯粹的方式。当然,除Haskell外,我们有各种“杂牌”语言。<br />
Anders:没有纯粹的好或坏,我认为,虽然进展缓慢,我们仍然快到一个令人满意的中间点了。我完全同意说:如果我们确实能够保证函数的纯粹性,生活将会非常美好。最终我们得做到这点。<br />
Erik:但是,副作用也并非全然是坏事,如果函数使用了一个局部变量,这就是使用了一个状态,但是,函数本身还可以是纯粹的。我觉得很难完全避免副作用,一些东西可以是局部不纯粹而整体纯粹的。<br />
Herb:回过头,让我们从整体上看看“可组合性”。让我吃惊的一件事是,很多时候,人们甚至都没有意识到“可组合性”是个问题,以及自己实际上经常碰到这个问题。其实,整个软件工业乃至整个世界已经基于可组合的软件了。在硬件会议上,我经常对硬件公司提到的是:硬件的并发问题已经被仔细地探索过了,而且,当前消除共享、易变状态的最好办法就是“锁”;但是,锁是一种全局资源,不能被组合;“被锁”是经常发生的事情,而当拥有“锁”时,我还能调用任何其他的未知的代码;于是,“可组合性”被破坏了。说到这里,有的听者往往一脸茫然:这有什么问题吗?我于是会问,你们是否上网下载别人刚刚发布的,自己喜欢的新软件,比如,某个浏览器然后马上使用呢?答案是肯定的。我于是会再问,你们是否意识到了,当你们这样做时,这些软件很可能都是第一次在最终用户的机器上被组合,被使用?既然如此,你们怎么可能对其进行测试?这时,屋子里有百分之十的人会露出恍然的表情,因为此前他们没有想过这个问题:这些软件是第一次在最终用户的机器上被组合,我们怎么进行测试?正因如此,“可组合性”是更重要的一个问题。更不用说我们现在有AJAX应用程序,以及众多的插件经常被下载,而且被要求在同一个用户界面中协调工作。
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计算机语言的发展历程</h1>
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<span class="color-green">2007-09-07 16:54:23</span> <span class="pl20">来自: </span></h3>
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<a href="http://www.douban.com/people/1824825/">软件平台</a><a href="http://blog.csdn.net/ganghust/archive/2007/03/17/1532203.aspx" target="_blank">
语言是人们描述现实世界,表达自己思想观念的工具。而计算机语言是人与计算机交流的工具。一方面人类使用各种计算机语言将所关心的现实世界映射到计算机世界;另一方面,人类又可以通过计算机语言创造现实世界中并不存在的虚拟世界。
<br /><br />计算机的数学理论基础是图灵于1937年提出的图灵机模型,而现代电子计算机的体系结构及实际计算模型则是来自冯.诺依曼1946年提出的“程序放入内存,顺序执行”的思想,因此,现在的计算机通常被称为冯.诺依曼计算机。计算机语言的发展历程也从此正式开始,计算机语言的使用人员也开始被称为程序员。
<br /><br />1.计算机语言的历史回顾
<br /><br />早期程序员们使用机器语言来进行编程运算,直接对以数字表示的机器代码进行操作。后来为了便于阅读,就将机器代码以英文字符串来表示,于是出现了汇编语言。
<br /><br />1956年首先在IBM公司的计算机上实现的由美国的计算机科学家巴科斯设计FORTRAN语言,标志着高级语言的到来。FORTRAN语言以它的简洁、高效性,成为此后几十年科学和工程计算的主流语言,
除了FORTRAN以外,还有ALGOL60等科学和工程计算语言。随着计算机应用的深入,产生了使用计算机来进行商业管理的需求,于是COBOL这类商业和行政管理语言出现了,并一直流行至今。
<br /><br />早期的这些计算机语言都是面向计算机专业人员,为了普及计算机语言,使计算机更为大众化,出现了入门级的BASIC语言,至今BASIC语言仍然是绝大多数软件开发人员接触到的第一们计算机语言,同时也最流行的计算机语言。
<br />七十年代初,结构化程序设计的思想孵化出两种结构化程序设计语言,一种是PASCAL语言,另一种是C语言。这两种语言的语法结构基本上是等价的,它们都是通过函数和过程等语言特性来构成结构化程序设计的基础。但是很主要的区别在于PASCAL语言强调的是语言的可读性,因此PASCAL语言至今成为学习算法和数据结构等软件基础知识的教学语言;而C语言强调的是语言的简洁性以及高效性,因此C语言成为之后几十年中主流的软件开发语言,高效性使C语言的地位已相当于一种“高级汇编语言”。
<br /><br />虽然面向对象的思想可以追溯到六十年代,但是面向对象思想被普遍接受还是得益于面向对象语言的功劳。在众多的面向对象语言当中,最为突出的就是C++语言。C++语言是在八十年代初由AT&T贝尔实验室Bjarne
Stroustrup在C语言的基础上设计并实现的。C++语言继承了C语言的所有优点,如简洁性和高效性,同时引入了面向对象的思想,如类、封装、继承、多态等。C++语言的这些特性使得C程序员在学习面向对象思想的同时不必放弃已有的知识和经验,原有的软件积累同样可以利用,同时面向对象的设计开发方法使得软件的分析、设计、构造更为完美,因此,C++借助C语言的庞大程序员队伍,成为主流的面向对象语言,并促使面向对象的思想被普遍接受。C++是一种混合型的面向对象语言。象任何人类的自然语言一样,C++语言提供一种表达思想和概念的方法,当问题变得大而复杂时,使用C++语言来解决问题将会比使用其它语言更加容易、更加灵活。在最早的面向对象语言中,除了C++以外,还有一种纯面向对象语言也颇为流行,就是Smalltalk语言,产生并流行于七十末,八十年代初。
<br />计算机语言的发展历史也是人们不断追求更高的模块化、抽象和封装的历史。最初的抽象是以计算机为中心的:首先是将以0和1表示的二进制值抽象为字节、整型、长整型、浮点型等各种预定义的数据类型,然后,为了表达更复杂的数据,出现了以结构表示的自定义数据类型。除了数据的抽象以外,计算机指令也有一个抽象过程:从表达式和语句,到函数和过程。结构化程序设计是以计算机为中心的抽象方式的体现,它所提倡的数据和代码分开的思想和计算机硬件的处理机制是相符的。六十年代末开始出现的软件危机迫使人们去寻找解决办法。解决软件危机的努力主要朝两个方向发展,一是针对软件开发过程的工程管理,提出软件开发的生命周期模型,包括:瀑布式模型、快速原型法、螺旋模型、喷泉模型等等;另外一个解决方法是从对软件开发过程中分析、设计的方法的研究入手,提出了结构化程序设计方法,一时间,“算法+数据结构=程序”几乎成为软件开发的唯一准则。结构化程序设计方法从计算机发展角度来看是自然而然的,但是,今天从抽象的角度来看,这种方法几乎可以说是一个时代错误。软件开发的主要目的就是描述和反映现实世界,现实世界就是由大大小小的对象构成:大到宇宙,小到原子,对象层层包裹;物质世界如此,人类社会的组成也是这样,从作为个体的人,到集体,到整个社会,都可以用对象加以描述。因此,抽象的过程应该是以现实世界的对象为中心的,于是面向对象的抽象方法就走到前台来,为软件开发从分析建模到设计实现提供统一的工具。面向对象技术以及建立在它的基础之上的组件技术为彻底解决软件危机铺平了道路。
<br />大量应用的需求,使得软件开发效率提到日程上来。原有的高级语言,如BASIC、PASCAL等结合可视化的界面编程技术、面向对象思想、数据库技术,产生了所谓的第四代语言,如Visual
Basic,Delphi等。Visual
Basic的语言基础是BASIC语言,Delphi的语言基础是PASCAL,这两种语言都是软件开发人员所熟知的语言。Visual
Basic和Delphi是目前应用软件的主流开发工具。
<br /><br />人工智能一直是人们长期以来的梦想,从图灵开始,半个多世纪以来,计算机科学家们对人工智能进行不懈的探索,这期间,有两种主要的人工智能研究的语言工具,一种是LISP表处理语言,另一种是PROGLOG语言。常有人称二者为第五代语言,但是这两种语言并没有为人工智能的研究带来实质上的进展,因此,不应该称其为第五代语言,我们只能期待着真正的第五代语言的出现。
<br /><br />Internet诞生在六十年代末,此后的二十几年,一直是在缓慢地发展,直到九十年代,HTML语言以及HTML图文浏览器Mosaic的出现,使得Internet在此后十年间得到前所未有的发展。从HTML,到DHTML,再到XML,Web存储格式语言为信息的发布、信息的交流起了极大的作用。这些Web存储格式语言与以往的计算机语言有很大的不同,它们是通过标签来标识内容和数据,从严格意义来说不应该称为计算机语言。
<br /><br /><span style="font-size: large;">在Web技术的发展过程中,真正可以称为计算机语言,并<span style="background-color: #ffaf00; color: #c41200;">得到极大的普及的是Java语言。Java是面向对象的网络语言,它的独特的网络特性包括:平台独立性、动态代码下载、为多媒体功能而设计的多线程、为通过Internet快速传送而设计的紧凑的代码格式</span></span>。Java的工作方式与现有的桌面软件应用程序的工作方式不同。Java程序不需要存储在你的PC机上,而是存储在中央网络服务器。当你通过浏览器访问到一个带有Java小程序的Web页面时,Java小程序就会自动被下载运行。因为Java程序通常都很小的小程序,因此下载运行就会比大程序快得多。此外,版本控制在Java小程序这样的中央存储模式下更为容易。可以从任何一台具有Java虚拟机的机器上访问任何服务器上的Java程序。
<br /><br />九十年代,软件复用的需求和呼声促使组件技术从面向对象技术肥沃的土壤中迅速发芽、成长,并开始结出累累硕果。软件组件定义为自包含的、可编程的、可重用的、与语言无关的代码片段,这样的软件组件可以很容易地插入到应用程序中。软件组件暴露方法和属性,触发事件,并且通过名称或ID号全局表示自己。已经成为流行的标准的组件模型包括COM/DCOM组件模型和CORBA组件模型。组件技术是计算机软件发展的最新结果,也是半个多世纪以来所寻求的有效的软件构造方法。
<br />在计算机语言的发展过程中,先后出现的语言至少有几千种,但是真正能普及应用的计算机语言却是屈指可数的。一种计算机语言要能流行普及,除了要有独有的特色以外,还要切合当时的应用需求。
<br /><br /><span style="background-color: #ffaf00; color: #930e00; font-size: large;">计算机语言不应该只是思维放大工具,事实上,计算机语言已经成为我们思维的一部分。计算机语言是朝着自然语言的方向发展,它的最终目标应该是成为人类与计算机之间的很自然的交流工具,人可以通过这样的语言将自己所具有的知识,或者自己的思想、情感、愿望等表达给计算机,这样的语言可以称为知识语言或者是智能语言。到了这样的境界,“计算机”的名称应该改成别的什么,因为它与人类智能的界限已经不那么明显了。这就是人工智能,我们人类所梦寐以求的最高境界。
<br /></span>2.从数值运算,符号运算,到组件运算
<br /><br />简单回顾一下运算的历史:最早的运算属于数值运算,它针对阿拉伯数字进行加、减、乘、除等等数学计算;将数值运算抽象出来,数学家们发明了符号运算,这种运算的特征在于它并不指明实际的运算对象,而是以抽象的符号作为运算对象,通过对符号的演绎,数学家们构建了规模巨大的数学公式库,而物理学家们则利用符号运算作为工具来研究物质世界的作用机制。这两种运算的运算对象分别是数字和字符串,以组件的眼光来看,它们属于极特殊的两种组件。
<br /><br />运算是计算机语言的主要功能,早期的计算机语言如FORTRAN就主要是用于科学与工程计算,属于数值运算的范畴。对数学家以及工程人员来说,象公式推导这样的符号运算是极为有用,也是迫切需要的,于是相应的语言工具就出现了,这其中Mathematica语言工具是一种广泛流行的数学工具,它除了具有强大的数值运算功能外,最重要的核心就是它能进行公式推导。在Mathematica内部,有一种模式匹配方法作为其数学运算和公式推导的基础。
<br /><br />既然数值运算和符号运算的运算对象:数字和字符串属于特殊的两种组件类型,那么,除了数值运算与符号运算以外,还应该有组件的运算方式。目前只有KCOM
Space这一软件开发平台实现了组件运算。作为一种纯粹的组件平台,KCOM Space的核心优势之一表现在它首先提出并实现了一种全新的运算方式 ---
组件运算。 <br /><br />在纯粹的组件空间里,对象不再只有数字和字符串,而包含有种类和形态丰富多样的组件。这就需要有一种对组件的运算方式,为此,KCOM
Space提出并实现了组件运算:组件作为运算对象参与运算,比如定义组件变量、组件常量、组件数组,组件作为值赋给组件变量,组件作为参数用在方法调用中。
<br /><br />组件运算是数值运算和符号运算的发展和扩充,它包含前两种运算方式。组件运算的最明显的特征就是它的直观明了,降低了学习运用的难度,因此组件运算语言也将成为大众化的语言。通过组件运算语言,每一个人都可以将它自己领域的知识表示出来,这样表达出来的组件系统就是知识化的系统,积少成多就可以构成知识组件库。
<br /><br />组件运算的最直接的效果是带来了代码的可视化。面向对象编程语言如C++,在代码中使用组件都是通过一连串的代码来完成的:首先声明一个组件类的实例,然后每一个要设置的属性都需要有一个赋值代码行。相比之下,组件运算使得组件可以直接插入到代码之中,通过组件的属性对话框就可以以可视的方式设置所有待设的属性。这就是代码的可视化。第四代语言的最重要的特征就是界面可视化,也就是能以所见即所得的方式编排用户界面。组件运算引入的代码可视化,使可视化的程度又前进了一步,实现了完全可视化。如果说界面可视化为应用开发效率的提高带来一次飞跃,那么代码可视化再次为应用开发效率的提高带来又一次的飞跃。
<br /><br />组件运算是一个全新的运算领域,但却又是必然的运算发展趋势。结合检索和模式匹配以及控制机制,组件运算将构成未来知识系统的基础。
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计算机编程语言简介 收藏 <br /> <br />一、
什么是编程语言?<br />编程语言是用来表达机器指令的工具吗?是程序员之间交流的桥梁吗?是表达高层设计的载体吗?是算法的符号吗?是表达概念之间关系的途径吗?是实验用的器材吗?是控制计算设备的方法吗?我的结论是,一个多用途(general-purpose)编程语言在上述这些问题的回答都应该为“是”,以满足不同用户的需要。编程语言不能成为——仅仅一些“优雅”特性的集合(a
mere collection of “neat” features)。<br /> -Stroustrup [1994], commenting one
the apparent lack of “agreement on what a language really is and what its main
purpose is supposed to be.”<br />
编程语言是由用来表达计算的符号所组成。它可以被看作是用来定义程序的语法(syntax)及语义(semantic)规则。作为人类与计算机交流的重要桥梁,它的出现与发展,与计算机科学本身息息相关。时至今日,计算机的广泛使用已使上百种编程语言被创造了出来。<br />
编程语言的设计者一直试图在下面两个方面找到平衡点:<br />² 让语言本身更方便的使用<br />²
更有效的(efficient)利用计算资源<br />这里“方便”往往是第一位的,如果语言本身不能够方便地使用,那么效率就无从谈起。<br />
而不同的侧重点及设计哲学,也让众多编程语言之间相去甚远。<br />二、
基本概念<br />语法(syntax)<br />语法是编程语言的外壳,程序展现给读者的外在表现就是由语法所决定的。不同的编程语言在语法上会表现出很大的不同。语法给出了一个关于程序合法性的精确定义。通常程序语言对语法的定义结合了正则表达式(regular
expressions)和巴克斯-诺尔范式(Backus-Naur
Form)[1]。<br />语义(semantic)<br />尽管编程语言往往是通过语法给人们留下的第一印象,语义却是编程语言更实质的部分(因此也更加难以描述)。语义定义了一段合法的程序在运行要采用哪种表现(behavior)。<br />在编程语言中,语义通常用下面几种方式来描述:<br />²
公理型语义(Axiomatic semantics)<br />² 指示型语义(Denotational semantics)<br />²
操作型语义(Operational semantics)<br />² 自然语言描述(Natural language
descriptions)<br />² 参照工具定义(Reference implementations)<br />²
测试数据定义(Test
suites)<br />前三种是用数学的方法描述语义。他们的优点是精确、简洁、且能够方便地完成程序正确性的证明。然而,对于庞大的编程语言,用这些数学方法精确定义使语义的描述难以实现。另一方面,自然语言就会使编程语言设计者的描述工作大大减轻。但与此同时,由于自然语言本身的限制,这样的描述往往会表现出不精确的一面。而且、相对于数学方法、自然语言会使语义的描述显得冗长。如:使用自然语言描述的The
Java Language Specification, 3rd Ed.有596页那么长。而用操作型语义描述的The Definition of
Standard ML,
Revised只有114页。<br />第五种描述方法是参照工具定义,就是说首先将该语言实现出来,并称某个用来实现的工具为“权威的”。而这门编程语言就可以由该程序完整地定义出来。这种描述方法有很多吸引人的特性:精确、无需人去解释,当人们对一段程序该如何表现产生争议的时候只需把这段程序用那个“权威的”工具运行一下就可以判断谁对谁错。然而这种描述方式同样也存在很多缺陷,最大的缺陷是假如这个“权威的”工具本身有Bug,那么这个Bug就不可避免地成为了该语言中的一部分。<br />第六种描述方法是测试数据定义,这种方法就是,语言的设计者写出大量的例程出来,然后去说明它们应该如何表现(通常将这些例程的输出写出来)。这种描述方法的优点是方便测试语言的实现是否合法(只要把这些例程拿出来运行,看与输出是否匹配即可)。然而用这种方法是无法充分地描述语义的,因此通常这种方法要结合前五种方法一起使用。<br />实现(implementation)<br />通常由人写出来的程序是不能够被计算机直接运行的,因此需要一个工具来完成编程语言与机器指令之间的转化。这个转化的过程叫做翻译(translation),实现翻译过程的工具叫做翻译器(translator),人写出来的程序叫做源程序(source
program),翻译过后的机器代码叫做目标码(target
code)。<br />实现翻译的有两种方法,编译(compile)和解释(interpret)。对应的翻译器叫做<span style="background-color: #ffaf00; color: #c41200;">编译器(compiler)和解释器(interpreter)</span>。它们之间的区别可以下面的图示形象地表示出来:<br /> <br /> (a)COMPILE<br /> (b)INTERPRET<br /> <br />Application
Level…<br /> <br /> <br /> <br />Language Level…<br /> Source
program<br /> Program<br />Interpreter<br /> <br />Machine Level…<br /> Target
code<br />Machine<br /> <br />Machine<br /> <br />
图表 1:
计算机程序有两种实现的方法:(a)编译,自上而下,将源程序转化为可执行的机器代码,然后由机器直接执行。(b)解释,自下而上,制造一个更高级的“机器”(即解释器),来完成对源程序直接执行。<br />
由于可以直接执行源程序,解释型语言相对于编译型语言有着更大的灵活性,它运行在程序的运行过程中改变程序(如临时插入一段代码)。但是由于解释型语言需要每次运行的时候对源程序进行解析,因此在效率上编译型语言要优于解释型语言。<br />
通常我们把源程序本身具备的性质叫做程序的静态(static)属性,而程序在运行中体现出来的性质叫做程序的动态(dynamic)属性。编译型语言更注重程序的静态属性,因为当编译结束之后,机器执行的代码就被确定了下来。而解释型语言可以更多地处理程序的动态属性。<br />
常见的<span style="background-color: #ffaf00; color: #c41200;">编译型语言</span>有:FORTRAN, C/C++, Pascal, Java[2]等。<br />
常见的<span style="background-color: #ffaf00; color: #c41200;">解释型</span>语言有:BASIC,<span style="background-color: #ffaf00; color: #c41200; font-size: large;"> Python</span>, <span style="background-color: #ffaf00; color: #c41200;">MATLAB, 及大部分脚本语言</span>。<br />
数据类型(data types)<br />
计算机内部用二进制状态存储数据,而真实的世界中需要存储的数据多种多样,从人名、银行帐号,再到度量数值。低级的二进制数据在编程语言中被组织起来用以表示高级概念。大部分编程语言用不同的数据类型来表示各种各样的数据。设计和研究类型的专门的理论叫做类型论(type
theory)。<br />
根据类型是在程序运行之前进行检查还是在程序运行时进行检查,可分为静态类型语言(static typing)和动态类型语言(dynamic
typing)。静态类型语言要求源程序规定每一个数据值都被分配一个确定的类型,在整个程序的运行过程中部发生改变。而动态类型语言的数据类型是在程序运行时才决定的,而且可以随着程序的运行而改变,实际上每个数据的类型是绑定在它的数据值里面,一起在内存中存储。[3]<br />
通常情况下编译型语言都是静态类型语言,解释型语言都是动态类型语言。<br />
另外,跟据编程语言对类型检查的严格程度,可以分为强类型语言(strongly-typed)和弱类型语言(weakly-typed),强类型语言试图引入严格的类型检查来增强程序安全性,包括静态的类型检查和动态类型检查。排除因程序员犯的类型错误而产生的不安全因素。<br />
例如:ML是静态强类型语言,C是静态弱类型语言,Tcl是动态弱类型语言,Python是动态强类型语言。<br />
三、 编程语言的历史<br />史前时代:λ-演算与图灵机指令<br />
图表
2:阿伦佐·丘奇<br /> <br />编程语言的发展史要追溯的现代电子计算机的发明以前。在众多具有现代编程语言特点的语言中,最具影响力的要数在二十世纪三十年代被创造出来的λ-演算与图灵机指令了。λ-演算是由普林斯顿大学的阿伦佐·丘奇(Alonzo
Church)为了研究函数定义,函数性质及递归函数而创造出来的形式化系统(formal system)。而图灵机是英国数学家阿兰·图灵(Alan
Turing)假想出的一台有无限存储空间的计算设备,图灵机指令可以看成是汇编语言(assembly
language)的前身。这两个类似于现代编程语言概念的提出,起初是想尝试将一阶逻辑命题的判定建立在算法(algorithm)的基础之上,但是随后此二人在各自的系统上分别证明了能够对所有一阶逻辑命题进行判断的算法是不存在的。此后人们便用λ-演算和图灵机去定义可计算性(computability)这个概念。<br />当电子计算机被发明以后,人们用可读性稍强的汇编语言代替机器代码,但是汇编语言仅仅是机器代码的“直接替换”,因此不可避免的要受限于机器本身,一段汇编代码往往只能在某些特定的机型上运行。<br />二十世纪五十年代:最初三语言,及Algol<br />在五十年代初的时候,最初的三个高级语言被创造了出来,他们是<br />²
LISP (the LISt Processor)<br />² FORTRAN (the FORmula
TRANslator)<br />² COBOL (the COmmon Business Oriented
Language)<br />这三种至今仍有使用,其中Lisp(名字被改为仅首字母大写)对后续编程语言的影响要更大一些。<br />在1958~1960期间被设计出来的Algol(ALGOrithmic
Language)语言,堪称编程语言发展史上的里程碑。很多编程语言的概念在这个语言中被提了出来。Algol的两个主要创新是:<br />²
首创性地使用巴克斯-诺尔范式描述该语言的语法,几乎所有的后续语言都采用了这种描述语法的方式<br />²
对程序中出现的标识符(identifier)引入了作用域(scoping)的概念<br />尽管Algol没有在北美获得广泛的使用(部分由于政治原因,部分由于该语言本身不提供I/O)。然而,Algol却对后续的语言有着深远的影响,包括Simula,
Pascal,
Scheme和Modula等,而且很多算法教材采用类Algol语言作为伪代码(pseudocode)。<br />1967~1978:编程范型(programming
paradigm)的建立<br />在这段期间,各种各样的编程语言如雨后春笋般地涌现,而各种编程范型也是在这个时代被建立起来,其中包括:<br />²
Nygaard和Dahl在Simula语言中提出了面向对象程序设计的概念,Simula是一门基于Algol的侧重于做仿真系统的语言。随后精巧的Smalltalk语言进一步地将面向对象的概念深化。<br />²
C,早期的系统编程语言,由Dennis Ritchie与Ken Thompson于1969年~1973年在贝尔实验室开发。<br />²
Prolog,由Colmerauer, Roussel和Kowalski与1972年设计的第一门逻辑编程语言。<br />²
ML,将多类型系统引进Lisp,成为了第一门静态类型的函数化编程语言。<br />绝大多数的现代编程语言是他们中至少一门的后续。<br />在六十和七十年代有一场关于选择“结构化编程”还是继续使用“GOTO”的旷日持久的争论。而这场争论与当时编程语言的设计及当时的编程风格息息相关,尽管那场争论在当时十分火热,今天的程序员都承认,除了极少数情况,即便是语言本身支持GOTO语法,使用GOTO都是一个差的编程风格。事实上,后来的编程语言设计者都觉得这场争论不仅无聊,而且令人难以理解。<br />二十世纪八十年代:巩固、模块化、性能<br />相比上一个时代,八十年代编程语言开始巩固。C++将面向对象的编程范型与C的系统编程结合了起来。美国政府标准化了Ada,
这是一门用于美国国防部的系统编程语言。在日本等国家,大量的预算被投入研发所谓的“第五代”编程语言(构建于逻辑框架的语言)。在函数化编程方面,ML和Lisp进行了标准化的工作。这个时代并没有创造出新的编程范型出来,相反,人们把原有的范型强化了。<br />另外,随着程序设计越来越多地应用于大型软件工程,这个时期的编程语言开始引入的“模块化”(modules)。即,把一个大型的程序分成一些小的部分,各个击破,再通过一些办法把这些小的部分组织起来。Modula,Ada和ML都在这个时期开发的自己的模块系统。<br />在这个时期很多原有的编程范型得到了扩充。例如,Argus和Emerald系统下的编程语言将分布式系统(distributed
systems)的概念带入了面向对象程序设计。<br />编程语言的实现在这个时期也得到了极大的改善。RISC(精简指令集计算机)运动强调硬件的内部构建应该为编译器设计而不是为汇编程序设计。处理器速度的提高大大促进了编译技术的发展。而RISC运动则大大激发了人们发展编译技术的热情。<br />这种发展一直持续到了九十年代。到了九十年代,一场计算机史上的大革命开始爆发了。<br />二十世纪九十年代:互联网时代<br />九十年代中叶互联网的迅速发展将编程语言引向了一个新的时代。由于开放了一个全新的平台,互联网时代为新兴的语言流行提供了机遇。特别是,Java由于被整合进了Netscape
Navigator浏览器而普及。而众多脚本语言(scripting
languages)则广泛地应用于网络服务器上开发定制的各种应用程序。然而这些语言的出现和发展并没有动摇编程语言设计思路的根基,但是诸如垃圾回收器(garbage
collection),强静态类型检查(strong static typing)等新特性逐渐成为主流。<br />当今编程语言的趋势:<br />²
增强校验程序安全性和可靠性的机制:如增强类型检查,静态线程(thread)安全性检查。<br />² 增强编程语言模块化的机制:mixins,
delegates, aspects。<br />² 面向组件的软件开发模式。<br />²
更强调程序的分布式特性和可移植性。<br />² 与数据库的整合,包括XML与关系数据库(relational
databases)。<br />²
开放源代码的设计哲学被引入到了新兴的编程语言中去,如:Python,Ruby,Linux操作系统和Squeak。<br />四、
基本编程范型<br />命令化编程(Imperative
Programming)<br />像自然语言中的祈使句那样,命令化编程是面向操作(action)的。即,将计算看成是一系列操作的执行。它可以将计算抽象成程序的状态(state)及改变程序状态的语句,因此可以看成是图灵机的思想在电子计算机上的实现。<br />一般认为最早的命令化编程语言是FORTRAN。但是用FORTRAN语言写出来的程序要求精确编写格式(与我们所熟悉的C,
Pascal有所不同),而且比较大地依赖大量GOTO的使用。而大量的GOTO直接导致了日趋复杂的程序难以实现。为了解决这场程序设计的危机,以Dijkstra为首的计算机科学家开始倡导结构化编程(structured
programming)这个概念。结构化编程通过三种基本类型的语句来代替GOTO的使用:<br />² 顺序语句:执行A<br />²
条件语句:IF (expressions) THEN A ELSE B<br />² 循环语句:WHILE (expressions) DO
A<br />通常结构化编程也支持把一系列语句看成一个“块”(block),然后把这个“块”内嵌到两个标识符中间(比如说:在ALGOL中的begin和end)。这样,就可以用这三种语句构建出所有用GOTO可以实现的程序控制流(control
flow)了。<br />结构化编程倡导了一种复杂问题的解决方法。当人们面对的问题很复杂以至于无法用简单的办法去解决的时候,可以将复杂的问题分成若干个模块,每一个模块对应一个相对简单的问题。当这些模块完成的时候,这个复杂的问题也就随之解决。而每一个模块又可以分解成更小的模块。这样的过程不断持续,不断地将问题细化。最后如果问题细化到可以用代码实现出来的时候,也就找到了解决这个问题的办法。<br />结构化编程往往与过程型编程(procedural
programming)联系起来。所谓过程型编程,就是把某个实现特定功能的代码段看作一个过程(procedure)[4],如要实现这个特定的功能,只需要调用这个过程(call)就可以了。这样一段代码可以在不同的地方使用,也就是实现了代码的重用(reuse)。根据不同的需要,一个过程可以有一系列输入及一个输出,通常把输入作为这个过程的参数在调用的时候传递进来,然后过程会根据需要按照计算的结果向外界返回一个值,作为这个过程的输出。<br />调用过程的一个很重要的应用就是递归(recursion)。在程序设计里面所谓的递归,就是一个过程对自身的直接或是间接的调用。递归在计算机科学中的应用无处不在,大量的算法本质上是将一个问题的求解化归为一个或者若干个更小问题的求解。而应用递归,只需要调用自身,就可以方便地让计算机自动完成这样化归的一个过程。<br />也有人将过程的调用和递归看成是结构化编程第四种类型的语句。<br />面向对象编程(Object-Oriented
Programming)<br />面向对象编程打破了长期以来人们对命令化编程就是一系列在计算机上执行的指令的认识。面向对象编程主张:一个程序由一系列的单位元素组成,我们称这个单位元素为对象(object)。而这些对象又是相互作用的,每一个对象可以接受外界的信息,处理自身的数据,以及向外界发送信息。<br />通常认为最早的面向对象编程语言是Simula,它是将对象(object)、类(class)、继承(inheritance)和动态类型(dynamic
typing)这些概念扩充到Algol中去。正如名字所暗示的那样,Simula起初是一门被用作模拟仿真的语言。而正是因为这样的需要使诸如类和对象这些面向对象的元素被添加进来。后来人们发现面向对象编程比结构化编程更适合大型的软件工程,有如下的原因:<br />²
结构化编程要求在编写程序之前就对要解决的问题有一个全面的认识,才能够对问题不断细化直至细化到代码的阶段。而这些在实际的应用中往往是做不到的,特别是,当程序的编写者想到代码的一个改进的时候,他做出的改动往往会影响到整个程序中去。<br />²
结构化编程用解空间(solution space)描述问题,而面向对象编程用问题空间(problem space)描述问题。<br />²
面向对象编程有它一系列的机制更好地实现代码重用(reuse),相比结构化编程,它能够更进一步支持模块化编程。<br />下面让我们来看看面向对象是什么:<br />²
类与对象(class &
object)<br />类与对象是面向对象编程最基本的两个概念。类是面向对象编程中最基本的模块。它是被认为是在问题空间中出现的有某些特定的性质和行为的事物的抽象。对象是在程序运行过程中类的实例(instance),它可以存储自己的数据,但是与类中其他的实例有着相同的表现(即,共享相同的代码)。<br />²
封装(encapsulation)<br />封装是构建一个类的最基本途径。通过封装,可以把对象的内部结构和外部接口分离出来。类在经过封装之后,对外呈现出一个接口,外界与这个类中的对象仅能通过接口交互(即,可以理解为向这个类中的对象发送消息)。而类的内部结构仅有该类的设计者所掌握,外界不会因类的内部结构改变而受到影响。封装这个过程让代码有了更好的可扩展性,只要保证对外的接口不变,人们可以不断地对类的内部结构进行改良,而不影响这个类中对象的使用。<br />²
继承(inheritance)<br />继承支持在已有的类中创建派生类(derived
class)的操作。继承机制提供了一个对已有的类进行外部扩展的机制。子类拥有基类(base
class)的一切外部接口,同时可以加入自身独有的外部接口。在问题空间上,继承所表达的是一种“is-a”的关系,比如,狗是哺乳动物,那么可以说“狗”这个类可以继承“哺乳动物”的类。<br />²
多态(polymorphism)<br />多态为面向对象编程提供了动态机制。多态的含义是:对于发送过来的相同的一个信息,不同类型的对象会跟据自身的类型,来完成相应类型的操作。也就是说,多态是为不同的类找到一个公共的接口,外界可以通过这个公共接口对这些类的对象发送信息,而不管这些对象具体是属于哪个类的。对象会根据自己属于哪个类完成自己的操作,这一系列的操作都是面向对象的设计方法保证自动完成的,无需人工地进行类型的判断。在面向对象的编程语言中,多态一般是建立在继承的基础之上的。当一个派生类从基类那里继承出来的时候,它可以选择性的重写(override)基类的一些代码。有的时候,我们会把基类当作一个公共的接口,它的不同派生类会对这个公共接口重写不同的代码,因此就完成了多态。[5]<br />C++将面向对象的元素融入到了系统编程语言C中去,在二十世纪九十年代以前一直是最流行的面向对象编程语言。它提供了多重继承(multiple
inheritance)、异常处理(exception handling)、模版(template)、运算符重载(operator
overloading)及名字空间(namespaces)等强大的语言特性。它能够广泛流行的另一个原因就是对C几乎完全的向下兼容。<br />
图表
3:Java的吉祥物,Duke<br /> <br />进入九十年代以后,Java成为了使用最为广泛的面向对象编程语言。Java首先简化了C++中一些庞大而繁杂的特性。为了防止C++中经常出现的内存泄露(memory
leak)[6]问题,Java引入了自动垃圾回收(automatic garbage
collection)机制,将内存的分配与回收自动化,减轻程序员的负担。此外,Java通过自己的一套API及在各个操作系统上的Java虚拟机,真正地实现了平台独立(platform
independence)的特性,即实现了“一经写出,到处运行”(write-once/run
anywhere)的原则。此外,作为新出现的编程语言,Java对于图形(graphics),线程(threading)及分布式编程(distributed
programming)等有着更好的支持。<br />函数化编程(Functional
Programming)<br />函数化编程将计算的过程看作是数学函数的求值。它可以排除过程型编程过程的调用对整台机器状态产生的影响。在函数化编程语言看来,一个函数只受它自身的输入影响,对外的影响也只能表现在自身的输出上面。此外,在函数化编程语言中,函数本身也可以作为参数传递到其他函数中去,同样也可以作为返回值传递出来。数学函数由于其本身比较好的性质,为函数化编程带来了一些好处。首先就是更容易证明程序的正确性,另外由于函数化编程消除了副作用(side-effect)[7],因此它为并行计算(parallel
programming)提供了更好的支持。<br />函数化编程在学术界及爱好者之间有着一定范围的使用。但是在软件工程界,却甚少应用。这主要是基于两个原因。首先是由于种种原因,函数化编程在效率上没有办法和命令化编程(包括面向对象)相比。其次对于已经习惯命令化编程的人来说,函数化编程是很难适应的。<br />逻辑化编程(Logic
Programming)<br />逻辑化编程是一种由程序的编写者提出规则,然后自动由这些规则进行的推理的编程范型。当数学家和哲学家们发现了逻辑是理论分析的有效工具时,人们便自然地想到了将逻辑风格带入到编程语言中去。当进行逻辑化编程的时候,程序的编写者只需将理论的规则输入到程序中去,然后描述一个问题,这个程序运行时,会对这个问题的真伪进行判断,并建立相应的证明。逻辑推理的过程在逻辑化编程语言中是自动完成的。逻辑化编程与人工智能领域的关系密不可分。<br />逻辑化编程在一些领域有着它的应用:<br />²
专家系统,程序从一个巨大的模型中产生一个建议或答案。<br />² 自动化证明定理,程序产生一写新定理来扩充现有的理论。<br />五、
结论<br />程序设计的广泛用途,促成了编程语言的千变万化。从数值计算、系统编程,到大型的应用软件,再到网络编程。编程语言的每一次进步与发展,都与人们的需求密不可分。而人们的需要,又无时无刻不伴随着计算机科学自身的发展。因此,要想学习一门编程语言,仅仅了解其语法、语义,或是仅仅能用其写出一些程序,是远远不够的。若能够深入剖析某门编程语言的特性,就会发现这些特性所影射出来的设计哲学,进而看到当今或是某时代的计算机科学发展状况。希望本文能够起到一个抛砖引玉的作用,激发起同学们探索、学习的热情,提升自己的视野,让自己站在一个更高的位置上去,从而为计算机科学做出自己的贡献
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<br />本文来自CSDN博客,转载请标明出处:http://blog.csdn.net/ganghust/archive/2007/03/17/1532203.aspx</a></h3>
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<a class="postTitle2" href="http://www.cnblogs.com/monkeyking/articles/49211.html" id="ctl04_TitleUrl">编程语言简史(翻译)</a>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: red;">本文发表在《CSDN开发高手》第九期上。请勿随意转载。</span><br /><br /><br />我们已经远离用电线和穿孔卡编程的时代。也许仍未尽如人意。以下内容都是编程历史上的创新。</span><span>
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<b><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">ca.
1946 </span></b><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
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<b><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Konrad
Zuse</span></b><b><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">,</span></b><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">一位德国工程师,他躲藏在巴伐利亚附近的阿尔卑斯山上时,独立开发了</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Plankalkul</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">。他把该项成果应用在其它的事物中,比如国际象棋。</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
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<b><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">1949
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<b><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Short
Code </span></b><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">,</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">第一种真正在电子计算设备上使用的计算机语言,尽管他是一个纯手工编译的的语言。</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
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<b><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">1951
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Grace
Hopper</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">,</span></b><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">为</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Remington
Rand</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">工作,是在第一个著名的编译器——</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">A-o</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">上开始设计工作。当</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Rand</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">在</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">1957</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">年发布这个语言时,它被称为</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">MATH-MATIC</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">。</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
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<b><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">1952
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<b><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Alick
E. Glennie </span></b><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">,</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">他利用自己在曼彻斯特大学的课余时间,发明了一个名为</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">AUTOCODE</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">的编程系统,一个未能成型的编译器。</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
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<b><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">1957
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<b><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">FORTRAN</span></b><b><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">——</span></b><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">数学公式转换系统(</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">FORmula
TRANslating</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">,</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">FORTRAN</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">名字的由来)——出现。开发队伍的领导者是</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">John
Backus</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">,并且他还为</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">ALGOL</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">的开发和巴柯斯范式(</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">BNF</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">)做出了贡献。</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
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<b><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">1958
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<b><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">FORTRAN
II</span></b><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">出现,它能够处理子程序和连接汇编语言。由</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">M.I.T</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">的</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">John
McCarthy</span></b><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">在</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">LISP-LISt
Processing</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">上开始设计工作。</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">原始的</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">ALGOL</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">规范</span></b><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">出现。该规范并未描述数据的输入输出方式;这些问题都留给独立的实现者。</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
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<b><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">1959
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">LISP1.5</span></b><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">出现。</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">COBOL</span></b><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">在数据系统和语言大会(</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Conference
on Data System and Languages</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">)上被创建了。</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
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<b><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">1960
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<b><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">ALGOL
60 </span></b><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">,</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">第一种结构化语言出现。它是结构化语言家族树中的根节点,并最终产生</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Pascal</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">这样的语言。</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">ALGOL</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">成为六十年代中期至末期欧洲最为流行的语言。</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">六十年代早期,</span></b><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Kenneth
Iverson</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">开始语言方面的工作,最终产生了</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">APL-A</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">编程语言。它使用专门的字符集,为了正确地使用,你还需要兼容</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">APL</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">的</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">I/O</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">设备。</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
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<b><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">1962
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">APL</span></b><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">被写入</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Iverson</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">的《</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">A
Programming Language</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">》一书中。</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">FORTRAN
IV</span></b><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">出现。</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">SNOBOL</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">这个</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">以</span><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">“</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">首字母拼词命名</span><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">”</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的产品</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在工作的初期就取得了绝对的成功</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">SNOBOL</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">——面向字符串符号(</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">StriNg
Oriented symBOlic Language</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">)语言。它衍生了其他一些以首字母拼词命名的产品:</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
FASBOL</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">,一个</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">SNOBOL</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">编译器(</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">1971</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">年),还有</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">SPITBOL</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">——</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Speedy
ImplemenTation of snoBOL</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">——同样在</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">1971</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">年。</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
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<b><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">1963
</span></b><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">ALGOL
60</span></b><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">进行修正。</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
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<b><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">PL/1</span></b><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">的工作开始。</span><b><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
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<b><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">1964
</span></b><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">APL\360</span></b><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">被实现。</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">在达特茅斯大学</span></b><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">,</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">John
G.Kemeny</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">和</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Thomas
E.Kurtz</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">教授发明了</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">BASIC</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">。最初的实现是一个编译器。第一个</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">BASIC</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">程序在</span><chsdate><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">1964</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">年五月一日下午四点</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">运行。</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">PL/1</span></b><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">发布。</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
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<b><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">1965
</span></b><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">SNOBOL3</span></b><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">出现。</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
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<span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
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<b><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">1966
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">FORTRAN
66</span></b><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">出现。</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">LISP
2</span></b><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">出现。</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">在</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Bolt</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">,</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Beranek</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">和</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Newman</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">开始了</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">LOGO</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">的工作。小组的头是</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Wally
Fuerzeig</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">,而且还包括</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Seymour
Papert</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">。</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">LOGO</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">中最著名的便是“龟作图”。</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
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<span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
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<b><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">1967
</span></b><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">SNOBOL4</span></b><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">,功能获得极大加强的</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">SNOBOL</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">,出现了。</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
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<b><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">1968
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">ALGOL
68</span></b><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">,相对于</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">ALGOL
60</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">它是个怪物。一些规范委员会的成员——包括</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">C.A.R.Hoare</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">和</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Niklaus
Wirth</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">——却赞同该计划。事实证明</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">ALGOL
68</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">是难以实现的。</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">ALTRAN</span></b><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">,一个</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">FORTRAN</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">的变种出现。</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">COBOL</span></b><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">被</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">ANSI</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">正式定义规范。</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Niklaus
Wirth</span></b><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">开始</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Pascal</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">方面的工作。</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
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<b><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">1969
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">500</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">人</span></b><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">参加在纽约</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Armonk</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">的</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">IBM</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">总部召开的</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">APL</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">会议。</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">APL</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">的分发需求如此之大,该活动此后被人们称为“</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">The
March on Armonk</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">”。</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
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<b><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">1970
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">70</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">年代早期</span></b><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">,</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Charles
Moore</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">在他的语言</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Forth</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">中写下了第一个有意义的程序。</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Prolog</span></b><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">方面的工作大约在此时开始了。</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">同样是在</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">70</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">年代早期的某一天</span></b><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">,</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Xerox
PARC</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">由</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Alan
Kay</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">领导,开始了</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Smalltalk</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">的设计工作。早期版本包括</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Smalltalk-72</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">,</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Smalltalk-74</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">和</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Smalltalk-76</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">。</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Pascal</span></b><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">在</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">CDC
6000-series</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">电脑上的一个实现出现了。</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Icon</span></b><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">,SNOBOL4</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">的一个后代产品问世。</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
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<b><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">1972
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Konrad
Zuse</span></b><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">写的关于</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Plankalkul</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">(见</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">1946</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">年)手稿终于出版了。</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Dennis
Ritchie</span></b><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">设计了</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">C</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">。但是最终的参考手册却是在</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">1974</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">年发布的。</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Prolog</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">的第一个实现</span></b><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">——</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Alain
Colmerauer</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">和</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Phillip
Roussel</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">的功劳。</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
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<b><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">1974
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">另一个</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">COBOL</span></b><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">的</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">ANSI</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">规范出现。</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
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<b><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">1975
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Tiny
BASIC</span></b><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">,由</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Bob
Albrecht</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">和</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Dennis
Allison</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">设计(由</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Dick
Whipple</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">和</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">John
Arnold</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">实现),运行在</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">2KB</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">内存的微型计算机上。一台</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">4KB</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">的机器是较为合适的,它将有</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">2KB</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">的内存应用于这个程序上。</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
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<b><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Bill
Gates</span></b><b><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">和</span></b><b><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Paul
Allen</span></b><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">编写的一个</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">BASIC</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">版本以抽取每份拷贝版税的形式销售给</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">MITS</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">(</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Micro
Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">)。</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">MITS</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">生产</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Altair</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">,这是一种</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">8080</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">结构的微型计算机。</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Scheme</span></b><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">,一个</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">LISP</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">的“方言”,由</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">G.L.
Steele</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">和</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">G.J.
Sussman</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">设计。</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Pascal</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">用户手册和报告出版</span></b><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">,</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Jensen</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">和</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Wirth</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">编写。许多人至今都认为它是</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Pascal</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">方面权威的参考书籍。</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
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<b><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">B.<place>W. Kerninghan<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;"><span>描述了</span></span><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">RATFOR</span></place></span></b><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">——</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">RATional
FORTRAN</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">。它是预处理程序,并且允许在</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">FORTRAN</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">中使用类</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">C</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">的控制结构。</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">RATFOR</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">被应用到了</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Kernighan</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">和</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Plauger</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">的“</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Software
Tools</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">”中,它出现在</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">1976</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">年。</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
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<b><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">1976
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Design
System Language</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">出现</span></b><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">,它被认为是</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">PostScript</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">的先驱。</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
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<b><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">1977
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">MUMPS</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">的</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">ANSI</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">标准出现</span></b><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">——</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">麻省总医院多用途程序设计系统</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">(</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Massachusetts
General Hospital Utility Multi-Programming System</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">)。</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">MUMPS</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">最初被用来处理医疗记录,它只能识别字符串类型。随后被重新命名为</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">M</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">。</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">设计竞赛将导致</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Ada</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">的产生</span></b><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">。由</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Jean
Ichbiah</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">带领的</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Honeywell
Bull</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">队伍,即将赢得比赛。</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Kim
Harris</span></b><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">和其他人建立了</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">FIG</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">,一个</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">FORTH</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">兴趣小组。他们开发了</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">FIG-FORTH</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">,售价大约为</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">20</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">美元。</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">70</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">年代晚期的某天</span></b><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">,</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Kenneth
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Pascal</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">,它使得</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Pascal</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">可以用在</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">PDP-11</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">和基于</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Z80
</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">的电脑上。</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Niklaus
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<b><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">1978
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">AWK</span></b><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">——一个文本处理语言,以它设计者</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Aho</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">、</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Weinberger</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">和</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Kernighan</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">的名字命名。</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">FORTRAN
77</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">的</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">ANSI</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">标准</span></b><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">出现。</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
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<b><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">1980
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Smalltalk-80</span></b><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">出现。</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Modula-2</span></b><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">出现。</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Franz
LISP</span></b><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">出现。</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
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<b><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Bjarne
Stroustrup</span></b><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">开发了一个语言集——被总称为“</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">C
With Classes</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">”——它成为</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">C++</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">的滋生土壤。</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
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<b><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">1981
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Effort</span></b><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">开始成为一个</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">LISP</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">的“公共方言”,常被人称作</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Common
LISP</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">。</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">日本开始</span></b><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">第五代电脑系统工程。主要语言是</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Prolog</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">。</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
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<b><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">1982
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">ISO
Pascal</span></b><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">出现。</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">PostScript</span></b><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">出现。</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
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<b><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">1983
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Smalltalk-80</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">公布</span></b><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">:它由</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Goldberg</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">等人完成。</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Ada</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">出现。</span></b><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">他的名字来自</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Lovelace</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">女伯爵</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Augusta
Ada Byron</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">,她是英国诗人拜伦的女儿。</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">因其在</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">巴贝奇分析机上</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">设计了</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">解伯努利方程的一个程序</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,而被誉为第一位女程序员。在</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">1983</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年,国防部指导的全新“任务评定”应用程序是使用该语言编写的。</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">1983</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">年的后期和</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">1984</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">年早期</span></b><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">,微软和</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Digital
Research</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">共同发布第一个微型计算机的</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">C</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">编译器。</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">七月</span></b><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">,第一个</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">C++</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">实现露面。该名称是由</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Rick
Mascitti</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">取的。</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
</span></div>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">11</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">月,</span></b><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Borland</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">的</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Turbo
Pascal</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">的“冲击”犹如一场核风暴,这得益于《</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">BYTE</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">》杂志的广告。</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
</span></div>
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<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
<hr align="left" color="#aca899" size="1" width="30%" />
</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">1984
</span></b><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
</span></div>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">APL2</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">的参考手册</span></b><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">面世。</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">APL2</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">是</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">APL</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">的扩展,它允许嵌套数组。</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
</span></div>
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<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
<hr align="left" color="#aca899" size="1" width="30%" />
</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">1985
</span></b><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
</span></div>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Forth</span></b><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">控制着潜水器定位泰坦尼克的残骸。</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
</span></div>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Vanilla
SNOBOL4</span></b><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">之微机版发布。</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
</span></div>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Methods</span></b><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">,</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">PC</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">上的面向行</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(line-oriented)</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">的</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Smalltalk</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">出现。</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
</span></div>
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<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
<hr align="left" color="#aca899" size="1" width="30%" />
</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">1986
</span></b><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
</span></div>
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Smalltalk/V</span></b><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">露面——第一个广泛应用于微机的</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Smalltalk</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">版本。</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
</span></div>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Apple</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">公司</span></b><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">为</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Mac</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">机器发布</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Object
Pascal</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">。</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
</span></div>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Borland</span></b><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">发布</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Turbo
Prolog</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">。</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
</span></div>
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Charles
Duff</span></b><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">发布</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Actor</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">,一个开发微软</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Windows</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">应用程序的面向对象语言。</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
</span></div>
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Eiffel</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">,</span></b><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">另外一个面向对象语言出现。</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
</span></div>
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">C++</span></b><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">露面。</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
</span></div>
<br />
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
<hr align="left" color="#aca899" size="1" width="30%" />
</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">1987
</span></b><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
</span></div>
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Turbo
Pascal 4.0</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">发布。</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
</span></div>
<br />
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
<hr align="left" color="#aca899" size="1" width="30%" />
</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">1988
</span></b><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
</span></div>
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">CLOS</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">规范</span></b><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">——公共</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">LISP</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">对象系统(</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Common
LISP Object System</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">)——发表。</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Niklaus
Wirth</span></b><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">完成</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Oberon</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">,</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">这是他继</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Modula-2</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的后续行动</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">。</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
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<b><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">1989
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">ANSI
C</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">规范</span></b><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">公布。</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">C++2.0</span></b><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">形成了一个参考手册的初稿。</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">2.0</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">版本增加了诸如多继承和成员指针等特性。</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
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<b><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">1990
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">C++2.1</span></b><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">,</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">B.Stroustrup</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">等作者的《</span><i><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Annotated
C++ Reference Manual</span></i><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">》一书出版。这个版本增加了模板和异常处理特性。</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">FORTRAN
90</span></b><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">包含了众多新元素比如</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">case</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">语句和派生类型。</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
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<b><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Kenneth
Iverson</span></b><b><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">和</span></b><b><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Roger
Hui</span></b><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">在</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">APL
90</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">会议上提出了</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">J</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">语言。</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
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<b><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">1991
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Visual
Basic</span></b><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">在</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">COMDEX</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">春展会上获得《</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">BYTE</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">》杂志颁发的最佳表现奖。</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
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<b><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">1992
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Dylan</span></b><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">——以</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Dylan
Thomas</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">命名——由</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Apple</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">公司发布的一个类似</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Scheme</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">的面向对象语言。</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
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<b><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">1993
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">ANSI</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">发布</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">X3J4.1</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">技术报告</span></b><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">——面向对象的</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">COBOL</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">提议初稿。真正的标准预计在</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">1997</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">年完成。</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
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<b><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">1994
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">微软</span></b><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">将</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Visual
Basic for Application</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">整合到</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Excel</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">中。</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
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<b><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">1995
</span></b><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
</span></div>
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">二月</span></b><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">,</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">ISO</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">接受</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Ada</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">语言</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">1995</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">修订版。它被称为</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Ada95</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">,其中包括</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">OOP</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">特性和支持实时系统。</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
</span></div>
<br />
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
<hr align="left" color="#aca899" size="1" width="30%" />
</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">1996
</span></b><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
</span></div>
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">第一个</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">ANSI
C++</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">标准</span></b><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">预发布。</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
</span></div>
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: center;">
<span style="mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 24pt; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">
</span></div>
<br />
<br /><br /> <br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-line-height-alt: 13.5pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 24pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">编程语言时序表</span></b><b><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 24pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">
</span></b></div>
<b></b><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">这是一个以编程语言时间顺序排序的清单。</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
</span></div>
<br />
<div align="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 1.5pt;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216); padding: 0.75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;">
<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">包含的时间年代</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
<span>
</span></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216); padding: 0.75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/t/timeline-of-programming-languages.html#pre 1950"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">1
pre 1950</span></a><br /><a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/t/timeline-of-programming-languages.html#1950"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">2
1950</span></a><br /><a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/t/timeline-of-programming-languages.html#1960"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">3
1960</span></a><br /><a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/t/timeline-of-programming-languages.html#1970"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">4
1970</span></a><br /><a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/t/timeline-of-programming-languages.html#1980"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">5
1980</span></a><br /><a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/t/timeline-of-programming-languages.html#1990"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">6
1990</span></a><br /><a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/t/timeline-of-programming-languages.html#2000"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">7
2000</span></a>
</span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-line-height-alt: 13.5pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;">
<a href="" name="pre_1950"><b><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 18pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">1950</span></b></a><span style="mso-bookmark: pre_1950;"><b><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 18pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;">之前</span></b></span><span style="mso-bookmark: pre_1950;"><b><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 18pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
</span></b></span></div>
<b></b><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: pre_1950;"><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">查看格式为:<span>
</span></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: pre_1950;"><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">父语言(“<span>*</span>”表示没有此项)年代
子语言 ——开发者或公司<span>
</span></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: pre_1950;"><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
</span></span></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">*
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1840~</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">第一个程序
<span>-- Lovelace
</span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">*<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1945<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/p/plankalkul.html"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Plankalkül</span></a>
-- <a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/k/konrad-zuse.html"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Zuse</span></a>
</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
</span></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-line-height-alt: 13.5pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;">
<a href="" name="1950"><b><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 18pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">1950
</span></b></a></div>
<a href="" name="1950"><b></b></a><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: 1950;"><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>*<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><chmetcnv>1952 <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></chmetcnv></span></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/a/a-0.html"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">A-0</span></a>
-- <a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/g/grace-hopper.html"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Hopper</span></a>
</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1954<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/m/mark-i-autocode.html"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Mark
I Autocode</span></a> -- Brooker
</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A-0<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1954<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/a/arith-matic.html"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">ARITH-MATIC</span></a>
-- <a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/g/grace-hopper.html"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Hopper</span></a>
</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A-0<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1955<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/m/math-matic.html"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">MATH-MATIC</span></a>
-- <a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/g/grace-hopper.html"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Hopper</span></a>
</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A-0<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1955<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/f/flow-matic.html"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">FLOW-MATIC</span></a>
-- <a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/g/grace-hopper.html"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Hopper</span></a>
</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A-0<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1955<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/f/fortran-1.html"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">FORTRAN</span></a>
-- <a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/j/john-backus.html"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Backus</span></a>
</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1956<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/i/information-processing-language.html"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Information
Processing Language</span></a> -- <a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/a/allen-newell.html"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Newell</span></a>,
<a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/c/cliff-shaw.html"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Shaw</span></a>,
<a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/h/herbert-simon.html"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Simon</span></a>
</span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>FLOW-MATIC<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1957<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>COMTRAN -- Bemer
</span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>FORTRAN<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1958<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>FORTRAN II -- <a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/j/john-backus.html"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Backus</span></a>
</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>FORTRAN<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1958<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/a/algol-programming-language.html"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Algol
58</span></a>
</span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>*<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1959<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/l/lisp-programming-language.html"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">LISP</span></a>
<a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/j/john-mccarthy.html"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">McCarthy</span></a>
</span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
</span></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
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<a href="" name="1960"><b><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 18pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">1960
</span></b></a></div>
<a href="" name="1960"><b></b></a><br />
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<span style="mso-bookmark: 1960;"><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">FLOW-MATIC
COMTRAN<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1960<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/c/cobol-1.html"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">COBOL</span></a>
The Codasyl Committee
</span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ALGOL<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1960<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/a/algol-programming-language.html"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Algol
60</span></a>
</span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ALGOL<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1960<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/j/joss-programming-language.html"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">JOSS</span></a>
</span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>FORTRAN II<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1962<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/f/fortran-1.html"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">FORTRAN
IV</span></a>
</span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>*<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1962<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/a/apl-programming-language.html"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">APL</span></a>
-- <a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/k/kenneth-e-iverson.html"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Iverson</span></a>
</span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ALGOL60<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1962<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/s/simula.html"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Simula</span></a>
</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>FORTRAN II<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1962<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/s/snobol.html"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">SNOBOL</span></a>
-- Griswold, et al.
</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ALGOL60<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1963<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/c/cpl.html"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">CPL</span></a>
-- Barron, Strachey, et al.
</span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>SNOBOL<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1962<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/s/snobol.html"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">SNOBOL3</span></a>
-- Griswold, et al.
</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>CPL LISP<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1964<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/c/cowsel-programming-language.html"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">COWSEL</span></a>
Burstall, Popplestone
</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ALGOL60<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1964<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/p/pl-i-programming-language.html"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">/A>
</span></a><a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/i/ib/ibm.html"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">IBM</span></a>
team
</span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>FORTRAN II, JOSS<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1964<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/b/basic-programming-language.html"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">BASIC</span></a>
-- Kemeny and Kurtz
</span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>FORTRAN II<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1966<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>FORTRAN IV
</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>LISP<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1966<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/i/iswim.html"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">ISWIM</span></a>
Landin
</span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ALGOL60<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1966<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/c/coral66-programming-language.html"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">CORAL66</span></a>
Real Time version of Algol 60
</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>CPL<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1967<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/b/bcpl-programming-language.html"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">BCPL</span></a>
-- Richards
</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Fortran LISP<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1967<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/m/mumps.html"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">MUMPS</span></a>
-- <place><placename>Massachusetts General <placetype>Hospital
</placetype></placename></place></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Simula<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1967<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/s/simula.html"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Simula67</span></a>
</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>SNOBOL3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1967<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/s/snobol.html"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">SNOBOL4</span></a>
-- Griswold, et al.
</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Algol60<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1968<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/a/algol-programming-language.html"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">ALGOL
68</span></a></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
-- Wijngaarten, et al.
</span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>COWSEL<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1968<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>POP-1 -- Burstall,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Popplestone
</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1968<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/f/forth-programming-language.html"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Forth</span></a>
-- <a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/c/charles-moore.html"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Moore</span></a>
(first paper, 1970)
</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Lisp<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1968<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/l/logo-programming-language-1.html"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Logo</span></a>
-- <a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/s/seymour-papert.html"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Papert</span></a>
</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
</span></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-line-height-alt: 13.5pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;">
<a href="" name="1970"><b><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 18pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">1970
</span></b></a></div>
<a href="" name="1970"><b></b></a><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: 1970;"><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>POP-1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1970<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>POP-2
</span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: 1970;"><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ALGOL60<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>1971<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/p/pascal-programming-language.html"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Pascal</span></a>
-- <a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/n/niklaus-wirth.html"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Wirth</span></a>,
Jensen
</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Simula67<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1972<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Smalltalk Environment -- <a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/s/smalltalk-programming-language.html"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Smalltalk</span></a>--Digitalk
</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>B BCPL<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><chmetcnv>1972 <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/c/c-programming-language.html"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">C</span></a>
-- <a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/d/dennis-ritchie.html"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Ritchie</span></a>
</chmetcnv></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>*<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1973<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/p/prolog.html"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">PROLOG</span></a>
-- Colmeraurer
</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>BASIC<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1973<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/c/comal.html"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">COMAL</span></a>
</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>LISP<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1975<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/s/scheme-programming-language.html"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Scheme</span></a>
-- <a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/g/gerald-jay-sussman.html"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Sussman</span></a>,
Steele
</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>BASIC<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1975<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/a/altair-basic-programming-language.html"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Altair
BASIC</span></a> -- <a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/b/bill-gates.html"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Gates</span></a>,
<a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/p/paul-allen.html"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Allen</span></a>
</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>C FORTRAN<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1976<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>RATFOR -- <a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/b/brian-kernighan.html"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Kernighan</span></a>
</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>MUMPS<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1977<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/m/mumps.html"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">X11.1
ANSI Standard MUMPS</span></a>
</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
</span></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>FORTRAN IV<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1978<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>FORTRAN77
</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>( *<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>1978<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/v/visicalc.html"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">VISICALC</span></a>
-- <a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/d/dan-bricklin.html"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Bricklin</span></a>,
<a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/b/bob-frankston.html"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Frankston</span></a>)
</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>C SNOBOL<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1979<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Awk -- <a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/a/al-aho.html"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Aho</span></a>,
<a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/b/brian-kernighan.html"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Kernighan</span></a>
</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>( *<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>1979<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>VULCAN <a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/d/dbase.html"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">DBASE</span></a>-II
-- Ratliff )
</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Algol68<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1979<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/a/ada-programming-language.html"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Green</span></a>
-- Ichbiah <i>et al.</i>, <a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/u/united-states-department-of-defense-1.html"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">US
Dept of Defense</span></a>
</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
</span></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-line-height-alt: 13.5pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;">
<a href="" name="1980"><b><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 18pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">1980
</span></b></a></div>
<a href="" name="1980"><b></b></a><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: 1980;"><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>C Simula67<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><chmetcnv>1980<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>C with Classes -- </chmetcnv></span></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/b/bjarne-stroustrup.html"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Stroustrup</span></a>
</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Simula67<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1980<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/s/smalltalk-programming-language.html"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Smalltalk</span></a>-80
-- Digitalk
</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Green<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>1983<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/a/ada-programming-language.html"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Ada</span></a>
-- <a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/u/united-states-department-of-defense-1.html"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">US
Dept of Defense</span></a>
</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>C with Classes<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><chmetcnv>1983 <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/c/c-plus-plus-1.html"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">C++</span></a>
-- <a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/b/bjarne-stroustrup.html"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Stroustrup</span></a>
</chmetcnv></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pascal<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>1983<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/t/turbo-pascal.html"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Turbo
Pascal</span></a> -- <a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/a/anders-hejlsberg.html"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Hejlsberg</span></a>
</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>*<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1984<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/s/sml-programming-language.html"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Standard
ML</span></a> ML = Meta-Language
</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1977MUMPS<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1985<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/m/mumps.html"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">1984
MUMPS</span></a>
</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>( dBase<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1984<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>CLIPPER -- <place>Nantucket )
</place></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>( dBase<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1985<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>PARADOX -- <a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/b/borland.html"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Borland</span></a>
)
</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Simula67<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1986<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/e/eiffel-programming-language.html"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Eiffel</span></a>
-- <a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/b/bertrand-meyer.html"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Meyer</span></a>
</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>( *<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1987<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/h/hypercard-1.html"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">HyperCard</span></a>
-- <a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/a/apple-computer.html"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Apple</span></a>
)
</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>( *<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1987<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/s/sql.html"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">SQL</span></a>-1
)
</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Awk<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1987<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/p/perl.html"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Perl</span></a>
-- <a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/l/larry-wall.html"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Wall</span></a>
</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/m/matlab.html"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">MATLAB</span></a>
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1988<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/g/gnu-octave.html"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Octave</span></a>
</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dBase-III<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1988<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>dBaseIV
</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Awk Lisp<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1988<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/t/tcl.html"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Tcl</span></a>
-- <a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/j/john-ousterhout.html"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Ousterhout</span></a>
</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Turbo-Pascal<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1989<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Turbo-Pascal+OOP -- <a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/b/borland.html"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Borland</span></a>
</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>C<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1989<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Standard C -- <a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/a/american-national-standards-institute.html"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">ANSI</span></a>
X3.159-1989 (adopted by ISO in 1990)
</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pascal Modula-II<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1989<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/o/oberon-programming-language.html"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">OBERON</span></a>
-- <a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/n/niklaus-wirth.html"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Wirth</span></a>
</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
</span></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-line-height-alt: 13.5pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;">
<a href="" name="1990"><b><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 18pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">1990
</span></b></a></div>
<a href="" name="1990"><b></b></a><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: 1990;"><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: 1990;"><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">1990<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/h/haskell-programming-language.html"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Haskell</span></a></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1984MUMPS<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1990<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/m/mumps.html"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">1990
MUMPS</span></a></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>
</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1991<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/p/python-programming-language.html"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Python</span></a></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
-- </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/g/guido-van-rossum.html"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">van
Rossum</span></a></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">1991<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/q/q-programming-language.html"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Q</span></a>
</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>( SQL-1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1992<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>SQL-2 )
</span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Turbo-Pascal OOP<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1992<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/t/turbo-pascal.html"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Borland
Pascal</span></a>
</span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1993<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/b/brainfuck.html"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Brainfuck</span></a>
-- Mueller
</span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Perl Smalltalk<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1993<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/r/ruby-programming-language.html"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Ruby</span></a>
</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1993<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/l/lua-programming-language.html"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Lua</span></a>
</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><city>Ada 83<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1995<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><place><city>Ada 95 -- ISO
</city></place></city></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Borland Pascal<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1995<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/d/delphi-programming-language.html"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Delphi</span></a>(1)
-- <a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/b/borland.html"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Borland</span></a>
</span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">C++
Internet OOP<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1995<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/j/java-programming-language.html"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Java</span></a></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
-- </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/s/sun-microsystems.html"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Sun
Microsystems</span></a></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">1990MUMPS<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1995<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/m/mumps.html"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">1995
MUMPS</span></a>
</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Standard ML,84<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1997<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/s/sml-programming-language.html"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">SML’97</span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>
</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>PHP 3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1997<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/p/php-programming-language.html"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">PHP</span></a>
</span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>C++<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><chmetcnv>1998 <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/c/c-plus-plus-1.html"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">C++98</span></a>
-- <a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/a/american-national-standards-institute.html"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">ANS/ISO
Standard C++
</span></a></chmetcnv><a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/a/american-national-standards-institute.html"></a></span></div>
<a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/a/american-national-standards-institute.html"></a><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/a/american-national-standards-institute.html"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">
</span></a></span></div>
<a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/a/american-national-standards-institute.html"> </a>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/a/american-national-standards-institute.html"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">
</span></a></span></div>
<a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/a/american-national-standards-institute.html"> </a>
<br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/a/american-national-standards-institute.html"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2000<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></a><a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/j/joy-programming-language.html"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Joy</span></a></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
-- von Thun
</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>C C++ COM Java <chmetcnv>2000 <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/c/c-sharp-programming-language.html"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">C#</span></a>
-- <a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/m/microsoft.html"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Microsoft</span></a>
</chmetcnv></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><place>DELPHI(5)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2001<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/k/kylix.html"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">KYLIX</span></a>
-- <a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/b/borland.html"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Borland</span></a>
</place></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Whitespace 2003<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/w/whitespace-programming-language-.html"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Whitespace</span></a>
-- Brady and <a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/c/chris-morris.html"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Morris</span></a>
</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
<hr align="center" size="2" width="100%" />
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
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<b><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">一些数据不完全的资料:</span></b><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>*<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>197?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>sh (Bourne Shell) -- Bourne
</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sh<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>19??<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>ksh (Korn Shell) -- Korn
</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ksh<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>199?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>zsh (Z Shell)
</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>HyperCard 199?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/a/applescript.html"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">AppleScript</span></a>
-- <a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/a/apple-computer.html"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Apple</span></a>
</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>* 1990<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/s/self-programming-language.html"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Self</span></a>
-- <a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/s/sun-microsystems.html"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Sun
Microsystems Inc</span></a>
</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Self Java 199?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>LiveScript -- Brendan Eich, Netscape (Self
inspired, made for Java interactions)
</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>LiveScript 1995<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/j/javascript.html"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">JavaScript</span></a>
-- <a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/n/netscape-communications-corporation.html"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Netscape</span></a>
</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>JavaScript 1997<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><a href="http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/j/javascript.html"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">ECMAScript</span></a>
-- ECMA
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;">
</div>
<hr />
<br />
<h2>
What makes a 5GL?</h2>
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Impossible, but ...</div>
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By <a href="http://forms.theregister.co.uk/mail_author/?story_url=/2007/01/17/5gl/">Philip
Howard, Bloor Research</a> • <a class="more-by-author" href="http://search.theregister.co.uk/?author=Philip%20Howard">Get more from
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Posted in <a href="http://www.theregister.co.uk/software/developer/">Developer</a>, <a href="http://www.theregister.co.uk/2007/01/17/">17th January 2007
17:25 GMT</a></div>
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<strong class="trailer">Comment</strong> From time to time vendors in the
application development space have claimed 5GL (5th generation language)
capabilities. If you think about this for a moment you will realise that this
can't be true. The idea of GLs is that each is an abstraction of the former, so
we had machine code (on which I cut my teeth as a developer); assembler; third
generation languages such as COBOL, Java, C++ and so forth; and finally 4GLs
(now sometimes referred to as ABLs-advanced business languages-as 4GL seems to
be out of fashion).<br />
You can't get a further level of abstraction than a 4GL so there can't be
such a thing as a 5GL, just as you can't abstract further than
meta-meta-metadata (which is what high-end repositories provide).<br />
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So, if you can't get beyond a 4GL, what can you do to a 4GL to make it a
quantum step forward compared to current 4GLs, even if it isn't actually a
5GL?</div>
One possible answer is that you could build a data federation engine into the
development environment. This would allow you to create applications that
accessed diverse, heterogeneous data sources. Now, data federation has typically
been thought of as being used for EII (enterprise information integration) and
the premise has been that it is about queries. But a database look-up is, from a
theoretical perspective, just a query, even if it is going to be used for a
transactional application, so supporting data federation within a development
environment sense. Indeed, it is easy to see how such an approach could be used
for building MDM (master data management) applications, for example.<br />
So, is there anybody actually doing this? Well, as you might guess, yes. A
small UK company called Abbro Interactive has a tool called Abbro (now in
version 3-it has been in use for some seven years), which does exactly this. You
can go to the company's <a href="http://www.it-analysis.com/xurl.php?cid=9096&url=http://www.abbro.com/capability/index.php">website</a>
and take a look at the facilities provided but the key to note is that this is a
4GL with extras that, in the case of federation, includes the ability to reverse
engineer existing databases to create database views that can then be merged or
joined, and caching capabilities so that reading the same data from these
sources does not mean repeated database access.<br />
The product is based on its own scripting language which is interpreted
dynamically at run-time by the Abbro engine. It has to work this way because it
is intended that applications will be event-driven, so event exits may occur at
any time. Note that this facilitates the deployment of workflow as well as
alerts, notifications and so on. It includes the ability to scan documents and
populate forms therefrom, support for bar codes (and, at least in theory, RFID
tags) and GPS messages so that you can determine the locations of things.<br />
As I said: a 4GL with extras.<br />
However, you can't buy Abbro as a product: at present all you can do is to
have the company build an application for you using Abbro (based on a proof of
concept, if required), which should be significantly faster (in terms of
delivery) and cost less money than would normally be the case. Once you've got
the application you can customise it but the underlying logic will be developed
by Abbro Interactive for you. The company does have one package built on Abbro,
for export documentation, but its potential uses are much broader than this. The
company is considering how it might make use of channel partnerships but however
good the product is, we cannot expect to see widespread deployment while Abbro
itself remains the only company doing core development work.</div>
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<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading">
Fifth-generation programming
language</h1>
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>
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<td class="mbox-image">
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<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ambox_scales.svg"><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Ambox_scales.svg/40px-Ambox_scales.svg.png" style="height: 40px; width: 40px;" /></a></div>
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<td class="mbox-text"><b>This article or section has been nominated to be checked
for its <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view">neutrality</a></b>,
as an editor who has substantially contributed to the current version may have a
<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:COI">conflict
of interest</a>. Discussion of this nomination can be found on the <b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Fifth-generation_programming_language">talk
page</a></b>. <small><i><span style="font-size: x-small;">(May
2009)</span></i></small></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
A <b>fifth-generation programming language</b> (abbreviated <b>5GL</b>) is a
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_language">programming
language</a> based around solving problems using <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constraint_programming">constraints</a> given
to the program, rather than using an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithm">algorithm</a> written by a
programmer. Most constraint-based and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_programming">logic programming</a>
languages and some declarative languages are fifth-generation languages.<br />
While <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth-generation_programming_language">fourth-generation
programming languages</a> are designed to build specific programs,
fifth-generation languages are designed to make the computer solve a given
problem without the programmer. This way, the programmer only needs to worry
about what problems need to be solved and what conditions need to be met,
without worrying about how to implement a routine or algorithm to solve them.
Fifth-generation languages are used mainly in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence">artificial
intelligence</a> research. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolog">Prolog</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OPS5">OPS5</a>, and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_programming_language">Mercury</a> are
examples of fifth-generation languages.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed">citation
needed</a></i>]</sup><br />
These types of languages were also built upon Lisp, many originating on the
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisp_machine">Lisp machine</a>, such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICAD">ICAD</a>. Then, there are many <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frame_language">frame languages</a>, such as
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KL-ONE">KL-ONE</a>.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed">citation
needed</a></i>]</sup><br />
In the 1990s, fifth-generation languages were considered to be the wave of
the future, and some predicted that they would replace all other languages for
system development, with the exception of low-level languages.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed">citation
needed</a></i>]</sup> Most notably, from 1982 to 1993 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan">Japan</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Ref1_0-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth-generation_programming_language#cite_note-Ref1-0"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Ref2_1-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth-generation_programming_language#cite_note-Ref2-1"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup>
put much research and money into their <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_generation_computer_systems_project">fifth
generation computer systems project</a>, hoping to design a massive computer
network of machines using these tools.<br />
However, as larger programs were built, the flaws of the approach became more
apparent. It turns out that, starting from a set of constraints defining a
particular problem, deriving an efficient algorithm to solve it is a very
difficult problem in itself. This crucial step cannot yet be automated and still
requires the insight of a human programmer.<br />
Today, fifth-generation languages are back as a possible level of computer
language. A number<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words">who?</a></i>]</sup>
of software vendors currently claim that their software meets the visual
"programming" requirements of the 5GL concept.<br />
<h2>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fifth-generation_programming_language&action=edit&section=1">edit</a>]</span>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Common_misconception">Common misconception</span></h2>
From time to time vendors in the application development space have claimed
5GL (5th generation language) capabilities.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth-generation_programming_language#cite_note-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup>
Most of the time they actually sell <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4GL">4GLs</a> with a higher levels of
automation and knowledge base. Since the 5GL awareness has dropped because the
hype of the 80's quickly faded away and that the projects were eventually all
dropped; this has opened doors to the vendors to re-use the term in marketing
their new tools, without causing much controversy among the current generations
of programmers. Their tools actually consist of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4GL">4GLs</a> packed with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_application_development">RAD</a>
wizards, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-aided_software_engineering">CASE</a>
tools and other graphical coding assistance that facilitates code
generation.<br />
<h2>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fifth-generation_programming_language&action=edit&section=2">edit</a>]</span>
<span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declarative_programming">Declarative
programming</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constraint_programming">Constraint
programming</a></li>
</ul>
<table cellspacing="0" class="navbox">
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<tbody>
<tr>
<th class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><span class="collapseButton">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth-generation_programming_language#" id="collapseButton0">hide</a>]</span>
<div style="float: left; text-align: left; width: 6em;">
<div class="noprint plainlinks navbar" style="border: currentColor; font-size: xx-small; font-weight: normal; padding: 0px;">
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Programming_language_generations"><span style="border: currentColor;">v</span></a> <span style="font-size: 80%;">•</span> <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Programming_language_generations&action=edit&redlink=1"><span style="border: currentColor;">d</span></a> <span style="font-size: 80%;">•</span> <a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Programming_language_generations&action=edit"><span style="border: currentColor;">e</span></a></div>
</div>
<span style="font-size: 110%;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_language"><span style="font-size: large;">Programming language</span></a><span style="font-size: large;">
generations</span></span></th></tr>
<tr style="height: 2px;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" colspan="2" style="padding: 0px; width: 100%;">
<div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;">
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_language_generations">Generations
Overview</a> - <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-generation_programming_language">1GL</a>
/ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second-generation_programming_language">2GL</a>
/ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third-generation_programming_language">3GL</a>
/ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth-generation_programming_language">4GL</a>
/ <strong class="selflink">5GL</strong></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h2>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fifth-generation_programming_language&action=edit&section=3">edit</a>]</span>
<span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2>
<div class="references-small">
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-Ref1-0"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth-generation_programming_language#cite_ref-Ref1_0-0">^</a></b>
<span class="citation web">Richard Grigonis. <a class="external text" href="http://www.atariarchives.org/deli/fifth_generation.php">"FIFTH-GENERATION
COMPUTERS"</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.atariarchives.org/deli/fifth_generation.php">http://www.atariarchives.org/deli/fifth_generation.php</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-03-05</span>.</span><span class="Z3988"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Ref2-1"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth-generation_programming_language#cite_ref-Ref2_1-0">^</a></b>
<span class="citation web">ALP. <a class="external text" href="http://www.cs.kuleuven.ac.be/~dtai/projects/ALP/">"Association for Logic
Programming (ALP)"</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.cs.kuleuven.ac.be/~dtai/projects/ALP/">http://www.cs.kuleuven.ac.be/~dtai/projects/ALP/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-03-05</span>.</span><span class="Z3988"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth-generation_programming_language#cite_ref-2">^</a></b>
<a class="external text" href="http://www.it-analysis.com/channels/content.php?cid=9096">What makes a
5GL?</a></li>
</ol>
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</tbody></table>sfebbf@gmail.comhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03493373165705385749noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3520553598370090588.post-9278831552859794412012-04-23T02:05:00.003+08:002012-04-23T02:05:47.050+08:00使用Gappproxy搭建自己的Google代理服务器<table class="MS_WH_ZoneRow">
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<h2>
使用Gappproxy搭建自己的Google代理服务器</h2>
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<span>2010年8月29日</span> <span>| 分类: <a href="http://www.jiechic.com/category/website-build">网站架设</a></span> <span>| 标签:
<a href="http://www.jiechic.com/tag/firefox">Firefox</a>, <a href="http://www.jiechic.com/tag/gappproxy">gappproxy</a>, <a href="http://www.jiechic.com/tag/proxy-server">代理服务器</a></span>
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<span style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-size: small;">说到Ga</span>ppproxy,很多人应该都已经知道,网上也有很多教程。</span><br />
<span style="font-size: 14px;">
GAppProxy设计的初衷是为教育网用户提供一个免费的国际代理。因为它使用的是Google的服务器,Google在全球各地有自己的加速服务,
所以用它来作为<span class="wp_keywordlink_affiliate"><a href="http://www.jiechic.com/tag/proxy-server" target="_blank">代理服务器</a></span>,速度相当的快,但是也有很多人违背了这个初衷,拿来作为翻墙工具。说到这里,我也不知道大家会拿来做什么用,但是希望这个对大
家有用。</span><br />
<span style="font-size: 14px;"> 网上的Gappproxy有很多教
程,比如八亿空间就有比较完整的教程,但是这些教程都是基于windows的,对于linux的初学者来说,可能就会有些吃力,所以今天根据网上的教程,
在linux下重写一遍,我使用的是ubuntu 10.04,希望ubuntu的初学者也能 follow my twitter:@jiechic
。</span><br />
<span style="font-size: 14px;">下面,构建这个<span class="wp_keywordlink_affiliate"><a href="http://www.jiechic.com/tag/proxy-server" target="_blank">代理服务器</a></span>与使用步骤简单步骤。</span><br />
<span style="font-size: 14px;"> 1. 创建一个 Google App Engine 应用程序。<br /> 2.
下载并安装 Python 和 Google App Engine SDK并获取Gappproxy。<br /> 3. 修改一个文件,使用Google App
Engine SDK上传Gappproxy。<br /> 4. 修改浏览器代理,运行客户端,开始自由冲浪!</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: 20px;"><span style="color: red;">第一:创建 GAE
应用程序:</span></span><br />
<hr />
<pre><a href="http://code.google.com/intl/zh-CN/appengine/">http://code.google.com/intl/zh-CN/appengine/
</a></pre>
<span style="font-size: 14px;">打开以上网址,在右边的使用入门第一步中,点击注册。</span><br />
<span style="font-size: 14px;">在打开的网址,使用Gmail账户登录(没有Gmail的请自行申请)</span><br />
<span style="font-size: 14px;">然后在页面当中看打一个按钮为”Create an
Application“(创建一个引用程序)</span><br />
<span style="font-size: 14px;">在出现的网址的Application Identifier栏目中,输入应用程序的名称,如
“google-proxy”(自行设定)。<br />在Application中输入程序的标题,其实也是简单的说明,比如 ”A Gae
Proxy“。</span><br />
<span style="font-size: 14px;">点击 “Create
Application”。这样就创建成功了,但是,要把应用程序的名称记住,比如刚才写的”google-proxy“。</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: 20px;"><span style="color: red;">第二步:安装python环境、Google App Engine
SDK开发环境以及Gappproxy源码。</span></span><br />
<hr />
<span style="font-size: 14px;">ubuntu 的python安装很简单,在终端中通过以下命令即可</span><br />
<pre><span style="font-size: 14px;">sudo apt-get install python
</span></pre>
<span style="font-size: 14px;">接下来下载Google App Engine SDK,打开下面网址。下载 Google App
Engine SDK for Python 的 linux 版本</span><br />
<pre><a href="http://code.google.com/appengine/downloads.html"><span style="font-size: 14px;">http://code.google.com/appengine/downloads.html
</span></a></pre>
<span style="font-size: 14px;">解压得到 google_appengine 文件夹。<br />然后下载 <span class="wp_keywordlink_affiliate"><a href="http://www.jiechic.com/tag/gappproxy" target="_blank">gappproxy</a></span> 的源码程序。我们通过SVN下载最新版的 <span class="wp_keywordlink_affiliate"><a href="http://www.jiechic.com/tag/gappproxy" target="_blank">gappproxy</a></span> ,在截稿前,最新版是 1.2
版。在终端中输入以下命令,即可获得最新源码。(9月12日更新2.0版,更加好用)</span><br />
<pre><span style="font-size: 14px;">svn checkout http://gappproxy.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/ gappproxy-read-only
</span></pre>
<span style="font-size: 14px;">这样得到一个文件夹为 <span class="wp_keywordlink_affiliate"><a href="http://www.jiechic.com/tag/gappproxy" target="_blank">gappproxy</a></span>-read-only ,里面包含 gappproxy 的最新源码</span><br />
<span style="font-size: 14px;">2.0版到如下地址下载。须翻墙。可以代理访问试试。</span><br />
<pre>http://code.google.com/p/gappproxy/downloads/list</pre>
<br />
<br />
<span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: 22px;">第三步:修改文件,上传程序,建立代理服务器。</span></span><br />
<hr />
<span style="font-size: 14px;">找到 gappproxy 的源码文件夹,修改 fetchserver 文件夹内的
app.yaml 文件。</span><br />
<span style="font-size: 14px;">找 到第一行”application:
your_application_name“,把your_application_name改为你的程序名称,比如上文提到的“google-
proxy”,注意:application的冒号后面有一空格。如没有这个空格,则会出错。</span><br />
<span style="font-size: 14px;">将 fetchserver 复制到 google_appengine
文件夹,在该文件夹的终端中,通过以下命令使用 Google App Engine SDK 将程序上传到 google 的服务器上去。<br />python
appcfg.py update fetchserver/</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: 22px;">第四步,设置本地客户端,使代理生效</span></span><br />
<hr />
<span style="font-size: 14px;">打开 gappproxy 的源码文件夹,找到 localproxy 文件夹内的
proxy.conf 文件,配置本地客户端,找到以下字段,修改 your-fetch-server 为你的程序名称,如上文所说的
“google-proxy”。</span><br />
<pre>#fetch_server = http://your-fetch-server.appspot.com/fetch.py ,
</pre>
<span style="font-size: 14px;">修改后,去掉前面的 ”#“后,修改成功后的样子为如下。</span><br />
<pre>fetch_server = http://google-proxy.appspot.com/fetch.py
</pre>
<span style="font-size: 14px;">如果本身是使用代理上网,则根据情况修改 local_proxy
的配置,要使配置生效,则需要将前面的 ”#“ 去掉。在 localproxy 文件夹的位置终端中通过以下命令,启动代理客户端</span><br />
<pre>python proxy.py
</pre>
<span style="font-size: 14px;">启动成功后,会有以下相似提示</span><br />
<pre>HTTPS Enabled: YES
Direct Fetch : YES
Listen Addr : 127.0.0.1:8000
Local Proxy :
Fetch Server : http://google-proxy.appspot.com/fetch.py
--------------------------------------------
</pre>
<span style="font-size: 14px;">然后设置firefox的代理服务器。打开firefox的首选项——高级——网络——设置</span><br />
<span style="font-size: 14px;">选择手动配置代理服务器,在 SOCKS
主机处输入“127.0.0.1”(或者”localhost“),在端口中输入”8000“,确定即可使用你所架设的google代理服务器。</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: 22px;"><span style="color: red;">进阶设置一:智能代理</span></span><br />
<hr />
<span style="font-size: 14px;"> 在通过以上设置后,访问所有的网页,都是通过代理服务器,但是,如果在联网的情况下,不断使用代理服务器,网速会有所下降,而且国人使用代理服务器,大多是
用来访问因为国内防火墙而无法访问的网站。所以我们需要的功能应该是,一些特别的无法访问的网站通过代理访问,而国内的大部分网站直接访问而不通过代理服
务器。</span><br />
<span style="font-size: 14px;">首先,将上面提到的过程中,firefox设置代理服务器的设置改为使用系统设置。</span><br />
<span style="font-size: 14px;">然后,给firefox添加插件autoproxy。</span><br />
<span style="font-size: 14px;">firefox的插件autoproxy安装之后,配置auto添加规则订阅,将gfwlist订阅。</span><br />
<span style="font-size: 14px;">autoproxy中默认有许多代理服务器,包括gappproxy的默认配置,我们只需要在选择代理服务器中选择gappproxy即可。</span><br />
<span style="font-size: 14px;">通过上面的操作,autoproxy插件会自动通过订阅的列表,当访问列表内的地址时,自动调用gappproxy代理服务器去访问,也实现了以下翻墙的功能。</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: 22px;">进阶设置二:独享代理</span></span><br />
<hr />
<span style="font-size: 14px;"> gappproxy的代理文件为默认的”fetch.py“,只要别人通过搜索appspot.com/fetch.py,即可搜索到N个代理服务器,也包括你的,如果多人使用,则会出现一些无法使用的情况,毕竟GAE项目每天只有1G的流量。</span><br />
<span style="font-size: 14px;"> 我们要独享自己建立的代理,则需要修改服务器端的内容。例如把:url:
/fetch\.php 和 script: fetch.py 修改成 url: /123456\.php 和 script: 123456.py 同是把目录下的
fetch.py 也改成 123456.py (<span style="color: red;">注意三者名称要一致,不然出错</span>)</span><br />
<span style="font-size: 14px;"> 然后通过上文命令,把程序上传到 google
的服务器中。之后修改localproxy文件夹内的proxy.conf文件,把原来的</span><br />
<pre>http://google-proxy.appspot.com/fetch.py
</pre>
<span style="font-size: 14px;">修改为</span><br />
<pre>http://google-proxy.appspot.com/123456.py
</pre>
<span style="font-size: 14px;">在运行客户端即可</span><br />
<pre>python proxy.py</pre>
<br />
<span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: 22px;">一些问题:</span></span><br />
<hr />
<span style="font-size: 14px;"> gappproxy在访问一兆以上的文件是会出错,比如通过代理服务器下载文件。如果需要解决,建议访问八亿空间,上面有详细的教程,需要看的,请点击<a href="http://www.win8e.com/google-app-engine-wallproxy.html">这里</a></span><br />
<div style="font-style: italic; margin-top: 20px;">
<strong>原创文章,转载请注明:</strong> 转载自<a href="http://www.jiechic.com/">JieChic's
blog</a><br />
<strong>本文链接地址:</strong> <a href="http://www.jiechic.com/archives/28.html">使用Gappproxy搭建自己的Google代理服务器</a></div>
<div class="fixed">
<hr />
</div>
</div>
</div>
Google世界第一搜索提供的免费在线代理服务器,一看提供者就知道它稳定性一定不错,直接在网页上输入网址即可使用,可以选择是否加载图片,速度快,无广告,是浏览国外网站的好助手。本站推荐使用代理。
地址:<a href="http://www.google.com/gwt/n" target="_blank">立即点此进入使用</a><br />
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<li><a href="http://www.mfdx.net/else/email/2008-07-10/150.html">Gmail免费邮箱,Google强力推出的邮箱品牌</a>
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<li><a href="http://www.mfdx.net/else/proxy/2008-07-09/135.html">MyspaceProxe
国外的免费在线代理服务</a>
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<li><a href="http://www.mfdx.net/else/proxy/2008-07-09/134.html">ProxyGuy免费在线代理,免费国外代理服务器</a>
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<li><a href="http://www.mfdx.net/else/proxy/2008-07-09/133.html">Proxytor
德国免费在线代理服务器</a></li>
</ul>
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<br />用Google App Engine做个人代理服务器
第二版<br />话说Gappproxy越来越人性化了,现在的客户端比前一版本好很多!客户端的使用方法我就不写了,我主要写上传的那部分!<br />架设前的准备:<br />(1)必须要有个Google帐号并申请了Google
app
engine(注:申请要手机号的)<br />(2)到Python.org下载并安装Python。(这是最新版的Python2.6.2地址)<br />(3)下载并安装Google
App Engine 的开发包(我安装在D:\Google\appengine)。<br />OK,完成以上步骤后就可以开始了:<br />㈠,去<a href="http://code.google.com/p/gappproxy/">http://code.google.com/p/gappproxy/</a>
中下载fetchserver-1.0.0beta-fix.tar.gz这个文件。<br />㈡把fetchserver-1.0.0beta-fix.tar.gz中的fetchserver解压到Google
App Engine SDK安装目录里。 如图<br />
㈢把fetchserver中的app.yaml用编辑器打开,修改内容如下:<br />第一行的部分填你的application帐号,比如你的AppEngine地址是aaa.appspot.com,那就是application帐号就是aaa<br />application:
aaa<br />version: 1<br />runtime: python<br />api_version: 1<br />
handlers:<br />
- url: /fetch.py<br />script: fetch.py<br />
- url: /admin.py<br />script: admin.py保存并退出(如图)<br />
㈣点开始—>运行输入cmd,调出DOS ,如图<br />
进入Google App Engine SDK安装目录<br />输入:appcfg.py update
fetchserver<br />然后它会提示你输入google帐户和密码(输密码时CMD好像不会有反应,不过确实在输入)<br />
使用:请移步到“GAppProxy
Windows客户端的使用说明”这里有详细的用法说明~<br />然后………………然后就大功告成了~<br />做完以上步骤,在Firefox地址栏输入 <a href="http://123cha.com/">http://123cha.com</a>,IP是不是显示美国了,那么恭喜你成功了~<br />最后还是那一句不要用这个代理浏览敏感的东西,不然又要被那个了!!!<br />————————————————————————–<br />Update:
<br />
用Google App Engine做个人代理服务器(Linux版)<br />
常见问题回答(FAQ)<br />
GAppProxy的论坛(有问题可以在里面问)<br />————————————————————————-<br />
原文链接:用Google App Engine做个人代理服务器 第二版<br />
本文关键字:<br />
Permalink : 用Google App Engine做个人代理服务器 第二版Tags: app, google, google engine,
proxy, python, 代理63 Responses to 用Google App Engine做个人代理服务器 第二版<br />Eping的网络日志 -
Eping incoding<br />01月 31st, 2010 at 2:06 下午 <br />[...] 这里参考了 天空岛 以及官方教程。
[...]<br />白舟空间 » GAE翻墙<br />02月 4th, 2010 at 1:15 上午 <br />[...]
GAE翻墙,不多说了,免得被河蟹掉,设置方法见:用Google App Engine做个人代理服务器 第二版 [...]<br />GAppProxy «
2olo's Blog<br />02月 4th, 2010 at 10:04 下午 <br />[...] 天空岛 [...]<br />GAppProxy «
2olo's Blog<br />02月 5th, 2010 at 9:39 上午 <br />[...] <a href="http://skydao.com/post/google-app-engine-to-do-with-personal-proxy-server-second-edition/">http://skydao.com/post/google-app-engine-to-do-with-personal-proxy-server-second-edition/</a>
[...]<br />jason<br />02月 13th, 2010 at 3:30 下午
<br />兄弟,低调些吧,我也在用GAE,可不想它被和谐!<br />编码器<br />03月 1st, 2010 at 9:14 上午
<br />低调!低调。<br />用GAE做个人代理 - 小老外的blog<br />03月 3rd, 2010 at 3:06 上午 <br />[...]
自己有SSH所以没使用过这个。有相关需求的人可以看此贴(需要crsky论坛账号)或者此博文。我不啰嗦了,因为我也没试过。
[...]<br />petra<br />03月 9th, 2010 at 4:04 下午 <br />为什么我输入appcfg.py update
fetchserver后会有错误信息<br />petra<br />03月 9th, 2010 at 4:05 下午 <br />错误是这个<br />Traceback
(most recent call last):<br />File “C:\Program Files
(x86)\Google\google_appengine\appcfg.py”, line 68, in<br />run_file(__file__,
globals())<br />File “C:\Program Files (x86)\Google\google_appengine\appcfg.py”,
line 64, in r<br />un_file<br />execfile(script_path, globals_)<br />NameError: global
name ‘execfile’ is not defined<br />温馨小窝 » [转]安装 GAppProxy 代理简明教程<br />03月 12th,
2010 at 5:17 下午 <br />[...] 天 空岛 [...]<br />tjdqls<br />03月 13th, 2010 at 11:46 下午
<br />设好端口,ie kernel的没反应, firefox只能拿到http header然后画面空白。请教下~<br />tjdqls<br />03月 13th,
2010 at 11:47 下午 <br />设好端口,ie kernel的没反应,firefox只能拿到http
header,请教下~<br />soho,yeah!<br />03月 14th, 2010 at 5:42 上午
<br />麻烦高手帮我看下怎么回事:<br />Microsoft Windows XP [版本 5.1.2600]<br />(C) 版权所有 1985-2001
Microsoft Corp.<br />C:\Documents and Settings\Administrator>d:<br />D:\>cd
d:\google\google_appengine<br />D:\Google\google_appengine>appcfg.py update
fetchserver<br />D:\Google\google_appengine\appcfg.py:41: DeprecationWarning: the
sha module is d<br />eprecated; use the hashlib module
instead<br />os.path.join(DIR_PATH, ‘lib’,
‘antlr3′),<br />D:\Google\google_appengine\google\appengine\tools\dev_appserver_login.py:33:
Dep<br />recationWarning: the md5 module is deprecated; use hashlib
instead<br />import md5<br />Usage: appcfg.py [options] update<br />appcfg.py: error:
Not a directory:
fetchserver<br />D:\Google\google_appengine><br />—————<br />以上是最后的显示,之前并没有出现要求我输入用户名和密码的命令行,不知道哪里出问题了。如果可能,请回复到我的邮箱吧,谢谢!<br />carrie<br />03月
14th, 2010 at 12:52 下午 <br />你需要使用指定的GAppProxy
FetchServer,请问哪位能给我一个能用的地址呢,实在是不会搞啊。。。。谢过!!!<br />controlsea<br />03月 14th, 2010 at
3:47 下午 <br />奇怪了,<a href="http://xxxx.appspot.com/fetch.py">http://xxxx.appspot.com/fetch.py</a>里显示代理正常,GAppProxy的gui也已经正常运行了浏览器里设置代理之后打开网页显示是空白的,不知怎么回事?请博主赐教~~<br />This
Article comes from <a href="http://skydao.com/">http://skydao.com</a> ,
Permalink:http://skydao.com/2009/02/google-app-engine-to-do-with-personal-proxy-server-second-edition/
<br />
<hr />
<br />
<h1>
<a href="http://jandan.net/2006/12/23/using-google-to-view-myspace-or-any-restricted-site.html">Google,免费代理服务器</a></h1>
<div class="time_s">
© <a href="http://jandan.net/author/sfufoet">sfufoet</a> /
2006.12.23 / 9:40 pm / 55,808 pv </div>
<img align="right" src="http://68.142.214.43/146/330893679_d7dfcadac1_m.jpg" /><br /> 关于代理已经有N种方法,这里介绍的是用
Google 这个免费的代理服务器实现的。<br />
<b>方法 1 </b>:<b>利用 Google 翻译。</b><br /> 例如访问煎蛋:<br /> <a href="http://www.google.com/translate?langpair=zh%7Czh&u=jandan.net" target="_blank">http://www.google.com/translate?langpair=zh|zh&u=jandan.net</a><br /> 就是在“
http://www.google.com/translate?langpair=<b>zh|zh</b>&u=
”加上目标网站的URL。这里主要是针对中文的网页,如果是英文的网页,请把链接中的“ <b>zh|zh </b>”替换为“ en|en ”。<br /> 雅虎的<a href="http://fanyi.cn.yahoo.com/" target="_blank">宝贝鱼翻译</a><b>不可以</b>这样利用。勉强实现利用的方法:在翻译类型那里请选择“<b>中文(简体)</b><b>翻译为</b><b>中文(繁体)</b>”。<br />
<b>方法 2 :利用 Google Mobile。</b><br /> 例如访问 YouTube:<br /><a href="http://www.google.com/gwt/n?u=www.youtube.com" target="_blank"> http://www.google.com/gwt/n?u=www.youtube.com</a><br /> 就是在“
http://www.google.com/gwt/n?u= ”后面加上目标网站的URL,这个方法的局限性比较大,目前不能访问煎蛋,不能访问 163
。因为网页已按移动设备(手机)调整,去掉了很多动态代码。<br />
<b>方法 3 :利用 Google Cache </b>。<br /> 方法:搜索目标网页“ jandan.net ”然后点击搜索结果中的链接“
网页快照
”。可惜网页快照一直在中国不能访问。难道就没有办法?当然不是。<br /> 右键点击“<b>网页快照</b>”,选择“<b>复制快捷方式(IE)</b>”或者选择“<b>复制链接地址(Firefox)</b>”,然后<b>粘贴</b>到地址栏,把链接中的“
search?q ”修改为“ search?<b>&</b>q ”, 就是加上个 & ,最后回车。点击<a href="http://72.14.235.104/search?&q=cache:KM-FthXOtYYJ:jandan.net/+%E7%85%8E%E8%9B%8B&hl=zh-CN&ct=clnk&cd=1&lr=lang_zh-CN%7Clang_zh-TW&client=firefox" target="_blank">这里访问煎蛋的网页快照</a>。<b>请务必严格按照这个步骤做,不然就无效了。</b> 用火狐的懒虫们可以利用这个扩展
<a href="http://addons.mozine.org/firefox/16/" target="_blank">GreaseMonkey
</a>,并且<a href="http://forums.mozine.cn/index.php?showtopic=4310" target="_blank">安装这个 GM 脚本</a>。然后只要点击“网页快照”就行了。<b>
</b><br />
<b><a href="http://www.oreillynet.com/pub/a/network/2006/12/21/using-google-to-view-myspace-or-any-restricted-sites.html" target="_blank">链接</a> | <a href="http://digg.com/software/Using_Google_to_View_MySpace_or_Any_Restricted_Site" target="_blank">来源</a></b>
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JAN</div>
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<h1 class="ContentTitle" style="margin-top: 10px;">
<strong>让google来做你的代理服务器</strong></h1>
<h2 class="ContentAuthor" style="padding-top: 4px;">
<span style="color: #609509;">POST BY
稻草</span> AT 14:28</h2>
<div class="Content-Info">
<div class="InfoOther">
字体大小: <a href="javascript:SetFont('12px')">小</a> <a href="javascript:SetFont('14px')">中</a> <a href="javascript:SetFont('16px')">大</a></div>
<div class="InfoAuthor">
<img src="http://www.v4uu.com/blog/images/weather/hn2_sunny.gif" style="margin: 0px 2px -6px 0px;" /><img src="http://www.v4uu.com/blog/images/weather/hn2_t_sunny.gif" /> <img src="http://www.v4uu.com/blog/images/level3.gif" style="margin: 0px 2px -1px 0px;" /> </div>
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<div class="Content-body" id="logPanel">
用<a href="http://www.google.com/" target="_blank">google</a>来做完美免费代理服务器<br /><br />从国内上被封的网站不再需要到处找代理了<br /><br />Google
free proxy!
<br /><br />很多不错的国外web从国内都没法直接上,要通过代理服务器才可以。<br /><br />但是要找到一个持久稳定快速的代理服务器并不是一件容易的事,虽然现在有各种各样的proxy
finder<br /><br />还是什么hunter软件。但是这还是需要花费你N多的时间和精力。<br /><br />但是如今一个一劳永逸的办法出现了--就是用Google咯。<br /><br />其实大家都知道Google不仅做搜索引擎,实际上它现在还提供email、mapping、news等其他服务。<br /><br />Google确实没proxy的服务<br /><br />但是我们有办法让它成为一个proxy
service<br /><br />方法就是利用 Google 的站点语言自动翻译(Google Translator
Service),使用方法很简单,如下:<br /><br /><a href="http://www.%3ca%20href=/" target="_blank">google</a>.com/translate?langpair=en" target="_blank"><a href="http://www.%3ca%20href=/" target="_blank">google</a>.com/translate?langpair=en"
target="_blank">http://www.<a href="http://www.google.com/" target="_blank">google</a>.com/translate?langpair=en|en&u=www.v4uu.com<br /><br />en|en
表示把把english翻译成enlish,如果是en|zh-cn就可以把english转成chinese啦.<br /><br />其实Google
会帮我们读取这个网站的内容然后转发给我们,这样就起到了代理的作用。<br /><br />不过这个小伎俩并不是十全十美的,它不能隐藏你的ip。<br /><br />你可以同过访问下面这个链接来验证。<br /><br /><a href="http://www.%3ca%20href=/" target="_blank">google</a>.com/translate?langpair=en"
target="_blank">http://www.<a href="http://www.google.com/" target="_blank">google</a>.com/translate?langpair=en|en&u=www.whatismyip.com<br /></div>
<div class="Content-body">
[这篇日志被 稻草 偷偷的动过手脚了,好象是在 2006-01-25 02:52 PM ]<br /><img src="http://www.v4uu.com/blog/images/From.gif" style="margin: 4px 2px -4px 0px;" /><strong>文章来自:</strong> <a href="http://www.v4uu.com/blog" target="_blank">自然.而然</a><br /><img src="http://www.v4uu.com/blog/images/icon_trackback.gif" style="margin: 4px 2px -4px 0px;" /><strong>引用通告地址:</strong><a href="http://www.v4uu.com/blog/article.asp?id=254#">trackback很不靠谱...</a><br /><img src="http://www.v4uu.com/blog/images/tag.gif" style="margin: 4px 2px -4px 0px;" /><strong>Tags:</strong> <br /><img src="http://www.v4uu.com/blog/images/tag.gif" style="margin: 4px 2px -4px 0px;" /><strong>相关日志:</strong></div>
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</table>sfebbf@gmail.comhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03493373165705385749noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3520553598370090588.post-68282989176271579532012-04-23T02:05:00.001+08:002012-04-23T02:05:02.142+08:00使用IPV6翻墙之一:Google和各种网站的IPv6服务hosts<div id="General_Content">
<div id="General_Content">
<div id="General_Content">
<h2>
<a href="http://iguangblog.appspot.com/2010/04/6/公网使用IPV6翻墙:Google和各种网站的IPv6服务hosts.html">使用IPV6翻墙之一:Google和各种网站的IPv6服务hosts</a></h2>
<div class="greytext">
四月 6th, 2010 </div>
<div class="entry">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">本文主要介绍公网如何配置IPv6以及<span style="font-family: arial;">Google和各种网站的IPv6服务hosts,基本涵盖了Google的所有服务,使用IPV6翻墙以后,Youtube缓冲非常快,</span>Twitter和Facebook也有类似的IPV6服务hosts,但都不如Google的稳定,经常出现没多久就不能用了,如果大家知道可用的,请告知,谢谢。如果大家想要翻墙浏览任何网站,可以参考这篇文章:<span style="font-family: arial;"><a class="vt-p" href="http://iguangblog.appspot.com/?p=19001" target="_blank">http://iguangblog.appspot.com/?p=19001</a>,GAppProxy翻墙的速度和稳定性不如IPV6
hosts,但是能访问更多被墙的网站,包括Porn站点XXX。。。</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">注意:<strong>普通路由器不支持IPV6</strong>,交换机可以。路由器可以通过更改设置当成交换机使用,具体方法自己Google,貌似是需要关掉路由器的DHCP功能。</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">另外不只教育网,公网也可以使用IPV6,具体方法参考如下:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">注意:这里只是提供了在公网或不支持ipv6的学校使用ipv6的方法,但由于公网到教育网带宽的问题,还有freeip的问题,不保证可以连接上和连接速度。</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: arial;">具体方法是通过isatap隧道实现ipv6。</span><br />
<span style="font-family: arial;">首先安装ipv6协议,<strong>XP</strong>用户在命令提示符下运行ipv6
install (Win 7和Vista 默认已经安装IPV6)</span><br />
<span style="font-family: arial;">然后设置隧道:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: arial;">使用上海交大的隧道服务 <br />C:>netsh</span><br />
<span style="font-family: arial;">netsh>int</span><br />
<span style="font-family: arial;">netsh interface>ipv6</span><br />
<span style="font-family: arial;">netsh interface>ipv6>install
(Win 7和Vista用户可略过这条命令)</span><br />
<span style="font-family: arial;">netsh interface ipv6>isatap
</span><br />
<span style="font-family: arial;">netsh interface ipv6 isatap>set router
202.112.26.254</span><br />
<span style="font-family: arial;">使用清华大学的隧道服务 <br />C:>netsh</span><br />
<span style="font-family: arial;">netsh>int</span><br />
<span style="font-family: arial;">netsh interface>ipv6</span><br />
<span style="font-family: arial;">netsh interface ipv6>isa</span><br />
<span style="font-family: arial;">netsh interface ipv6 isatap>set router
59.66.17.202 enabled</span><br />
<span style="font-family: arial;">netsh interface ipv6
isatap>ipv6</span><br />
<span style="font-family: arial;">netsh interface ipv6>set route
prefix=::/0 interface="Automatic Tunneling Pseudo-Interface"
nexthop=fe80::5efe:59.66.17.202 metric=100</span><br />
<span style="font-family: arial;">台湾某运营商,公网推荐用这个 <br />C:>netsh</span><br />
<span style="font-family: arial;">netsh>int</span><br />
<span style="font-family: arial;">netsh interface>ipv6</span><br />
<span style="font-family: arial;">netsh interface>ipv6>install
(同样Win 7和Vista用户可略过这条命令)</span><br />
<span style="font-family: arial;">netsh interface ipv6>isatap</span><br />
<span style="font-family: arial;">netsh interface ipv6 isatap>set router
tb.ipv6.apol.com.tw</span><br />
<br />
然后
ipconfig后应该看到一个2001:为前缀的v6地址,hostid为5efe:x.x.x.x,其中x.x.x.x为你的真实的IPV4地址。<br />
需要提醒的是,Windows
XP在刚启动的时候需要花费一定的时间添加虚拟的隧道网卡及进行IPv6的路由发现,需等待一段时间才能正常使用ISATAP隧道。<br />
这样就ok了。<br />
如果能访问到<span style="font-family: arial;"><a class="vt-p" href="http://iptv.bupt.edu.cn/" target="_blank">http://iptv.bupt.edu.cn/</a></span>,并能观看IPTV视频, 表示你的ipv6已经运行成功
<br />日本的KAME项目 <a class="vt-p" href="http://www.kame.net/" target="_blank">http://www.kame.net/ </a>ipv4看到的不会动的乌龟,ipv6看到是动的乌龟。<br />
ps。linux,freebsd等类unix用户请参考这里: <br /><a class="vt-p" href="http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/linux/l-cn-ipv6/" target="_blank">http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/linux/l-cn-ipv6/</a> <br /><a class="vt-p" href="http://linuxdesktop.cn/2008/05/20/ipv6-under-linux/" target="_blank">http://linuxdesktop.cn/2008/05/20/ipv6-under-linux/
</a>(yegle推荐)<br />
以上部分参考地址:IPv6之家 <a class="vt-p" href="http://www.ipv6bbs.com/thread-1730-1-1.html" target="_blank">http://www.ipv6bbs.com/thread-1730-1-1.html</a><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a class="vt-p" href="http://twitter.com/iguang" target="_blank">@iGuang</a>推荐的其他翻墙方法:</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"> 1:</span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a class="vt-p" href="http://iguang.info/2010/04/21/newest-ipv6-proxy-for-edu-network-to-hop-over-gfw/" target="_blank">VPN计划:最新教育网翻墙IPV6代理服务器</a></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2:</span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a class="vt-p" href="http://iguang.info/2010/03/24/use-gappproxy-to-hop-over-gfw-in-edu-network/">教育网翻墙完美教程--GAppProxy</a></span><br />
<span style="font-family: arial;">--------------------------------------------------------我是传说中的分割线--------------------------------------------------------------------------------</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><strong>以下为hosts配置部分,#开头的是注释:</strong></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><strong>#让我们一起来FUCK GFW!</strong></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">#Google和各种网站的IPv6服务hosts </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">#利用IPv6技术翻墙,保证Google服务可用,校园网用户使用IPv6应该不收取上网费用(至少我们学校如此)</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">#最下方有各种网站的IPv6hosts列表</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">#欢迎转载,请注明来源,谢谢 </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">#本文的发布地址:</span><a class="vt-p" href="http://docs.google.com/View?id=dfkdmxnt_61d9ck9ffq" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: x-small;">http://docs.google.com/View?id=dfkdmxnt_61d9ck9ffq</span></a><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">#本文的共享链接:</span><a class="vt-p" href="http://docs.google.com/Doc?docid=0ARhAbsvps1PlZGZrZG14bnRfNjFkOWNrOWZmcQ&hl=zh_CN" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: x-small;">http://docs.google.com/Doc?docid=0ARhAbsvps1PlZGZrZG14bnRfNjFkOWNrOWZmcQ&hl=zh_CN</span></a><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">#表格版的host列表地址:</span><a class="vt-p" href="http://spreadsheets.google.com/ccc?key=0AhhAbsvps1PldEVXVzBkR3hBaWFnbEQ0OWIwMU5ycmc&hl=zh_CN" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: x-small;">http://spreadsheets.google.com/ccc?key=0AhhAbsvps1PldEVXVzBkR3hBaWFnbEQ0OWIwMU5ycmc&hl=zh_CN</span></a><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">#有新的Google地址需要添加?请在</span><a class="vt-p" href="http://spreadsheets.google.com/viewform?formkey=dHNSUHlpYklwa2ZRN1VFRzJYMXczNlE6MA" id="c7_z" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: x-small;">这里</span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;">提交,帮助我完善此列表,谢谢~</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">#欢迎<del>穿越</del>传阅</span><br />
<span style="color: red; font-size: x-small;">#大幅更新!请往下看!所有GoogleIPv6地址变更!支持https加密!</span><br />
<br />
<hr />
<br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">#hosts文件位置: </span><br />
<span style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: black;">#</span>C:\Windows\System32\drivers\etc (Windows中)
</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: black;">#</span>/etc (Linux中) </span></span><br />
<span style="color: black; font-size: x-small;">#用文本打开hosts文件,复制以下内容到hosts文件中,保存即可(hosts文件没有后缀)</span><br />
<span style="color: black; font-size: x-small;">#关闭某个IPv6的转发请在那一行的<span style="color: red;">最前面</span>添加#号,启用请去除<span style="color: red;">最前面</span>#号,每行中间的#号是为了区分地址和注释,不用理睬- -</span><br />
<br />
<hr />
<br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"># Copyright (c) 1993-2006 Microsoft Corp.
</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"># </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"># This is a sample HOSTS file used by
Microsoft TCP/IP for Windows. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"># </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"># This file contains the mappings of IP
addresses to host names. Each </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"># entry should be kept on an individual line.
The IP address should </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"># be placed in the first column followed by
the corresponding host name. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"># The IP address and the host name should be
separated by at least one </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"># space. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"># </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"># Additionally, comments (such as these) may
be inserted on individual </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"># lines or following the machine name denoted
by a '#' symbol. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"># </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"># For example: </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"># </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"># 102.54.94.97
rhino.acme.com # source server </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"># 38.25.63.10
x.acme.com # x client host </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">127.0.0.1 localhost </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">::1 localhost</span><br />
<br />
<hr />
<br />
<h1>
<a class="vt-p" href="" id="_Google_30340538639575243_4439_261471095494926" name="_Google_30340538639575243_4439_261471095494926"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">#</span>##Google网站</span>
<br />
<hr />
<br />
<div>
<span style="color: red; font-size: x-small;">#下列红色地址为官方给出的准确地址,可以使用正确的https加密连接</span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">#以下列表中地址以亚洲太平洋服务器<span style="color: red;">Address
(Asia-Pacific)</span><span style="color: red;">为主(2001:4860:8006::*)</span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">##Google.com Google.com</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62
google.com #主页</span><br />
<span style="color: red; font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::c1
m.google.com #Google移动版</span><br />
<span style="color: red; font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::54
accounts.google.com #帐户</span><br />
<div style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 id.google.com
#帐号登录</span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 id.l.google.com
#</span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62
gg.google.com #广告? </span><br />
<div style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 safebrowsing.clients.google.com
#安全浏览客户端服务器</span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 ns1.google.com
#域名系统服务器ns-soa/ns</span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 ns2.google.com
#域名系统服务器ns</span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 ns3.google.com
#域名系统服务器ns</span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 ns4.google.com
#域名系统服务器ns</span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 services.google.com
#服务申请</span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 feedproxy.google.com
#Feed代理</span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">
<span style="color: red; font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::d2
jmt0.google.com #未知</span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 googlemashups.l.google.com
#位置</span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">##Google.com.hk 谷歌香港</span><br />
<strong><span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::2e
www.google.com.hk</span></strong><br />
<strong><span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::2e
images.google.com.hk</span></strong><br />
<strong><span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::2e
video.google.com.hk</span></strong><br />
<strong><span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::2e
maps.google.com.hk</span></strong><br />
<strong><span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::2e
news.google.com.hk</span></strong><br />
<strong><span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::2e
translate.google.com.hk</span></strong><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><strong>2001:4860:8006::2e
blogsearch.google.com.hk</strong></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><strong>2001:4860:8006::2e
picasaweb.google.com.hk</strong></span><br />
<strong><span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::2e
toolbar.google.com.hk</span></strong><br />
<strong><span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::2e
desktop.google.com.hk</span></strong><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">##Google.cn 谷歌中国 </span><br />
<div style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">
<span style="background-color: red;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">2401:3800:c001::2c www.google.cn
#主页</span></span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: red;">2401:3800:c001::2c
g.cn #主页</span> </span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: red;">2401:3800:c001::2c
google.cn #主页</span> </span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: simsun, 宋体, "; font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: red;">2401:3800:c001::2c ipv6cn.l.google.com
</span></span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: simsun, 宋体, "; font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: red;">#IPv6:ipv6.google.cn</span></span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">##Google.com.tw Google台湾</span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: simsun, 宋体, "; font-size: small;">2001:4860:8006::2f
www.google.com.tw #主页</span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: simsun, 宋体, "; font-size: small;">2001:4860:8006::2f
picasaweb.google.com.tw #picasaweb </span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">##Google.co.jp Google日本</span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: simsun, 宋体, "; font-size: small;">2a00:1450:8006::30
www.google.co.jp</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: simsun, 宋体, ";">#</span><span style="font-family: simsun, 宋体, ";">IPv6:ipv6</span><span style="font-family: simsun, 宋体, ";">.google.co.jp</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">##</span><br />
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::20 www.google.com.tr
土耳其</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::21 www.google.com.au
澳大利亚</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::22 www.google.com.vn
越南</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::23 www.google.com.pk
巴基斯坦</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::24 www.google.com.my
马来西亚</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::25
www.google.com.pe</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::26
www.google.co.za</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::27
www.google.co.ve</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::28
www.google.com.ph</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::29
www.google.com.ar</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::2a
www.google.co.nz</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::2b
www.google.lt</span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: red;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::2c www.google.cn
中国(已死)</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::2d
www.google.com.sg</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::2e www.google.com.hk
香港</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::2f www.google.com.tw
台湾</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::30 www.google.co.jp
日本</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::31
www.google.ae</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::32 www.google.co.uk
英国</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::33
www.google.com.gr</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::34 www.google.de
</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::35
www.google.co.il</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::36 www.google.fr
法国</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::38
www.google.it</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::39
www.google.lv</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::3a
www.google.ca</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::3b
www.google.pl</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::3c
www.google.ch</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::3d
www.google.ro</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::3e
www.google.nl</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::3f
www.google.com.ru</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::40 www.google.at
奥地利</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::42
www.google.be</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::44
www.google.co.kr</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::45
www.google.com.ua</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::48 www.google.fi
芬兰</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::49
www.google.co.in</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::4a
www.google.pt</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::4b
www.google.com.ly</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::4c
www.google.com.br</span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">#Web 网页 </span><br />
<span style="color: red; font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::68
www.google.com #主页 </span><br />
<span style="color: red; font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::68
www.l.google.com</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62
www0.l.google.com</span><br />
<div style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 www1.l.google.com</span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 www3.l.google.com</span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62
suggestqueries.google.com #搜索建议</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62
suggestqueries.l.google.com #搜索建议</span><br />
<div style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 clients0.google.com
#客户端服务器</span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62
clients1.google.com #客户端服务器</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62
clients2.google.com #客户端服务器</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62
clients3.google.com #客户端服务器</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62
clients4.google.com #客户端服务器</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">#Images 图片 </span><br />
<span style="color: red; font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::68
images.google.com #主页</span><br />
<span style="color: red; font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::68
images.l.google.com #</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 tbn0.google.com </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 tbn1.google.com </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 tbn2.google.com </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 tbn3.google.com </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 tbn4.google.com </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 tbn5.google.com </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 tbn6.google.com </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">#Video 视频 </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62
video.google.com #主页</span><br />
<div style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 0.gvt0.com</span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 1.gvt0.com</span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 2.gvt0.com</span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 3.gvt0.com</span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 4.gvt0.com</span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 5.gvt0.com</span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62
video-stats.video.google.com</span></div>
<span style="color: red; font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::74
upload.video.google.com</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::74
sslvideo-upload.l.google.com</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 vp.video.google.com
</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 vp.video.l.google.com
</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62
qwqy.vp.video.l.google.com</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62
nz.vp.video.l.google.com</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62
nztdug.vp.video.l.google.com</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62
pr.vp.video.l.google.com</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62
ug.vp.video.l.google.com</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 vp01.video.l.google.com
<br />2001:4860:8006::62 vp02.video.l.google.com <br />2001:4860:8006::62
vp03.video.l.google.com <br />2001:4860:8006::62 vp04.video.l.google.com
<br />2001:4860:8006::62 vp05.video.l.google.com <br />2001:4860:8006::62
vp06.video.l.google.com <br />2001:4860:8006::62 vp07.video.l.google.com
<br />2001:4860:8006::62 vp08.video.l.google.com <br />2001:4860:8006::62
vp09.video.l.google.com <br />2001:4860:8006::62 vp10.video.l.google.com
<br />2001:4860:8006::62 vp11.video.l.google.com <br />2001:4860:8006::62
vp12.video.l.google.com <br />2001:4860:8006::62 vp13.video.l.google.com
<br />2001:4860:8006::62 vp14.video.l.google.com <br />2001:4860:8006::62
vp15.video.l.google.com <br />2001:4860:8006::62 vp16.video.l.google.com
<br />2001:4860:8006::62 vp17.video.l.google.com <br />2001:4860:8006::62
vp18.video.l.google.com <br />2001:4860:8006::62 vp19.video.l.google.com
<br />2001:4860:8006::62 vp20.video.l.google.com</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">#Map 地图 </span><br />
<div style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">
<span style="color: red; font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::68
maps.google.com #主页</span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">
<span style="color: red; font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::68
maps.l.google.com</span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: black;">2001:4860:8006::62
maps-api-ssl.google.com</span> </span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 map.google.com</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 kh.google.com</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 kh.l.google.com</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 khmdb.google.com</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62
khm.google.com #</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 khm.l.google.com</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62
khm0.google.com #Satellite View</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62
khm1.google.com #Satellite View</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62
khm2.google.com #Satellite View</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62
khm3.google.com #Satellite View</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62
cbk0.google.com #Street View</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62
cbk1.google.com #Street View</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62
cbk2.google.com #Street View</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62
cbk3.google.com #Street View</span><br />
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62
mw0.google.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62
mw1.google.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62
mw2.google.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62
mw3.google.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62
mw-small.l.google.com</span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 mt.l.google.com</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 mt0.google.com </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 mt1.google.com </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 mt2.google.com </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 mt3.google.com </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 mlt0.google.com </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 mlt1.google.com </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 mlt2.google.com </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 mlt3.google.com</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">#News 资讯 </span><br />
<span style="color: red; font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::68
news.google.com #主页</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: red;">2001:4860:8006::68 news.l.google.com
</span> </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 nt0.ggpht.com </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 nt1.ggpht.com </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 nt2.ggpht.com </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 nt3.ggpht.com </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 nt4.ggpht.com </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 nt5.ggpht.com </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><br />
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">#Gmail 邮箱</span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: red; font-size: x-small;">2a00:1450:8007::11
mail.google.com #主页</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: red;">2a00:1450:8007::53</span><span style="color: red;">
googlemail.l.google.com</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: red;">2a00:1450:8007::11</span><span style="color: red;">
googlemail.l.google.com</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: red;">2a00:1450:8007::12</span><span style="color: red;">
googlemail.l.google.com</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: red;">2001:4860:8006::13</span><span style="color: red;">
googlemail.l.google.com</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: red; font-size: x-small;">2a00:1450:8007::bd
chatenabled.mail.google.com #Gmail中Gtalk聊天服务</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2a00:1450:8007::62
talk.gmail.com #Gmail中Gtalk聊天服务</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2a00:1450:8007::62
gmail.google.com #</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2a00:1450:8007::62
gmail.l.google.com #</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2a00:1450:8007::62
www.gmail.com #Gmail主页</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2a00:1450:8007::62
gmail.com #Gmail主页</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2a00:1450:8007::62
pop.gmail.com #pop服务</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2a00:1450:8007::62
smtp.gmail.com #smtp服务</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2a00:1450:8007::62 smtp1.google.com
<br />2a00:1450:8007::62 smtp2.google.com <br />2a00:1450:8007::62
smtp3.google.com <br />2a00:1450:8007::62 smtp4.google.com
<br />2a00:1450:8007::62 smtp5.google.com <br />2a00:1450:8007::62
smtp-out.google.com <br />2a00:1450:8007::62 smtp-out2.google.com
<br />2a00:1450:8007::62 smtp-out3.google.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2a00:1450:8007::62
imap.google.com #</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2a00:1450:8007::62 gmail-pop.l.google.com
<br />2a00:1450:8007::62 gmail-smtp.l.google.com <br />2a00:1450:8007::62
gmail-smtp-in.l.google.com <br />2a00:1450:8007::62
gmr-smtp-in.l.google.com</span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">#Books 图书 </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62
books.google.com #主页</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 bks0.books.google.com
</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 bks1.books.google.com
</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 bks2.books.google.com
</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 bks3.books.google.com
</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 bks4.books.google.com
</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 bks5.books.google.com
</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 bks6.books.google.com
</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 bks7.books.google.com
</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 bks8.books.google.com
</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 bks9.books.google.com
</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">#Finance 财经 </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 finance.google.com
</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">#Translate 翻译 </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 translate.google.com
</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">#Blog 博客搜索 </span><br />
<span style="color: red; font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::68
blogsearch.google.com </span><br />
<span style="color: red; font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::63
www2.l.google.com</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">#Calendar 日历 </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 calendar.google.com
</span><br />
</a><a class="vt-p" href="" id="Google官方Photo/Picasa(照片/网络相册)IPv6地址" name="Google官方Photo/Picasa(照片/网络相册)IPv6地址">
</a><br />
<a class="vt-p" href="" id="Google官方Photo/Picasa(照片/网络相册)IPv6地址" name="Google官方Photo/Picasa(照片/网络相册)IPv6地址"><span style="font-size: x-small;">#Photo/Picasa 照片/网络相册 </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62
photos.google.com</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62
picasa.google.com</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 picasaweb.google.com
</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 lh0.ggpht.com </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 lh1.ggpht.com </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 lh2.ggpht.com </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 lh3.ggpht.com </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 lh4.ggpht.com </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 lh5.ggpht.com </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 lh6.ggpht.com </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 lh7.ggpht.com </span><br />
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62
lh8.ggpht.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62
lh9.ggpht.com</span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">#Docs 文档 </span><br />
<span style="color: red; font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::64
docs.google.com </span><br />
<span style="color: red; font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::64
writely.l.google.com</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62
spreadsheet.google.com</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62
spreadsheets.google.com</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62
spreadsheets.l.google.com</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62
writely.google.com</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 writely.l.google.com
<br />2001:4860:8006::62 writely-com.l.google.com</span><br />
<div style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62
writely-china.l.google.com</span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">#Reader 阅读器 </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 reader.google.com
</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">#Sites 协作平台 </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 sites.google.com
</span><br />
<div style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 ghs.google.com </span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 ghs.l.google.com</span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">#Group 论坛 </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 groups.google.com
</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62
groups.l.google.com</span><br />
<span style="color: red; font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::89
*.googlegroups.com</span><br />
<span style="color: red; font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::89
blob-s-docs.googlegroups.com </span><br />
<span style="color: red; font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::89
2503061233288453901-a-1802744773732722657-s-sites.googlegroups.com</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">#Scholar 学术搜索 </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 scholar.google.com
</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62
scholar.l.google.com</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">#Tools 工具 </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 tools.google.com
</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62
tools.l.google.com</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">#Code 代码 </span><br />
<span style="color: red; font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::64
code.google.com #主页</span><br />
<span style="color: red; font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::64
code.l.google.com #</span><br />
<span style="color: red; font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::52
*.googlecode.com #</span><br />
<span style="color: red; font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::52
chromium.googlecode.com #</span><br />
<span style="color: red; font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::52
searchforchrome.googlecode.com #</span><br />
<span style="color: red; font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::52
android-scripting.googlecode.com #Android Scripting Environment </span><br />
<div style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">
<span style="color: red; font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::52
earth-api-samples.googlecode.com #</span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">
<span style="color: red; font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::52
gmaps-samples-flash.googlecode.com #</span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: red;">2001:4860:8006::52 </span><span style="color: red;">google-code-feed-gadget.googlecode.com</span></span><br />
<span style="color: red; font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::52
china-addthis.googlecode.com #</span><br />
<span style="color: red; font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::52
get-flash-videos.googlecode.com #get-flash-videos</span><br />
<span style="color: red; font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::52
youplayer.googlecode.com #YouPlayer</span><br />
<span style="color: red; font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::52
cclive.googlecode.com #ccLive</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">#Labs 实验室 </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 labs.google.com </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 www.googlelabs.com
</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62
browsersize.googlelabs.com #Browser Size </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62
storegadget.googlelabs.com #Google Checkout Store Gadget </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62
citytours.googlelabs.com #City Tours </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62
livingstories.googlelabs.com #Living Stories </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62
image-swirl.googlelabs.com #Image Swirl </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62
scriptconv.googlelabs.com #Script Converter </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62
relatedlinks.googlelabs.com #Related Links </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62
fastflip.googlelabs.com #Fast Flip </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62
listen.googlelabs.com #Google Listen </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62
similar-images.googlelabs.com #Similar Images </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62
tables.googlelabs.com #Fusion Tables </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62
newstimeline.googlelabs.com #Google News Timeline </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">#Knol 在线百科全书</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 knol.google.com </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">#SketchUp 3D建模工具 </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 sketchup.google.com
</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62
sketchup.l.google.com</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">#Pack 软件精选 </span><br />
<span style="color: red; font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::68
pack.google.com </span><br />
<span style="color: red; font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::68
www2.l.google.com</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::68
cache.pack.google.com</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">#Blogger 博客服务 </span><br />
<span style="color: red; font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::bf
www.blogger.com </span><br />
<span style="color: red; font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::bf
buttons.blogger.com</span><br />
<span style="color: red; font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::bf
beta.blogger.com</span><br />
<div style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: red;">2001:4860:8006::bf
draft.blogger.com #</span><span style="color: red;">Blogger
测试区</span></span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">
<span style="color: red; font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::bf
status.blogger.com #Blogger 状态</span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: red;">2001:4860:8006::bf
help.blogger.com #</span><span style="color: red;">支持中心</span></span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">
<span style="color: red; font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::bf
buzz.blogger.com #Blogger Buzz博客(英文)</span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">
<span style="color: red; font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::bf
photos1.blogger.com</span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: red;">2001:4860:8006::bf
</span><span style="color: red;">bp0.blogger.com</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62
blogger.google.com</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62
blogger.l.google.com</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 www.blogblog.com</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62
www1.blogblog.com</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62
www2.blogblog.com</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 img.blogblog.com</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 img1.blogblog.com
</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62
img2.blogblog.com</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 img.blshe.com</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><br />
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">#Blogspot 博客服务</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62
www.blogspot.com #主页</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62
blogsofnote.blogspot.com #留言博客(英文版本)</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62
knownissues.blogspot.com #已知问题</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62
1.bp.blogspot.com #</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62
2.bp.blogspot.com #</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62
3.bp.blogspot.com #</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62
4.bp.blogspot.com #</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62
googleblog.blogspot.com #Official Google Blog</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62
googlesystem.blogspot.com #Google Operating System</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: black;">2001:4860:8006::62</span> <span style="color: black;">googlechrome</span><span style="color: black;">releases.blogspot.com #<span style="color: black;">Google Chrome </span><span style="color: black;">Releases</span></span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62
youtube-global.blogspot.com #YouTube Blog</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62
igoogledeveloper.blogspot.com #iGoogle Developer Blog</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62
google-code-featured.blogspot.com #Featured Projects on Google
Code</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62
googlegeodevelopers.blogspot.com #Google Geo Developers Blog</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62
googlecustomsearch.blogspot.com #Google Custom Search Blog</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62
chinafreenet.blogspot.com #中国自由网</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62
gregmankiw.blogspot.com #GREG MANKIW'S BLOG</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62
xiangeliushui.blogspot.com #年华似水,岁月如歌</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62
chinagfw.blogspot.com #GFW Blog</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62
wallpapers-arena.blogspot.com #Wallpapers Arena</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62
ggq.blogspot.com #GG圈</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62
whiteappleer.blogspot.com #WA+ER</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62
rain-reader.blogspot.com #Nostalgia: Those Who Remain</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62
unityteam1.blogspot.com #生活圈 BLOG</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62
ipv6-or-no-ipv6.blogspot.com #IPv6 Related Stuff</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62
autoproxy2pac.appspot.com # </span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">#2001:4860:8006::62
*.blogspot.com #可以添加你自己的博客地址到这里</span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">#Checkout 买家</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: red;">2001:4860:8006::73</span><span style="color: red;">
checkout.google.com </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><del><span style="font-size: x-small;">#Orkut 网络社区(貌似错误)</span></del></span><br />
<div style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><del><span style="font-size: x-small;">#2001:4860:8006::62
orkut.google.com</span></del></span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><del><span style="font-size: x-small;">#2001:4860:8006::62
orkut.l.google.com</span></del></span></div>
<span style="background-color: white;"><del><span style="font-size: x-small;">#2001:4860:8006::62
www.orkut.com</span></del></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: white;"><del>#2001:4860:8006::62
</del></span><span style="background-color: white;"><del>clients1.orkut.com</del></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">#Toolbar 工具栏 </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 toolbar.google.com
</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62
www.gmailnotifier.com #Gmail Notifier</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">#App Engine </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62
appengine.google.com #主页</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62
appspot.l.google.com #</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62
chart.apis.google.com #Google 图表 API</span><br />
<span style="color: red; font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::5f
*.googleapis.com</span><br />
<span style="color: red; font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::5f
translate.googleapis.com #Google 翻译 API</span><br />
<span style="color: red; font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::5f
ajax.googleapis.com #Ajax API</span><br />
<span style="color: red; font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::8d
*.appspot.com</span><br />
<span style="color: red; font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::8d
productideas.appspot.com #Google 汇问</span><br />
<span style="color: red; font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::8d
wave-api.appspot.com #Google Wave API</span><br />
<span style="color: red; font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::8d
wave-skynet.appspot.com #SkyNet </span><br />
<span style="color: red; font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::8d
cactus-wave.appspot.com #</span><br />
<span style="color: red; font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::8d
storegadgetwizard.appspot.com #Google Checkout Store Gadget </span><br />
<span style="color: red; font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::8d
moderator.appspot.com #Google Moderator </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: red;">2001:4860:8006::8d</span> <span style="color: red;">haiticrisis.appspot.com #Google Person Finder:
Haiti Earthquake</span></span><br />
<span style="color: red; font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::8d
mytracks.appspot.com #My Tracks for Android </span><br />
<span style="color: red; font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::8d
reader2twitter.appspot.com #Reader2Tweet</span><br />
<span style="color: red; font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::8d
twitese.appspot.com</span><br />
<span style="color: red; font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::8d
gfw.appspot.com</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: red;">2001:4860:8006::8d go2china9</span><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: red;">.appspot.com</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: red;">2001:4860:8006::8d</span></span><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: red;">
mirrorrr.appspot.com</span></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: red;">2001:4860:8006::8d</span></span><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="color: red;">mirrornt.appspot.com</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: red;">2001:4860:8006::8d </span></span><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: red;">soproxy.</span></span><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: red;">appspot</span></span><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: red;">.com
</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: red;">2001:4860:8006::8d </span></span><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: red;">so-proxy.</span></span><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: red;">appspot</span></span><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: red;">.com</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: red;">2001:4860:8006::8d </span></span><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: red;">go-west.</span></span><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: red;">appspot</span></span><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: red;">.com</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: red;">2001:4860:8006::8d </span></span><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: red;">proxytea.</span></span><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: red;">appspot</span></span><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: red;">.com
</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: red;">2001:4860:8006::8d </span></span><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: red;">sivanproxy.</span></span><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: red;">appspot</span></span><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: red;">.com</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: red;">2001:4860:8006::8d </span></span><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: red;">proxybay.</span></span><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: red;">appspot</span></span><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: red;">.com</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: red;">2001:4860:8006::8d </span></span><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: red;">ipgoto.</span></span><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: red;">appspot</span></span><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: red;">.com</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: red;">2001:4860:8006::8d </span></span><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: red;">meme2028.</span></span><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: red;">appspot</span></span><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: red;">.com</span></span> </span><br />
<span style="color: red; font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::8d
autoproxy2pac.appspot.com</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">#Chrome 谷歌浏览器 </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 chrome.google.com
</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">#Desktop 桌面 </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 desktop.google.com
</span><br />
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">#Google Earth Google地球</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62
earth.google.com</span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">#Google Mars Google火星地图 </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 mars.google.com </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><br />
<div style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">#Keyhole 地理查询软件</span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 www.keyhole.com</span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 geo.keyhole.com</span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 dev.keyhole.com</span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 auth.keyhole.com</span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">#iGoogle Modules Google小工具</span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 gmodules.com</span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 www.gmodules.com</span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 www.ig.gmodules.com</span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 ig.gmodules.com</span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 ads.gmodules.com</span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 p.gmodules.com</span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 1.ig.gmodules.com</span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 2.ig.gmodules.com</span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 3.ig.gmodules.com</span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 4.ig.gmodules.com</span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 5.ig.gmodules.com</span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 6.ig.gmodules.com</span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 maps.gmodules.com</span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 img0.gmodules.com</span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 img1.gmodules.com</span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 img2.gmodules.com</span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 img3.gmodules.com</span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 skins.gmodules.com</span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62
friendconnect.gmodules.com</span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62
mc8tdi0ripmbpds25eboaupdulritrp6.friendconnect.gmodules.com</span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: simsun, 宋体, "; font-size: small;">2001:4860:8006::62
r1rk9np7bpcsfoeekl0khkd2juj27q3o.friendconnect.gmodules.com</span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: simsun, 宋体, "; font-size: small;">2001:4860:8006::62
r1rk9np7bpcsfoeekl0khkd2juj27q3o.a.friendconnect.gmodules.com </span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">##Google其他服务 </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">#Ajax </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 googleapis-ajax.google.com
</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62
googleapis-ajax.l.google.com</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">#YouTube </span><br />
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::64
www.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::64
youtube-ui.l.google.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::64
youtube-ui-china.l.google.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::64 m.youtube.com
</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::64
tw.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::64 youtu.be</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::64
gdata.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::64
help.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::64
upload.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::64
insight.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::64
img.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::64
s2.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::64 youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::64
apiblog.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::64
clients1.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::64
static.cache.l.google.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::76
ytimg.l.google.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::76 i.ytimg.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::76 i1.ytimg.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::76 i2.ytimg.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::76 i3.ytimg.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::76 i4.ytimg.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::76 d.yimg.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::76 s.ytimg.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::10
v1.lscache1.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::10
v1.lscache2.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::10
v1.lscache3.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::10
v1.lscache4.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::10
v1.lscache5.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::10
v1.lscache6.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::10
v1.lscache7.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::10
v1.lscache8.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::11
v2.lscache1.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::11
v2.lscache2.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::11
v2.lscache3.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::11
v2.lscache4.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::11
v2.lscache5.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::11
v2.lscache6.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::11
v2.lscache7.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::11
v2.lscache8.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::12
v3.lscache1.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::12
v3.lscache2.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::12
v3.lscache3.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::12
v3.lscache4.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::12
v3.lscache5.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::12
v3.lscache6.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::12
v3.lscache7.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::12
v3.lscache8.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::13
v4.lscache1.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::13
v4.lscache2.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::13
v4.lscache3.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::13
v4.lscache4.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::13
v4.lscache5.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::13
v4.lscache6.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::13
v4.lscache7.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::13
v4.lscache8.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::14
v5.lscache1.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::14
v5.lscache2.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::14
v5.lscache3.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::14
v5.lscache4.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::14
v5.lscache5.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::14
v5.lscache6.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::14
v5.lscache7.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::14
v5.lscache8.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::15
v6.lscache1.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::15
v6.lscache2.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::15
v6.lscache3.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::15
v6.lscache4.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::15
v6.lscache5.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::15
v6.lscache6.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::15
v6.lscache7.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::15
v6.lscache8.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::16
v7.lscache1.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::16
v7.lscache2.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::16
v7.lscache3.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::16
v7.lscache4.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::16
v7.lscache5.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::16
v7.lscache6.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::16
v7.lscache7.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::16
v7.lscache8.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::17
v8.lscache1.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::17
v8.lscache2.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::17
v8.lscache3.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::17
v8.lscache4.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::17
v8.lscache5.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::17
v8.lscache6.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::17
v8.lscache7.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::17
v8.lscache8.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::18
v9.lscache1.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::18
v9.lscache2.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::18
v9.lscache3.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::18
v9.lscache4.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::18
v9.lscache5.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::18
v9.lscache6.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::18
v9.lscache7.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::18
v9.lscache8.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::19
v10.lscache1.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::19
v10.lscache2.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::19
v10.lscache3.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::19
v10.lscache4.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::19
v10.lscache5.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::19
v10.lscache6.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::19
v10.lscache7.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::19
v10.lscache8.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::1a
v11.lscache1.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::1a
v11.lscache2.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::1a
v11.lscache3.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::1a
v11.lscache4.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::1a
v11.lscache5.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::1a
v11.lscache6.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::1a
v11.lscache7.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::1a
v11.lscache8.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::1b
v12.lscache1.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::1b
v12.lscache2.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::1b
v12.lscache3.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::1b
v12.lscache4.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::1b
v12.lscache5.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::1b
v12.lscache6.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::1b
v12.lscache7.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::1b
v12.lscache8.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::1c
v13.lscache1.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::1c
v13.lscache2.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::1c
v13.lscache3.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::1c
v13.lscache4.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::1c
v13.lscache5.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::1c
v13.lscache6.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::1c
v13.lscache7.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::1c
v13.lscache8.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::1d
v14.lscache1.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::1d
v14.lscache2.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::1d
v14.lscache3.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::1d
v14.lscache4.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::1d
v14.lscache5.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::1d
v14.lscache6.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::1d
v14.lscache7.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::1d
v14.lscache8.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::1e
v15.lscache1.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::1e
v15.lscache2.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::1e
v15.lscache3.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::1e
v15.lscache4.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::1e
v15.lscache5.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::1e
v15.lscache6.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::1e
v15.lscache7.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::1e
v15.lscache8.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::20
v16.lscache1.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::20
v16.lscache2.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::20
v16.lscache3.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::20
v16.lscache4.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::20
v16.lscache5.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::20
v16.lscache6.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::20
v16.lscache7.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::20
v16.lscache8.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::21
v17.lscache1.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::21
v17.lscache2.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::21
v17.lscache3.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::21
v17.lscache4.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::21
v17.lscache5.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::21
v17.lscache6.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::21
v17.lscache7.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::21
v17.lscache8.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::22
v18.lscache1.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::22
v18.lscache2.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::22
v18.lscache3.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::22
v18.lscache4.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::22
v18.lscache5.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::22
v18.lscache6.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::22
v18.lscache7.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::22
v18.lscache8.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::23
v19.lscache1.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::23
v19.lscache2.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::23
v19.lscache3.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::23
v19.lscache4.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::23
v19.lscache5.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::23
v19.lscache6.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::23
v19.lscache7.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::23
v19.lscache8.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::23
v20.lscache1.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::23
v20.lscache2.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::23
v20.lscache3.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::23
v20.lscache4.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::23
v20.lscache5.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::23
v20.lscache6.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::23
v20.lscache7.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::23
v20.lscache8.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::24
v21.lscache1.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::24
v21.lscache2.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::24
v21.lscache3.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::24
v21.lscache4.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::24
v21.lscache5.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::24
v21.lscache6.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::24
v21.lscache7.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::24
v21.lscache8.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::35
v22.lscache1.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::25
v22.lscache2.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::25
v22.lscache3.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::25
v22.lscache4.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::25
v22.lscache5.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::25
v22.lscache6.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::25
v22.lscache7.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::25
v22.lscache8.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::26
v23.lscache1.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::26
v23.lscache2.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::26
v23.lscache3.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::26
v23.lscache4.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::26
v23.lscache5.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::26
v23.lscache6.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::26
v23.lscache7.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::26
v23.lscache8.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::27
v24.lscache1.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::27
v24.lscache2.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::27
v24.lscache3.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::27
v24.lscache4.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::27
v24.lscache5.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::27
v24.lscache6.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::27
v24.lscache7.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:4001:402::27
v24.lscache8.c.youtube.com</span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">#Google Store
Google商店(里面有很多谷歌自己的东西出售,像谷歌T恤、茶杯、小玩意等等)</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62
www.googlestore.com</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">#Download 下载 </span><br />
<span style="color: red; font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::5b
dl.google.com </span><br />
<span style="color: red; font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::5d
dl.l.google.com</span><br />
<span style="color: red; font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::88
dl-ssl.google.com</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">#Sandbox 沙盒</span><br />
<span style="color: black; font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::51
sandbox.google.com</span><br />
<strong><br /></strong><br />
<span style="color: black; font-size: x-small;">#SafeBox</span><br />
<div style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62
sb.google.com #SafeBox</span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62
sb.google.com #SafeBox</span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62
sb-ssl.google.com</span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62
sb-ssl.l.google.com</span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">#Wave 波浪 </span><br />
<span style="color: red; font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::76
wave.google.com </span><br />
<span style="color: red; font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::76
www4.l.google.com</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::76 wave0.google.com
</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::76 wave1.google.com
</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 googlewave.com </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">#WiFi </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: red;">2001:4860:8006::7b </span><span style="color: red;">wifi.google.com</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62
wifi.l.google.com</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">#GTalk 聊天 </span><br />
<div style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 talk.google.com</span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 talkx.l.google.com</span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 default.talk.google.com</span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 talkgadget.google.com
</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 rtmp0.google.com</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 users.talk.google.com
</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">#Buzz </span><br />
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 buzz.google.com </span>
<br />
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">#Fusion ?</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62
fusion.google.com</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">#Guru ?</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62
guru.google.com</span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">#Android Google手机操作系统 </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 www.android.com </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 android.com </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 developer.android.com
</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">#Chromium(未找到可用地址)</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">#2001:4860:8006::62
www.chromium.org</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">#2001:4860:8006::62
dev.chromium.org</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">#2001:4860:8006::62
blog.chromium.org</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">#The Go Programming Language</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 golang.org </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">#Google Apps 企业应用套件</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62
apps.google.com #主页</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 ghs.google.com
</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 ghs.l.google.com</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">#Analytics 分析(Google所提供的网站流量统计服务)
</span><br />
<span style="color: red; font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::61
www.google-analytics.com </span><br />
<span style="color: red; font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::61
*.google-analytics.com</span><br />
<span style="color: red; font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::61
ssl.google-analytics.com </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">#Hosted
Host服务器,为Shopping(购物)、Blog(博客搜索)提供外部链接的地址指向服务 </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62
googlehosted.l.google.com</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 base.googlehosted.com
</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 base0.googlehosted.com
</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 base1.googlehosted.com
</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 base2.googlehosted.com
</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 base3.googlehosted.com
</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 base4.googlehosted.com
</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 base5.googlehosted.com
</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">#Gstatic
Google域名服务器,提供谷歌搜索等向外部网站的链接域名 </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 www.gstatic.com</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 csi.gstatic.com</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 maps.gstatic.com
</span><br />
<span style="color: red; font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::78
ssl.gstatic.com </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 t0.gstatic.com </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 t1.gstatic.com </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 t2.gstatic.com </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 t3.gstatic.com </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 t4.gstatic.com</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::62 mt0.gstatic.com </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><br />
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">#GoogleUserContent
用户自定义的Google服务</span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: red;">2001:4860:8006::84
</span>www.googleusercontent.com #</span>
</span><br />
<div>
<span style="color: red; font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::84
clients1.googleusercontent.com #</span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: red; font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::84
clients2.googleusercontent.com #</span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: red; font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::84
lh0.googleusercontent.com #</span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: red; font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::84
lh1.googleusercontent.com #</span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: red; font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::84
lh2.googleusercontent.com #</span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: red; font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::84
lh3.googleusercontent.com #</span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: red; font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::84
s2.googleusercontent.com #</span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: red; font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::84
wave.googleusercontent.com #Wave</span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: red; font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::84
blogger.googleusercontent.com #Blogger</span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: red; font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::84
translate.googleusercontent.com #翻译</span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: red;">2001:4860:8006::84
</span>music-onebox.googleusercontent.com
#音乐歌曲CD封面图片</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: red;">2001:4860:8006::84
spreadsheets-opensocial.googleusercontent.com #表格</span> </span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: red;">2001:4860:8006::84
</span>www-opensocial.googleusercontent.com #</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: red;">2001:4860:8006::84
www-gm-opensocial.googleusercontent.com #Gmail?</span>
</span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: red;">2001:4860:8006::84
</span>www-opensocial-sandbox.googleusercontent.com
#SandBox</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: red; font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::84
www-open-opensocial.googleusercontent.com #</span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: red; font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::84
1-open-opensocial.googleusercontent.com #</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: red;">2001:4860:8006::84 </span><span style="color: red;">www-focus-opensocial.googleusercontent.com
#缩略图</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: red;">2001:4860:8006::84 </span><span style="color: red;">images0-focus-opensocial.googleusercontent.com
#缩略图</span> </span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: red;">2001:4860:8006::84 </span><span style="color: red;">images1-focus-opensocial.googleusercontent.com
#缩略图</span> </span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: red;">2001:4860:8006::84 </span><span style="color: red;">images2-focus-opensocial.googleusercontent.com
#缩略图</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: red;">2001:4860:8006::84 </span></span><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: red;">doc-00-7o-docs.</span></span></span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: red;">googleusercontent.com</span></span><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: red;"> #</span></span></span> </span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: red;">2001:4860:8006::84 </span></span><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: red;">doc-08-7o-docs.</span></span></span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: red;">googleusercontent.com</span></span><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: red;"> #</span></span></span> </span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: red;">2001:4860:8006::84 </span></span><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: red;">doc-10-7o-docs.googleusercontent.com
#</span></span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: red;">2001:4860:8006::84 </span></span><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: red;">doc-14-7o-docs.googleusercontent.com</span></span><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: red;"> #</span></span></span> </span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: red;">2001:4860:8006::84 </span></span><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: red;">doc-0c-7o-docs.googleusercontent.com</span></span><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: red;"> #</span></span></span> </span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: red;">2001:4860:8006::84 </span></span><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: red;">doc-0g-7o-docs.googleusercontent.com</span></span><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: red;"> #</span></span> </span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: red;">2001:4860:8006::84 </span></span><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: red;">doc-0s-7o-docs.googleusercontent.com</span></span><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: red;"> #</span></span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: red;">2001:4860:8006::84 </span><span style="color: red;">www-focus-opensocial.googleusercontent.com
#</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: red; font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::84
</span><span style="color: red; font-size: x-small;">0-focus-opensocial.googleusercontent.com
# </span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: red;">2001:4860:8006::84 </span><span style="color: red;">1-focus-opensocial.googleusercontent.com
#</span> </span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: red;">2001:4860:8006::84 </span><span style="color: red;">2-focus-opensocial.googleusercontent.com
#</span> </span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: red;">2001:4860:8006::84 </span><span style="color: red;">3-focus-opensocial.googleusercontent.com
#</span> </span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: red; font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::84
www-open-opensocial.googleusercontent.com #</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: red;">2001:4860:8006::84
0-open-opensocial.googleusercontent.com #</span> </span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: red;">2001:4860:8006::84
1-open-opensocial.googleusercontent.com #</span> </span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: red;">2001:4860:8006::84
2-open-opensocial.googleusercontent.com #</span> </span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: red; font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::84
3-open-opensocial.googleusercontent.com #</span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: red; font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::84
www-wave-opensocial.googleusercontent.com #Wave</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: simsun, 宋体, ";"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="color: red; font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::84
0-wave-opensocial.googleusercontent.com
#</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: simsun, 宋体, ";"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="color: red; font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::84
1-wave-opensocial.googleusercontent.com
#</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: simsun, 宋体, ";"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="color: red; font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::84
2-wave-opensocial.googleusercontent.com
#</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: simsun, 宋体, ";"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="color: red; font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::84
3-wave-opensocial.googleusercontent.com
#</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: simsun, 宋体, ";"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="color: red; font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::84
4-wave-opensocial.googleusercontent.com
#</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: simsun, 宋体, ";"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="color: red; font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::84
5-wave-opensocial.googleusercontent.com
#</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: simsun, 宋体, ";"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="color: red; font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::84
6-wave-opensocial.googleusercontent.com
#</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: simsun, 宋体, ";"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="color: red; font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::84
7-wave-opensocial.googleusercontent.com
#</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: simsun, 宋体, ";"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="color: red; font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::84
8-wave-opensocial.googleusercontent.com
#</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: simsun, 宋体, ";"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="color: red; font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::84
9-wave-opensocial.googleusercontent.com
#</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: simsun, 宋体, ";"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="color: red; font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::84
10-wave-opensocial.googleusercontent.com
#</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: simsun, 宋体, ";"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="color: red; font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::84
11-wave-opensocial.googleusercontent.com
#</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: simsun, 宋体, ";"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="color: red; font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::84
12-wave-opensocial.googleusercontent.com
#</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: simsun, 宋体, ";"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="color: red; font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::84
13-wave-opensocial.googleusercontent.com
#</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: simsun, 宋体, ";"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="color: red; font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::84
14-wave-opensocial.googleusercontent.com
#</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: simsun, 宋体, ";"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="color: red; font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::84
15-wave-opensocial.googleusercontent.com
#</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: simsun, 宋体, ";"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="color: red; font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::84
16-wave-opensocial.googleusercontent.com
#</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: simsun, 宋体, ";"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="color: red; font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::84
17-wave-opensocial.googleusercontent.com
#</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: simsun, 宋体, ";"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="color: red; font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::84
18-wave-opensocial.googleusercontent.com
#</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: simsun, 宋体, ";"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="color: red; font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::84
19-wave-opensocial.googleusercontent.com
#</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: simsun, 宋体, ";"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="color: red; font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::84
20-wave-opensocial.googleusercontent.com
#</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: simsun, 宋体, ";"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="color: red; font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::84
21-wave-opensocial.googleusercontent.com
#</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: simsun, 宋体, ";"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="color: red; font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::84
22-wave-opensocial.googleusercontent.com
#</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: simsun, 宋体, ";"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="color: red; font-size: x-small;">2001:4860:8006::84
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<hr />
</div>
</h1>
<div>
<h1>
<a class="vt-p" href="" id="_IPV6_8838394647464156_8407000_38445478677749634" name="_IPV6_8838394647464156_8407000_38445478677749634"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">#</span>##IPV6代理翻墙</span>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">##来源;</span></a><a class="vt-p" href="http://iguangblog.appspot.com/2010/04/6/ViewDoc?docid=0AahDRK_oy3_TZGdqeHN4d3NfMTQ4ZnZwejZ3ZGc"><span style="font-size: x-small;">http://docs.google.com/ViewDoc?docid=0AahDRK_oy3_TZGdqeHN4d3NfMTQ4ZnZwejZ3ZGc</span></a></h1>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">##</span><a class="vt-p" href="http://aa.cx/ipv6-reverse-proxy" id="ehd0"><span style="font-size: x-small;">http://aa.cx/ipv6-reverse-proxy</span></a> <br />
<hr />
<h1 class="entry-title">
通过IPV6+HOSTS直连GOOGLE各项被墙服务</h1>
<div class="entry-meta">
<span class="meta-prep meta-prep-author">发表于</span> <a href="http://blog.crshare.net/%e9%80%9a%e8%bf%87ipv6hosts%e7%9b%b4%e8%bf%9egoogle%e5%90%84%e9%a1%b9%e8%a2%ab%e5%a2%99%e6%9c%8d%e5%8a%a1/"><span class="entry-date">八月 28, 2010</span></a> <span class="meta-sep">由</span> <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="http://blog.crshare.net/author/skytsui/">蛋疼</a></span></div>
<div class="entry-content">
2010最时髦的方法(IPV6+HOSTS)来上网,此种方法虽不是翻墙,但却可以让你在不借助任何代理软件和VPN/SSH的情况下,轻松访问被墙的各项GOOGLE服务,包括YOUTUBE,GOOGLE
SITES,BLOGGER,PICASA等,而且你也可以享受许多IPV6的资源站点。<br /><br />Windows Vista、Windows
7用户,下载IPv6服务hosts文件替换掉原系统中的hosts文件即可,系统hosts文件位置:C:\Windows\System32\drivers\etc<br />Windows
XP用户需要安装ipv6 install才能使用,具体方法见M‘s
blog另一篇文章介绍.<br />IPv6服务hosts文件下载地址:http://freakshare.net/files/02d8ur98/hosts.html<br />最新IPv6服务hosts发布地址:http://docs.google.com/View?id=dfkdmxnt_61d9ck9ffq<br />共享链接:http://docs.google.com/Doc?docid=0ARhAbsvps1PlZGZrZG14bnRfNjFkOWNrOWZmcQ&hl=zh_CN<br />表格版host列表地址:http://spreadsheets.google.com/ccc?key=0AhhAbsvps1PldEVXVzBkR3hBaWFnbEQ0OWIwMU5ycmc&hl=zh_CN<br />
什么是IPV6?说实话我也不知道,具体的可以去WIKI一下,据说这是未来趋势,可以解决IPV4(最普通的网络环境)下IP地址不够用的情况。<br />
隧道链接技术是一种用于IPv4过渡到IPv6的连接技术,其主要方法是通过将IPv4地址嵌入到IPv6地址当中,并将IPv6封包封装在
IPv4中传送,在主机相互通信中抽出IPv4地址建立tunnel,主要有ISATAP隧道和6to4隧道两种隧道连接方式,这里我们也不用过多了解,我们只要会用就行了,就像我们利用IPv4一样。就我自己了解的知识来看,现在国内很多高校都提供了隧道地址,我们可以通过以下ISATAP隧道方法配置隧道地址:<br />
在开始菜单中,以“管理员身份”运行命令提示符,即CMD<br />(一) 在开始菜单中,以“管理员身份”运行命令提示符,即CMD<br />(二)
在CMD中,输入以下指令<br />1) netsh interface ipv6 isatap set router
202.204.127.134其中,最后的数字部分,即为各个高校提供的不同的隧道地址,你可以根据自己需要选择<br />2) netsh interface
ipv6 isatap set state enabled<br />3) sc config iphlpsvc start= auto //设置IP
Helper服务为自动运行<br />4) net start iphlpsvc //启动IP Helper服务<br />注:其中,第3、4两条命令,是用于开启IP
Helper服务,该服务用于在IPv4网络上提供自动的IPv6服务,不开启,则无法打开IPv6网页。<br />
打开命令行窗口,把上面这些命令输进去,然后打开www.ipv6.org 看看你的网络。(当你看到 You are using IPv6 from
2001:…… 时,你就已经成功地将你的网络环境改为了IPV6,从而进入了IPV6的世界)<br />
如果上面的命令不行,用下面的命令<br />
C:\Documents and Settings\Administrator>netsh<br />netsh>int<br />netsh
interface>ipv6<br />netsh interface>ipv6>install<br />netsh interface
ipv6>6to4<br />netsh interface ipv6 6to4>set relay 202.112.26.246 enable<br />
至此,多数家庭用户已经可以正常运行ipv6了,但是局域网用户通常会遇到路由设置问题,甚至路由不支持ipv6。解决办法:<br />
把路由器当作交换机使用<br />
将电信宽带的入口网线,经过moden后的线,即本应该接在路由器WAN接口上的网线,接到路由器的LAN接口上,然后开启路由器的DHCP服务(该服务主要用于为路由器各个客户端分配IP),这样各台电脑通过宽带连接,均可以实现上网,也解决了家用路由器不支持IPv6的问题。<br />
如果这个时候你还不能访问ipv6网页,请检查你的防火墙和杀毒软件…<br />
使用IPV6后对上网有影响吗(对比常规的IPV4环境);IPV6有什么优点?<br />
1.对你的ipv4环境有一点影响:假如一个网站支持ipv4 和 ipv6 访问,那么将优先考虑使用ipv6 地址去访问该站点,比如你访问
www.ipv6.org ,看到的是你的ipv6 地址而不是 ipv4 地址。在命令行里面 ping www.ipv6.org ,得到的是这个网站的ipv6
地址而不是v4 地址。就这个影响。<br />
( 2010-04-10 星期六 17:04:10 by 一米)<br />
2.好处之一是可以享用ipv6网络的资源,比如你在 http://video6.sjtu.edu.cn
这里看电视转播,就必须用ipv6才行;<br />还有一些高校的PT 站点,比如六维空间 http://bt.neu6.edu.cn ,晨光
http://ipv6.cgbt.cn ,乐乎BT http://bt.shu6.edu.cn 等等都要求ipv6才能访问。<br />更多的关于ipv6
的内容,你可以去这个论坛看看 http://www.ipv6bbs.com/index.php<br />
3.好处之二是可以用ipv6来翻墙。因为目前ipv6 环境是没有审查的,所以所有支持ipv6
访问的站点都不会被封锁(将来就不知道了),因为Google支持ipv6,所以你ping 一下 ipv6.google.com ,得到Google 的ipv6
地址,然后在hosts 文件里面,将所有Google相关的服务,都用这个地址来解析,就可以通过ipv6 来访问Google
的服务了,包括YouTube,picasa 等等。因为可以通过ipv6 访问GAE ,所以不用怕GAE被封锁,GappProxy配合ipv6 ,无视GFW
的存在。<br />
<blockquote>
<strong>史上最全Google各种服务的IPv6地址(hosts)列表</strong><br />将下面列表中的内容,copy进hosts文件,保存并关闭。批处理会自动刷新本地dns缓存,使域名本地解析实时生效。<br />
<blockquote>
Google IPv6 Hosts列表:<a href="http://docs.google.com/View?id=dfkdmxnt_61d9ck9ffq">数据来源(不断更新)</a><br />
##Google.com Google.com<br />2404:6800:8005::68 www.google.com
#主页<br />#2404:6800:8005::68 www.l.google.com<br />2404:6800:8005::c1 m.google.com
#Google移动版<br />2404:6800:8005::54 accounts.google.com #帐户<br />2404:6800:8005::62
id.google.com #帐号登录<br />#2404:6800:8005::62 id.l.google.com
#<br />2404:6800:8005::62 gg.google.com #<br />#2404:6800:8005::62
csi.l.google.com<br />2404:6800:8005::62 linkhelp.clients.google.com
#<br />2404:6800:8005::62 safebrowsing.clients.google.com
#安全浏览客户端服务器<br />#2404:6800:8005::62 clients.l.google.com<br />2404:6800:8005::62
ns1.google.com #域名系统服务器ns-soa/ns<br />2404:6800:8005::62 ns2.google.com
#域名系统服务器ns<br />2404:6800:8005::62 ns3.google.com #域名系统服务器ns<br />2404:6800:8005::62
ns4.google.com #域名系统服务器ns<br />2404:6800:8005::65 services.google.com
#服务申请<br />#2404:6800:8005::65 www3.l.google.com<br />2404:6800:8005::76
feedproxy.google.com #Feed代理<br />#2404:6800:8005::76
www4.l.google.com<br />2404:6800:8005::d2 jmt0.google.com
#未知<br />2404:6800:8005::62 googlemashups.l.google.com #位置<br />##Google.com.hk
谷歌香港<br />2404:6800:8005::2e www.google.com.hk<br />2404:6800:8005::2e
images.google.com.hk<br />2404:6800:8005::2e
video.google.com.hk<br />2404:6800:8005::2e
maps.google.com.hk<br />2404:6800:8005::2e
news.google.com.hk<br />2404:6800:8005::2e
translate.google.com.hk<br />2404:6800:8005::2e
blogsearch.google.com.hk<br />2404:6800:8005::2e
picasaweb.google.com.hk<br />2404:6800:8005::2e
toolbar.google.com.hk<br />2404:6800:8005::2e
desktop.google.com.hk<br />2404:6800:8005::2e id.google.com.hk<br />##Google.cn
谷歌中国(启用此地址无法正常使用谷歌音乐)<br />#2401:3800:c001::2c www.google.cn
#主页<br />#2401:3800:c001::2c g.cn #主页<br />#2401:3800:c001::2c google.cn
#主页<br />#2401:3800:c001::2c
ipv6cn.l.google.com<br />#IPv6:ipv6.google.cn<br />2401:3800:c001::84
music.googleusercontent.cn<br />##Google.com.tw Google台湾<br />2404:6800:8005::2f
www.google.com.tw #主页<br />2404:6800:8005::2f picasaweb.google.com.tw
#picasaweb<br />##Google.co.jp Google日本<br />2a00:1450:8006::30
www.google.co.jp<br />#IPv6:ipv6.google.co.jp<br />##<br />2404:6800:8005::20
www.google.com.tr 土耳其<br />2404:6800:8005::21 www.google.com.au
澳大利亚<br />2404:6800:8005::22 www.google.com.vn 越南<br />2404:6800:8005::23
www.google.com.pk 巴基斯坦<br />2404:6800:8005::24 www.google.com.my
马来西亚<br />2404:6800:8005::25 www.google.com.pe<br />2404:6800:8005::26
www.google.co.za<br />2404:6800:8005::27 www.google.co.ve<br />2404:6800:8005::28
www.google.com.ph<br />2404:6800:8005::29 www.google.com.ar<br />2404:6800:8005::2a
www.google.co.nz<br />2404:6800:8005::2b www.google.lt<br />#2404:6800:8005::2c
www.google.cn 中国(已死)<br />2404:6800:8005::2d
www.google.com.sg<br />2404:6800:8005::2e www.google.com.hk
香港<br />2404:6800:8005::2f www.google.com.tw 台湾<br />2404:6800:8005::30
www.google.co.jp 日本<br />2404:6800:8005::31 www.google.ae<br />2404:6800:8005::32
www.google.co.uk 英国<br />2404:6800:8005::33
www.google.com.gr<br />2404:6800:8005::34 www.google.de<br />2404:6800:8005::35
www.google.co.il<br />2404:6800:8005::36 www.google.fr 法国<br />2404:6800:8005::38
www.google.it<br />2404:6800:8005::39 www.google.lv<br />2404:6800:8005::3a
www.google.ca<br />2404:6800:8005::3b www.google.pl<br />2404:6800:8005::3c
www.google.ch<br />2404:6800:8005::3d www.google.ro<br />2404:6800:8005::3e
www.google.nl<br />2404:6800:8005::3f www.google.com.ru<br />2404:6800:8005::40
www.google.at 奥地利<br />2404:6800:8005::42 www.google.be<br />2404:6800:8005::44
www.google.co.kr<br />2404:6800:8005::45 www.google.com.ua<br />2404:6800:8005::48
www.google.fi 芬兰<br />2404:6800:8005::49 www.google.co.in<br />2404:6800:8005::4a
www.google.pt<br />2404:6800:8005::4b www.google.com.ly<br />2404:6800:8005::4c
www.google.com.br<br />#Web 网页<br />2404:6800:8005::68 www.google.com
#主页<br />2404:6800:8005::68 www.l.google.com<br />2404:6800:8005::62
www0.l.google.com<br />2404:6800:8005::62 www1.l.google.com<br />2404:6800:8005::62
www3.l.google.com<br />2404:6800:8005::62 suggestqueries.google.com
#搜索建议<br />2404:6800:8005::62 suggestqueries.l.google.com
#搜索建议<br />2404:6800:8005::62 clients0.google.com #客户端服务器<br />2404:6800:8005::62
clients1.google.com #客户端服务器<br />2404:6800:8005::62 clients2.google.com
#客户端服务器<br />2404:6800:8005::62 clients3.google.com #客户端服务器<br />2404:6800:8005::62
clients4.google.com #客户端服务器<br />#Images 图片<br />2404:6800:8005::68
images.google.com #主页<br />2404:6800:8005::68 images.l.google.com
#<br />2404:6800:8005::62 tbn0.google.com<br />2404:6800:8005::62
tbn1.google.com<br />2404:6800:8005::62 tbn2.google.com<br />2404:6800:8005::62
tbn3.google.com<br />2404:6800:8005::62 tbn4.google.com<br />2404:6800:8005::62
tbn5.google.com<br />2404:6800:8005::62 tbn6.google.com<br />#Video
视频<br />2404:6800:8005::62 video.google.com #主页<br />#2404:6800:8005::62
video.l.google.com<br />2404:6800:8005::62 0.gvt0.com<br />2404:6800:8005::62
1.gvt0.com<br />2404:6800:8005::62 2.gvt0.com<br />2404:6800:8005::62
3.gvt0.com<br />2404:6800:8005::62 4.gvt0.com<br />2404:6800:8005::62
5.gvt0.com<br />2404:6800:8005::62
video-stats.video.google.com<br />2404:6800:8005::74
upload.video.google.com<br />2404:6800:8005::74
sslvideo-upload.l.google.com<br />2404:6800:8005::62
vp.video.google.com<br />2404:6800:8005::62
vp.video.l.google.com<br />2404:6800:8005::62
qwqy.vp.video.l.google.com<br />2404:6800:8005::62
nz.vp.video.l.google.com<br />2404:6800:8005::62
nztdug.vp.video.l.google.com<br />2404:6800:8005::62
pr.vp.video.l.google.com<br />2404:6800:8005::62
ug.vp.video.l.google.com<br />2404:6800:8005::62
vp01.video.l.google.com<br />2404:6800:8005::62
vp02.video.l.google.com<br />2404:6800:8005::62
vp03.video.l.google.com<br />2404:6800:8005::62
vp04.video.l.google.com<br />2404:6800:8005::62
vp05.video.l.google.com<br />2404:6800:8005::62
vp06.video.l.google.com<br />2404:6800:8005::62
vp07.video.l.google.com<br />2404:6800:8005::62
vp08.video.l.google.com<br />2404:6800:8005::62
vp09.video.l.google.com<br />2404:6800:8005::62
vp10.video.l.google.com<br />2404:6800:8005::62
vp11.video.l.google.com<br />2404:6800:8005::62
vp12.video.l.google.com<br />2404:6800:8005::62
vp13.video.l.google.com<br />2404:6800:8005::62
vp14.video.l.google.com<br />2404:6800:8005::62
vp15.video.l.google.com<br />2404:6800:8005::62
vp16.video.l.google.com<br />2404:6800:8005::62
vp17.video.l.google.com<br />2404:6800:8005::62
vp18.video.l.google.com<br />2404:6800:8005::62
vp19.video.l.google.com<br />2404:6800:8005::62 vp20.video.l.google.com<br />#Map
地图<br />2404:6800:8005::68 maps.google.com #主页<br />2404:6800:8005::68
maps.l.google.com<br />2404:6800:8005::62
maps-api-ssl.google.com<br />#2404:6800:8005::62
clients.l.google.com<br />2404:6800:8005::62 map.google.com<br />2404:6800:8005::62
kh.google.com<br />2404:6800:8005::62 kh.l.google.com<br />2404:6800:8005::62
khmdb.google.com<br />2404:6800:8005::62 khm.google.com #<br />2404:6800:8005::62
khm.l.google.com<br />2404:6800:8005::62 khm0.google.com #Satellite
View<br />2404:6800:8005::62 khm1.google.com #Satellite View<br />2404:6800:8005::62
khm2.google.com #Satellite View<br />2404:6800:8005::62 khm3.google.com #Satellite
View<br />2404:6800:8005::62 cbk0.google.com #Street View<br />2404:6800:8005::62
cbk1.google.com #Street View<br />2404:6800:8005::62 cbk2.google.com #Street
View<br />2404:6800:8005::62 cbk3.google.com #Street View<br />2404:6800:8005::62
mw0.google.com<br />2404:6800:8005::62 mw1.google.com<br />2404:6800:8005::62
mw2.google.com<br />2404:6800:8005::62 mw3.google.com<br />2404:6800:8005::62
mw-small.l.google.com<br />2404:6800:8005::62
mt.l.google.com<br />2404:6800:8005::62 mt0.google.com<br />2404:6800:8005::62
mt1.google.com<br />2404:6800:8005::62 mt2.google.com<br />2404:6800:8005::62
mt3.google.com<br />2404:6800:8005::62 mlt0.google.com<br />2404:6800:8005::62
mlt1.google.com<br />2404:6800:8005::62 mlt2.google.com<br />2404:6800:8005::62
mlt3.google.com<br />#News 资讯<br />2404:6800:8005::68 news.google.com
#主页<br />2404:6800:8005::68 news.l.google.com<br />2404:6800:8005::62
nt0.ggpht.com<br />2404:6800:8005::62 nt1.ggpht.com<br />2404:6800:8005::62
nt2.ggpht.com<br />2404:6800:8005::62 nt3.ggpht.com<br />2404:6800:8005::62
nt4.ggpht.com<br />2404:6800:8005::62 nt5.ggpht.com<br />#Gmail
邮箱<br />2404:6800:8005::11 mail.google.com #主页<br />2404:6800:8005::53
googlemail.l.google.com<br />2404:6800:8005::11
googlemail.l.google.com<br />2404:6800:8005::12
googlemail.l.google.com<br />2404:6800:8005::13
googlemail.l.google.com<br />2404:6800:8005::bd chatenabled.mail.google.com
#Gmail中Gtalk聊天服务<br />#2404:6800:8005::bd
b.googlemail.l.google.com<br />2404:6800:8005::62 talk.gmail.com
#Gmail中Gtalk聊天服务<br />2404:6800:8005::62 gmail.google.com #<br />2404:6800:8005::62
gmail.l.google.com #<br />2404:6800:8005::62 www.gmail.com
#Gmail主页<br />2404:6800:8005::62 gmail.com #Gmail主页<br />2404:6800:8005::62
pop.gmail.com #pop服务<br />2404:6800:8005::62 smtp.gmail.com
#smtp服务<br />2404:6800:8005::62 smtp1.google.com<br />2404:6800:8005::62
smtp2.google.com<br />2404:6800:8005::62 smtp3.google.com<br />2404:6800:8005::62
smtp4.google.com<br />2404:6800:8005::62 smtp5.google.com<br />2404:6800:8005::62
smtp-out.google.com<br />2404:6800:8005::62
smtp-out2.google.com<br />2404:6800:8005::62
smtp-out3.google.com<br />2404:6800:8005::62 imap.google.com
#<br />2404:6800:8005::62 gmail-pop.l.google.com<br />2404:6800:8005::62
gmail-smtp.l.google.com<br />2404:6800:8005::62
gmail-smtp-in.l.google.com<br />2404:6800:8005::62
gmr-smtp-in.l.google.com<br />#Books 图书<br />2404:6800:8005::62 books.google.com
#主页<br />#2404:6800:8005::64 www3.l.google.com<br />2404:6800:8005::62
bks0.books.google.com<br />2404:6800:8005::62
bks1.books.google.com<br />2404:6800:8005::62
bks2.books.google.com<br />2404:6800:8005::62
bks3.books.google.com<br />2404:6800:8005::62
bks4.books.google.com<br />2404:6800:8005::62
bks5.books.google.com<br />2404:6800:8005::62
bks6.books.google.com<br />2404:6800:8005::62
bks7.books.google.com<br />2404:6800:8005::62
bks8.books.google.com<br />2404:6800:8005::62 bks9.books.google.com<br />#Finance
财经<br />2404:6800:8005::62 finance.google.com<br />#Translate
翻译<br />2404:6800:8005::62 translate.google.com<br />#Directory
网页目录<br />2404:6800:8005::8a directory.google.com<br />2404:6800:8005::8a
dir.google.com #Google网页目录<br />#Blog 博客搜索<br />2404:6800:8005::63
blogsearch.google.com<br />#2404:6800:8005::63 www2.l.google.com<br />#Calendar
日历<br />2404:6800:8005::64 calendar.google.com<br />#2404:6800:8005::64
www3.l.google.com<br />#Photo/Picasa 照片/网络相册<br />2404:6800:8005::5d
photos.google.com<br />#2404:6800:8005::5d
picasaweb.l.google.com<br />2404:6800:8005::63
picasa.google.com<br />#2404:6800:8005::63 www2.l.google.com<br />2404:6800:8005::be
picasaweb.google.com<br />#2404:6800:8005::be
picasaweb.l.google.com<br />2404:6800:8005::62 lh0.ggpht.com<br />2404:6800:8005::62
lh1.ggpht.com<br />2404:6800:8005::62 lh2.ggpht.com<br />2404:6800:8005::62
lh3.ggpht.com<br />2404:6800:8005::62 lh4.ggpht.com<br />2404:6800:8005::62
lh5.ggpht.com<br />2404:6800:8005::62 lh6.ggpht.com<br />2404:6800:8005::62
lh7.ggpht.com<br />2404:6800:8005::62 lh8.ggpht.com<br />2404:6800:8005::62
lh9.ggpht.com<br />#Docs 文档<br />2404:6800:8005::64
docs.google.com<br />2404:6800:8005::65 docs0.google.com<br />#2404:6800:8005::64
writely.l.google.com<br />2404:6800:8005::62
spreadsheet.google.com<br />2404:6800:8005::62
spreadsheets.google.com<br />2404:6800:8005::62
spreadsheets0.google.com<br />2404:6800:8005::62
spreadsheets.l.google.com<br />2404:6800:8005::62
writely.google.com<br />2404:6800:8005::62
writely.l.google.com<br />2404:6800:8005::62
writely-com.l.google.com<br />2404:6800:8005::62
writely-china.l.google.com<br />#Reader 阅读器<br />2404:6800:8005::68
reader.google.com<br />2404:6800:8005::68 www2.l.google.com<br />#Sites
协作平台<br />2404:6800:8005::65 sites.google.com<br />#2404:6800:8005::65
www3.l.google.com<br />#2404:6800:8005::62 ghs.google.com<br />#2404:6800:8005::62
ghs.l.google.com<br />#Group 论坛<br />2404:6800:8005::62
groups.google.com<br />2404:6800:8005::62
groups.l.google.com<br />2404:6800:8005::89
*.googlegroups.com<br />2404:6800:8005::89
blob-s-docs.googlegroups.com<br />2404:6800:8005::89
2503061233288453901-a-1802744773732722657-s-sites.googlegroups.com<br />#Scholar
学术搜索<br />2404:6800:8005::62 scholar.google.com<br />2404:6800:8005::62
scholar.l.google.com<br />#Tools 工具<br />2404:6800:8005::62
tools.google.com<br />2404:6800:8005::62 tools.l.google.com<br />#Code
代码<br />2404:6800:8005::64 code.google.com #主页<br />2404:6800:8005::64
code.l.google.com #<br />2404:6800:8005::52 *.googlecode.com
#<br />2404:6800:8005::52 chromium.googlecode.com #<br />2404:6800:8005::52
searchforchrome.googlecode.com #<br />2404:6800:8005::52
android-scripting.googlecode.com #Android Scripting
Environment<br />2404:6800:8005::52 earth-api-samples.googlecode.com
#<br />2404:6800:8005::52 gmaps-samples-flash.googlecode.com
#<br />2404:6800:8005::52
google-code-feed-gadget.googlecode.com<br />2404:6800:8005::52
china-addthis.googlecode.com #<br />2404:6800:8005::52
get-flash-videos.googlecode.com #get-flash-videos<br />2404:6800:8005::52
youplayer.googlecode.com #YouPlayer<br />2404:6800:8005::52 cclive.googlecode.com
#ccLive<br />#Labs 实验室<br />2404:6800:8005::65
labs.google.com<br />#2404:6800:8005::65 www3.l.google.com<br />2404:6800:8005::62
www.googlelabs.com<br />2404:6800:8005::62 browsersize.googlelabs.com #Browser
Size<br />2404:6800:8005::62 storegadget.googlelabs.com #Google Checkout Store
Gadget<br />2404:6800:8005::62 citytours.googlelabs.com #City
Tours<br />2404:6800:8005::62 livingstories.googlelabs.com #Living
Stories<br />2404:6800:8005::62 image-swirl.googlelabs.com #Image
Swirl<br />2404:6800:8005::62 scriptconv.googlelabs.com #Script
Converter<br />2404:6800:8005::62 relatedlinks.googlelabs.com #Related
Links<br />2404:6800:8005::62 fastflip.googlelabs.com #Fast
Flip<br />2404:6800:8005::62 listen.googlelabs.com #Google
Listen<br />2404:6800:8005::62 similar-images.googlelabs.com #Similar
Images<br />2404:6800:8005::62 tables.googlelabs.com #Fusion
Tables<br />2404:6800:8005::62 newstimeline.googlelabs.com #Google News
Timeline<br />#Knol 在线百科全书<br />2404:6800:8005::65
knol.google.com<br />#2404:6800:8005::65 www3.l.google.com<br />#SketchUp
3D建模工具<br />2404:6800:8005::62 sketchup.google.com<br />#2404:6800:8005::62
sketchup.l.google.com<br />#Pack 软件精选<br />2404:6800:8005::68
pack.google.com<br />#2404:6800:8005::68 www2.l.google.com<br />2404:6800:8005::68
cache.pack.google.com<br />#Blogger 博客服务<br />2404:6800:8005::bf
www.blogger.com<br />2404:6800:8005::bf buttons.blogger.com<br />2404:6800:8005::bf
beta.blogger.com<br />2404:6800:8005::bf draft.blogger.com #Blogger
测试区<br />2404:6800:8005::bf status.blogger.com #Blogger 状态<br />2404:6800:8005::bf
help.blogger.com #支持中心<br />2404:6800:8005::bf buzz.blogger.com #Blogger
Buzz博客(英文)<br />2404:6800:8005::bf photos1.blogger.com<br />2404:6800:8005::bf
bp0.blogger.com<br />2404:6800:8005::62 blogger.google.com<br />2404:6800:8005::62
blogger.l.google.com<br />2404:6800:8005::62
www.blogblog.com<br />2404:6800:8005::62 www1.blogblog.com<br />2404:6800:8005::62
www2.blogblog.com<br />2404:6800:8005::62 img.blogblog.com<br />2404:6800:8005::62
img1.blogblog.com<br />2404:6800:8005::62 img2.blogblog.com<br />2404:6800:8005::62
img.blshe.com<br />#Blogspot 博客服务<br />2404:6800:8005::62 www.blogspot.com
#主页<br />#2404:6800:8005::62 blogger.l.google.com<br />2404:6800:8005::62
blogsofnote.blogspot.com #留言博客(英文版本)<br />2404:6800:8005::62
knownissues.blogspot.com #已知问题<br />2404:6800:8005::62 1.bp.blogspot.com
#<br />2404:6800:8005::62 2.bp.blogspot.com #<br />2404:6800:8005::62
3.bp.blogspot.com #<br />2404:6800:8005::62 4.bp.blogspot.com
#<br />2404:6800:8005::62 googleblog.blogspot.com #Official Google
Blog<br />2404:6800:8005::62 googlesystem.blogspot.com #Google Operating
System<br />2404:6800:8005::62 googlechromereleases.blogspot.com #Google Chrome
Releases<br />2404:6800:8005::62 youtube-global.blogspot.com #YouTube
Blog<br />2404:6800:8005::62 igoogledeveloper.blogspot.com #iGoogle Developer
Blog<br />2404:6800:8005::62 google-code-featured.blogspot.com #Featured Projects
on Google Code<br />2404:6800:8005::62 googlegeodevelopers.blogspot.com #Google
Geo Developers Blog<br />2404:6800:8005::62 googlecustomsearch.blogspot.com
#Google Custom Search Blog<br />2404:6800:8005::62 chinafreenet.blogspot.com
#中国自由网<br />2404:6800:8005::62 gregmankiw.blogspot.com #GREG MANKIW’S
BLOG<br />2404:6800:8005::62 xiangeliushui.blogspot.com
#年华似水,岁月如歌<br />2404:6800:8005::62 chinagfw.blogspot.com #GFW
Blog<br />2404:6800:8005::62 wallpapers-arena.blogspot.com #Wallpapers
Arena<br />2404:6800:8005::62 ggq.blogspot.com #GG圈<br />2404:6800:8005::62
whiteappleer.blogspot.com #WA+ER<br />2404:6800:8005::62 rain-reader.blogspot.com
#Nostalgia: Those Who Remain<br />2404:6800:8005::62 unityteam1.blogspot.com #生活圈
BLOG<br />2404:6800:8005::62 ipv6-or-no-ipv6.blogspot.com #IPv6 Related
Stuff<br />2404:6800:8005::62 autoproxy2pac.appspot.com #<br />2404:6800:8005::62
gysj.blogspot.com #<br />2404:6800:8005::62 szncu.blogspot.com
#<br />#2404:6800:8005::62 *.blogspot.com #可以添加你自己的博客地址到这里<br />#Checkout
买家<br />2404:6800:8005::73 checkout.google.com<br />#2404:6800:8005::73
checkout.l.google.com<br />#Orkut 网络社区(貌似错误)<br />#2404:6800:8005::62
orkut.google.com<br />#2404:6800:8005::62
orkut.l.google.com<br />#2404:6800:8005::62 www.orkut.com<br />#2404:6800:8005::62
clients1.orkut.com<br />
<hr />
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</div>
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</div>
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<h1 class="post-title">
免费中文博客空间服务</h1>
<div class="post-body">
<a href="http://www.williamlong.info/?tags=Free"><img class="thumb" src="http://www.williamlong.info/logo/Free.gif" /></a>
<div style="float: left; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 10px;">
<ins style="border: currentColor; display: inline-table; height: 250px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; visibility: visible; width: 300px;"><ins id="google_ads_frame1_anchor" style="border: currentColor; display: block; height: 250px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; visibility: visible; width: 300px;"><iframe height="250" id="google_ads_frame1" name="google_ads_frame" src="http://googleads.g.doubleclick.net/pagead/ads?client=ca-pub-8464600688944785&output=html&h=250&slotname=9115119620&w=300&lmt=1281543028&flash=10.1.102.64&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.williamlong.info%2Farchives%2F357.html&dt=1290057433797&shv=r20101110&jsv=r20101117&saldr=1&correlator=1290057434499&frm=0&adk=1380281374&ga_vid=346058701.1289666777&ga_sid=1290057436&ga_hid=1880237824&ga_fc=1&u_tz=480&u_his=0&u_java=1&u_h=768&u_w=1366&u_ah=768&u_aw=1366&u_cd=16&u_nplug=0&u_nmime=0&dff=times%20new%20roman&dfs=13&biw=780&bih=567&ref=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fsearch%3Fhl%3Den%26source%3Dhp%26q%3Dgoogle%25E7%25BD%2591%25E7%25AB%2599%25E5%258D%259A%25E5%25AE%25A2%25E6%259C%258D%25E5%258A%25A1%26btnG%3DGoogle%2BSearch%26aq%3Do%26aqi%3D%26aql%3D%26oq%3D%26gs_rfai%3D&fu=0&ifi=1&dtd=1731&xpc=XU75knNHpN&p=http%3A//www.williamlong.info" style="left: 0px; position: absolute; top: 0px;" width="300">
</iframe></ins></ins></div>
<div id="artibody">
本文介绍了国内外主要免费博客服务Blog Service Providers
(BSP)的个人评测,为了进行相关测试,每个Blog我都申请了一个站点进行测试,速度测试以南方的中国电信线路为准。<br />
对于有主机空间的Blogger来说,可以参见另外一篇文章“<a href="http://www.williamlong.info/archives/319.html" target="_blank">2005年BLOG程序评点</a>”,里面讲的是如何使用各类程序搭建自己的Blog,我这里主要说的是没有主机空间的用户,如何选择好的Blog服务系统,这是很多人的难题,我个人感觉,用户体验是最重要的。其中包括,速度要快,广告要少,模板要多,使用要简单,域名要易记。下面是我对目前主要博客服务商的一些评测。<br />
Blogger - <a href="http://www.blogger.com/" target="_blank">http://www.blogger.com</a> 演示地址 <a href="http://www.williamlong.info/" target="_blank">http://www.williamlong.info</a> :
提到Blog,不得不提一下世界上最知名的Google推出的blogger.com。其有中文界面,页面极为简洁,符合Google的风格,在全球使用量惊人,可惜一直被国内屏蔽,如果其被解封的话,那选择博客服务的首选。<br />
Yahoo - <a href="http://360.yahoo.com/" target="_blank">http://360.yahoo.com</a> 演示地址 <a href="http://360.yahoo.com/williamlong" target="_blank">http://360.yahoo.com/williamlong</a> :
Yahoo推出的博客服务,还处于Beta测试阶段,目前没有中文界面,因此就不介绍了。<br />
MSN - <a href="http://spaces.msn.com/" target="_blank">http://spaces.msn.com</a> 演示地址 <a href="http://spaces.msn.com/williamlong" target="_blank">http://spaces.msn.com/williamlong</a> :
巨头微软提供的博客服务,有点结合了主页空间的感觉,可以放相册和音乐,速度马马虎虎,其用户量据说在中国是第一位的,可见微软的惊人影响力,可惜其日志页面的Url地址实在太不友好了。<br />
蕃薯藤 - <a href="http://blog.yam.com/" target="_blank">http://blog.yam.com</a>
演示地址 <a href="http://blog.yam.com/williamlong" target="_blank">http://blog.yam.com/williamlong</a> :
台湾最大的Blog服务商之一,程序用的是世界流行的Movable
Type,广告非常少,页面也很清爽,Url地址也很容易记忆,速度还算凑合,看来选择Movable
Type的确是明智的选择。不足之处是每次发表一篇文章,页面都要重建一次。<br />
博客中国 - <a href="http://www.blogchina.com/" target="_blank">http://www.blogchina.com</a> 演示地址 <a href="http://williamlong.blogchina.com/" target="_blank">http://williamlong.blogchina.com</a>
:是一个比较老牌的博客服务商,早期用的Plog程序做服务,感觉还可以,后来就慢慢变质,收购了Blogdriver.com,名字变成了Bokee.com,服务却越来越不行了,速度也慢的要死。<br />
中国博客 - <a href="http://www.blogcn.com/" target="_blank">http://www.blogcn.com</a> 演示地址 <a href="http://williamlong.blogcn.com/" target="_blank">http://williamlong.blogcn.com</a> :
也是个老牌的博客服务商,木子美发家的地方,其二级域名是假二级域名,实际进行了转向,很不爽,博客程序使用Oblog打建,不是很专业,速度也不爽。顶部有一横条广告,页面上还有悬浮广告,其特色据说是女孩子较多,模板比较女性化。<br />
Blogbus - <a href="http://www.blogbus.com/" target="_blank">http://www.blogbus.com</a> 演示地址 <a href="http://williamlong.blogbus.com/" target="_blank">http://williamlong.blogbus.com</a> :
据说是中国首个推出付费博客的服务商,不过也提供免费服务。博客首页面竟然是零广告,非常清爽,博客日志页面底部有横幅广告,博客访问速度也快,还支持XML-RPC,看起来是个很专业的博客服务商。缺点是空间太小,免费用户只有2M的空间,收费用户可以使用最大100M空间,还可绑定顶级域名,也算是物有所值吧。<br />
DoNews - <a href="http://blog.donews.com/" target="_blank">http://blog.donews.com</a> 演示地址 <a href="http://blog.donews.com/williamlong" target="_blank">http://blog.donews.com/williamlong</a> :
以IT写作为主的博客服务后起之秀,系统用.Text搭建,速度挺快,首页广告较少,只有DoNews导航链接。缺点是没有二级域名,模板少,Url地址是动态地址,不好被搜索引擎索引。<br />
My DoNews - <a href="http://my.donews.com/" target="_blank">http://my.donews.com</a> 演示地址 <a href="http://my.donews.com/williamlong" target="_blank">http://my.donews.com/williamlong</a> :
Donews以PHP的WordPress建立的新Blog服务,大概是因为.Text实在功能有限,而WordPress功能又那么强大,估计可能以后会前面启动。此Blog支持XML-RPC。<br />
CSDN - <a href="http://blog.csdn.net/" target="_blank">http://blog.csdn.net</a> 演示地址 <a href="http://blog.csdn.net/williamlong" target="_blank">http://blog.csdn.net/williamlong</a> :
和DoNews一样使用.Text搭建,作者以程序员为主,广告少,模板也少,没有二级域名,页面底部有CSDN的导航条。<br />
和讯博客 - <a href="http://blog.hexun.com/" target="_blank">http://blog.hexun.com</a> 演示地址 <a href="http://blog.hexun.com/williamlong" target="_blank">http://blog.hexun.com/williamlong</a>
:博客服务的后起之秀,通常认为其以财经博客为主,博客界面较干净,广告比较少,可惜没有个人的二级域名。<br />
歪酷博客 - <a href="http://www.yculblog.com/" target="_blank">http://www.yculblog.com</a> 演示地址 <a href="http://williamlong.yculblog.com/" target="_blank">http://williamlong.yculblog.com</a> :
速度还可以,有二级域名,Url地址对搜索引擎友好,并且可以修改模板的HTML源代码,不足之处是每个管理操作都要输入验证码,域名也怪怪的,不好记忆。<br />
新浪博客 - <a href="http://blog.sina.com.cn/" target="_blank">http://blog.sina.com.cn</a> 演示地址 <a href="http://blog.sina.com.cn/williamlong" target="_blank">http://blog.sina.com.cn/williamlong</a> :
没有二级域名,Url地址不友好,访问速度快,支持和新浪相册的整合。<br />
搜狐博客 - <a href="http://blog.sohu.com/" target="_blank">http://blog.sohu.com</a> 演示地址 <a href="http://williamlong.blog.sohu.com/" target="_blank">http://williamlong.blog.sohu.com</a> :支持二级域名,页面广告较少。<br />
网易博客 - <a href="http://blog.163.com/" target="_blank">http://blog.163.com</a>
演示地址 <a href="http://williamlong.blog.163.com/" target="_blank">http://williamlong.blog.163.com</a>
:广告少,速度还可以,顶部有网易LOGO,博客的Url地址不友好,支持和网易相册的整合。<br />
百度空间 - <a href="http://hi.baidu.com/" target="_blank">http://hi.baidu.com</a>
演示地址 <a href="http://hi.baidu.com/williamlong" target="_blank">http://hi.baidu.com/williamlong</a> :
百度提供的博客空间,没有二级域名,和百度相册整合。<br />
QQ空间 - <a href="http://qzone.qq.com/" target="_blank">http://qzone.qq.com</a>
演示地址 <a href="http://qzone.qq.com/williamlong" target="_blank">http://qzone.qq.com/williamlong</a> :
腾讯QQ提供的个人空间,对于博客功能支持较少,娱乐功能较多。 <br />
<hr />
</div>
</div>
<h1>
传Google 9月31日推出微博客服务</h1>
<div class="txt_normal_12 txt_right">
发表于:2009-8-29 23:14:00 阅读:19 评论:0</div>
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据内部人员透露,告诉大家一个大秘密,Google也准备推出微博客服务。叫做:谷子地,域名:<a href="http://www.gun.com/" target="_blank">http://www.gun.com</a>。9月31日,将正式发出<span style="color: red;">邀请</span>码。凡是我的新浪微博(<a href="http://t.sina.com.cn/debode" target="_blank">http://t.sina.com.cn/debode</a>)粉丝,都可以在线获得一枚<span style="color: red;">邀请</span>码。谢谢! <br /><img src="http://column.iresearch.cn/oBlogStyle/li/19.gif" /> <a href="http://column.iresearch.cn/u/hasae/" style="color: red;">点击查看该普通作者更多的文章</a> <br />
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<cq>google提供博客服务吗</cq></div>
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<span class="red"><img align="absMiddle" src="http://img.baidu.com/img/iknow/icn_point.gif" style="height: 16px; width: 16px;" /> 悬赏分:0</span>
- <span class="gray">解决时间:2007-10-31 17:34</span> </div>
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<cd><pre> </pre>
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提问者: <a href="http://passport.baidu.com/?business&aid=6&un=klxq1359#2" target="_blank">klxq1359</a> - <a class="gradeholder" href="http://www.baidu.com/search/zhidao_help.html#如何选择头衔" target="_blank"><span class="level2">二级</span></a></div>
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<ca><pre>有
用gmail帐户就能登录
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/start" target="_blank">www.blogger.com/start</a> </pre>
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回答者:
<a href="http://passport.baidu.com/?business&aid=6&un=luck11me#2" target="_blank">luck11me</a> - <a class="gradeholder" href="http://www.baidu.com/search/zhidao_help.html#如何选择头衔" target="_blank"><span class="level11">十一级</span></a><span id="im-user-435b6c75636b31316d65ff00"> <img src="http://img.baidu.com/img/iknow/images/offline.gif" style="cursor: pointer; vertical-align: -4px;" /></span> <span class="answer_time">2007-10-31 17:24</span> </div>
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<a href="http://zhidao.baidu.com/remark/38667363.html" target="_blank">我来评论>></a> </div>
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<span id="reply_content_133226724"><cn><pre>只有英文的google pages,登陆的时候需要你的Gmail ID,与其称之为博客,其实叫它是个网页比较贴切,我用来做网络空间了,因为有100M,而且连接速度不错,自己参考吧
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<pre><a href="http://www.google.com/accounts/ServiceLogin?service=pages&continue=http%3A%2F%2Fpages.google.com%2F" target="_blank">www.google.com/accounts/ServiceLogin?service=pages&continue=http%3A%2F%2Fpages.google.com%2F</a><mpl=yessignups </pre>
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<h1>
关闭博客结盟社交网站 微软互联网战略大拐弯</h1>
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<img src="http://photocdn.sohu.com/20061229/Img247343974.gif" style="height: 15px;" /> 来源:<span id="media_span">中国计算机报</span> 作者:周寿英 </div>
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2010年11月15日15:47</div>
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作为全球最大的软件巨头,微软始终舍不得放弃互联网这块蛋糕。尽管招式使尽,但微软互联网业务仍饱受指责:社交网络定位混乱,Live系列产品用户体验差,搜索市场业绩平平。<br />
就在众人对微软失望不已时,最近,微软却频繁升级MSN,并不断强化其功能,而这些升级的指向很明确:社交网络。<br />
微软的意图很明显:整合社交网络,曲线进攻互联网。社交服务会是微软互联网战略的良药吗?还是它会再次兵败旗倒呢?<br />
<strong> MSN对接社交网络</strong><br />
对MSN的用户来说,上个月过得可不平静:MSN空间遭强拆,MSN界面不断在更新……11月2日,大家又能有新的体验了。因为在这一天,微软发布了新的测试版MSN
2011。<br />
新版MSN可以与Facebook、LinkedIn和MySpace等社交网站的账号链接起来,虽然仍需要用电子邮件地址登录,但已经不再要求用户注册Hotmail邮箱。<br />
新版MSN还能与Facebook
Chat连接,而两者连接似乎在告诉大家:微软不再将MSN视为纯粹的即时通信软件,而是试图将它打造成为一个社交集中地。而从微软最近的各项举动来看,我们有理由相信:将
Facebook Chat功能植入到MSN,将是MSN下一次升级的任务之一。当然,目前并非所有的用户都能在MSN上使用Facebook
Chat,因为微软将只在美国、英国、法国、德国、俄罗斯和巴西测试。<br />
其实,MSN和社交网络网站的牵手,并不是从今天开始。<br />
6月1日,微软公司发布MSN英国的新主页。新主页引入Facebook、Twitter两大社交网络服务提供商,用户可以直接通过MSN的主页进入其社交网站的账户。当时,MSN英国首席生产官巴勒表示:“目前,互联网有很多网站影响着人们的生活。而对我们而言,更重要的是让MSN主页在互联网用户的生活中变得不可或缺。”<br />
四个月后,微软推出MSN 2010版,一个月后,再推出MSN 2011版,而这两版产品的最大特点就是和社交网站进行对接。<br />
社交网络不断发展,微软三番五次闯入社交网络,显然是希望借此使风靡一时后一蹶不振的MSN能够东山再起。但这美好的愿望能实现吗?这似乎并不是由微软说了算。<br />
微软本想扭转MSN的市场发展颓势,但随后而来的消息却让大家苦恼不已:整合之后的MSN将不再免费,MSN作为免费即时通信工具的历史将结束了。<br />
目前为止,尚未收到MSN中国是否也将进行整合的消息。但不少人并不看好MSN在中国进行这一尝试。由于中国用户无法正常访问Twitter、Facebook等国外社交网站,MSN中国的整合效果几乎是无法实现的,如果还要收费,MSN
2011版的前景不容乐观。<br />
<strong> 屡战屡败 屡败屡战</strong><br />
对于互联网,微软一向有不服输的精神,但现实却总让其不断受挫。<br />
2009年11月,微软推出MSN聚酷,用于在中国拓展软件的社交网络功能,这项服务却在不久后遭指抄袭而不得不过早夭折。此后,微软开始了其屡战屡败,屡败屡战的互联网之路。<br />
今年10月8日,微软宣布Live实验室彻底关闭,该部门约70名技术人员从下月开始将陆续并入Bing搜索部门,而Live实验室主管Gary
Flake则宣布将离开微软。<br />
Live实验室的前身是MSN和微软研究院团队共同组建的微软研发部门。2009年微软对Live实验室进行了调整,将其定位调整为“专注于搜索及数据检索与挖掘”。
Live实验室关闭时,微软在告知员工的海报中写道:“近5年的时间过去了,Live实验室团队将加入到Bing,在Bing创新中起到更直接的作用。”这样的煽情让Live实验室蒙上了不少的悲情色彩。<br />
事情还没有结束。Live实验室关闭的6天后,也就是10月14日,微软突然宣布关闭所有MSN用户的Live
Spaces空间服务。而对于无处安家的用户们,微软虽然给出了搬到WordPress平台和下载保存的解决方案,但大家并不买账,甚至对MSN即时聊天工具也丧失了信心。<br />
一位门户网站的负责人说:“博客是互联网的重要组成部分,关闭不但会导致流量下降,还会影响用户体验,牵连到微软的社交服务等平台。”微软不会不知道这样做的后果,但“发展博客已经没有胜算”。<br />
2004年,微软为实现其互联网战略,推出博客服务MSN Spaces,它是Live
Spaces的前身,但这一应用却远远落后于其竞争对手。微软在全球的Windows
Live服务拥有4亿用户,但开通MSN空间的仅3000万。还有一个微软不愿面对的事实是:今年8月,Google的博客服务Blogger有将近5.7亿的流量,而Live
Spaces在美国获得的访问量仅有0.23亿。 <br />
此次博客空间的关闭,对微软互联网发展战略想必是一次沉重打击。看着谷歌、Facebook等高速发展,但自己的互联网战略却折腾几年都没有什么起色,微软也不得不改变其战略。<br />
2004年,微软希望自己能建造互联网应用的城堡——囊括博客、社交到相册,但现在,微软似乎更愿意自己是一个平台了。<br />
<strong> 鏖战谷歌</strong><br />
10月15日,微软与Facebook宣布联手开发社交搜索业务,将Facebook的好友动态加入到微软Bing搜索结果中。时隔半月,微软再携手社交网站,将MSN与Facebook、Twitter等网站进行整合。虽然没有确切的消息证实,但微软此举却不得不让人产生联想:近期微软的各种行为,其中一个原因是在为互联网搜索市场布局。<br />
微软对互联网搜索市场巨大的利润空间一直很垂涎。2009年9月,微软与雅虎达成10年合作协议,但无奈其搜索市场却一直没有起色。然而,即使是微软也没有想到,自己却因此得到了Facebook的青睐。“因为处于劣势,微软才有动力进行大胆的创新,所以我们才选择微软作为合作伙伴。”Facebook的CEO扎克伯格说。如今,社交网站的加入,似乎让微软在搜索市场分一杯羹的胜算又多了几分。不过,这还得看谷歌答应不答应了。<br />
作为全球最大的社交网站,Facebook一直被认为是谷歌最大的潜在对手。美国互联网流量跟踪分析公司comScore的调查数据显示,目前Facebook网站在美国国内的浏览量已经超过了谷歌。虽然谷歌在收入上大大领先于Facebook,但Facebook一点都不担心,因为它的背后有超过5亿活跃用户。<br />
谷歌当然不会忽视微软最近的各种举动。对于微软在搜索领域不断增加的威胁,谷歌也已经意识到了。谷歌首席执行官埃里克·施密特表示,谷歌也在寻找机会建立自己的社交服务。不过显然,微软和Facebook已经先行一步。<br />
美国市场研究公司Altimer Group的分析师Charlene
Li说:“这不会让谷歌出局,但是会让它失去在社交搜索中的领导地位,让Bing和Facebook取而代之。”他说,“尽管Bing的规模和实力不足以撼动谷歌的统治地位,但是Bing在过去一年发展证明,谷歌是有薄弱的环节的。”<br />
微软和Facebook均表态,社交搜索功能仅仅是他们计划的第一步,今后他们会让搜索变得更加实用、更具个性以及更有关联性。不过谷歌也不会袖手旁观
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<div class="post" id="post-285">
<h2>
google的blog服务在中国永久解除封锁?</h2>
<div class="info">
<span class="date">2006年8月20日</span>
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<span class="comments"><a href="http://www.black-xstar.com/blog/285.html#comments">阅读评论</a></span> <span class="addcomment"><a href="http://www.black-xstar.com/blog/285.html#respond">发表评论</a></span>
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大家可能都知道,google在很多年前收购了blogger后开始提供blog服务。但是后来(具体时间不记得了)在中国大陆就无法访问了,因为被政府封锁了。<br />最近时常看到google的blog可以访问了,但很快又不能了,也没去多管。<br />直到上周又看到相关的消息,也就顺便上去看了一下,发现我在上面还有一篇文章,是2005年5月的,呵呵,我都不记得有这件事了。<br />
刚刚又去看了一下,发现居然还能访问,这是居然长达1周之久,莫非是真的解封了google的blog?<br />观望中。<br />
我在上面的blog:<br /><a href="http://black-xstar.blogspot.com/" target="_blank">http://black-xstar.blogspot.com/</a><br />
大家可一点上面的地址看看能不能访问。<br />
另外,封锁的不是www.blogger.com这个网站,而是在上面建立的blog,因为上面的blog都是使用***.blogspot.com的域名。封锁的就是blogspot.com。<br />
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<span class="author">作者: </span><span><a href="http://www.black-xstar.com/blog/author/Black-Xstar/">Black-Xstar</a></span>
<span class="categories">分类: </span><span><a href="http://www.black-xstar.com/blog/category/old">往事回忆</a></span> <span class="tags">标签: </span><span class="postviews">1,312</span> </div>
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<span id="commentauthor-393">Black-Xstar </span></div>
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2006年8月29日12:01 | <a href="http://www.black-xstar.com/blog/285.html#comment-393">#1</a> </div>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);">回复</a> | <a href="javascript:void(0);">引用</a> </div>
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好像是真的解除了。<br />刚 <br />
<hr />
刚去了一下,还是能访问的。<br />看来国内很多人要把blog搬过去。
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歌(GOOGLE)网站提供博客服务吗,网址是多少?详细。。。
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[ 标签:<span><a href="http://wenwen.soso.com/z/Search.e?sp=S%E8%B0%B7%E6%AD%8C&ch=w.tag.yjj" target="_blank">谷歌</a><span>,</span></span><span><a href="http://wenwen.soso.com/z/Search.e?sp=Sgoogle&ch=w.tag.yjj" target="_blank">google</a><span>,</span></span><span><a href="http://wenwen.soso.com/z/Search.e?sp=S%E5%8D%9A%E5%AE%A2&ch=w.tag.yjj" target="_blank">博客</a></span> ] </div>
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申请了GOOGLE帐号,但是没有发现有博客这是怎么回事?GOOGLE的博客好用不? </div>
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<span><a href="http://wenwen.soso.com/z/ShowUser.e?sp=S17279989" target="_blank">冷子枫</a></span> <span>回答:1</span> <span>人气:1</span>
<span>解决时间:2008-09-23 08:51</span> </div>
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<pre>有啊,就是GOOGLE自家的 博客都可以投放广告的,你是不是想使用adsense服务啊,你用https://www.blogger.com/start就可以!你注册后,google会自动问你是不是要使用adsense服务</pre>
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<span><a class="donate thankHonor" href="http://wenwen.soso.com/z/ShowUser.e?sp=S402567421" target="_blank">糯→舔芽骸焦</a></span> <span>回答采纳率:35.0%</span> <span>2008-09-23
08:51</span> </div>
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<a href="http://wenwen.soso.com/z/ShowUser.e?sp=S17279989" target="_blank">冷子枫</a>的感言: </h5>
谢谢哦~~~~我知道了 </div>
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</div>sfebbf@gmail.comhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03493373165705385749noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3520553598370090588.post-86629595487540182982012-04-23T01:59:00.001+08:002012-04-23T01:59:48.054+08:00改变网民使用习惯 三大在线Office平台<div id="General_Content">
<h1 class="title">
改变网民使用习惯 三大在线Office平台 </h1>
<div class="subtitle">
来源:ITbear <a href="http://www.cyzone.cn/achieve/20081208/" target="_blank">2008-12-8
10:29:13</a> </div>
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当前市场精细化、纵深化的深度行销模式,为传统办公带来了难度极高的挑战。用户面对的将是更多、更复杂的明细资料。在这样的形势下,传统OFFICE办公模式也逐渐朝向SaaS的转变,全球知名IT厂商Z哦/百会、Google、微软纷纷看到了这个商机,并相继开发出了在线Office,期望通过将传统Office和互联网完美的结合,来弥补传统Office软件的先天不足。<br />
Zoho Docs/百会——全方位在线办公服务<br />
做为全球最大的在线SaaS供应商,Zoho提供了全方位的在线商务办公解决方案,其特色产品Zoho
DOCS主要用于整合Zoho旗下的若干知名软件(写写、格格、秀秀等),扮演ZOHO网络办公领域核心的角色。Zoho DOCS页面布局和参数设置同Google
Docs如出一辙,无论从文件的Tags管理机制,鼠标拖拽的Ajax效果,群组成员之间的分享等。Zoho Docs结合自身Zoho
Chat的优势,依靠内置的即时聊天工具将大大提高用户协同办公的工作衔接和效率。<br />
作为全方位的在线办公服务,无论从技术上或人性化设定上都略胜对手一筹,Zoho Docs拥有比 Google
Docs更完整的功能、更人性化的界面,甚至在Google
Docs离线版出现之前就已经实现了全面离线等功能。众所周知,日常生活中鼠标右键的使用频率是相当高的,灵活的运用可以大幅度提高工作效率,由于在线式Office全部是以网页作为基础,大多数产品都不能实现右键菜单功能,Z哦利用其强大的技术力量为用户实现右键菜单扩展,方便用户能更快地完成文档编辑。<br />
新产品的开发不仅是企业发展的源泉,更是自身实力的象征。为了进一步整合自己在办公产品线上的优势,Zoho/百会提出了“创新式技术革命”,以用户切身需求为突破口,提供崭新的在线应用解决方案。其即将推出的百会文档中心更像是一个沟通平台,通过该平台,用户间可实现无缝协作,它将一系列应用程序,包括EMAIL管理、Doc管理、日程、任务安排、通讯录管理全部包含在内。<br />
百会网站入口:<a href="http://www.baihui.com/">www.baihui.com</a><br />
Google Docs——欲与Zoho平起平坐<br />
做为全球最大的一家搜索引擎公司,似乎Google有足够的领域和Zoho/百会平起平坐。凭借其得天独厚的条件,旗下发布的在线Office产品也格外受到大家的关注。尤其是当Google在其基于网络的办公套件中添加了文稿演示,包括文字处理器和电子表格在内的一系列强有力的工具成就了Google
Docs辉煌的地位。Google
Docs的拿手绝活就是能够让多人同时编辑一篇文档,而在协同编辑的过程中除了Office软件所必需的功能以外最重要的就是用户之间的交流,谷歌提供的共享权限包括“以协作者身份”或“以查看者身份”,以方便用户通过电子邮件和网页链接来发布文档进行多人共享。<br />
然尔Google Docs也存在着一些局限性,Google
Docs运行需要用户拥有Google帐户,虽然Google帐户是免费的,但是需要电子邮箱帐户和注册程序。信息导出也是个比较棘手的问题,虽然你可以将PowerPoint演示导入到Google
Docs,它无法导出PowerPoint演示。再者,因为没有音频,视频或截屏录制,用户通过网络远程出席演示时无法接受来自演示者的任何信息,这使得Google演示对于远程参与者的有效性相当有限,除非使用第三方应用程序发送音频,视频或演示者的桌面才能满足用户日益扩大的需求。<br />
Google Docs网站入口:docs.google.com<br />
Office live——传统办公向SAAS延伸<br />
继Windows Live后微软又推出Office live在线办公服务件,与其它厂商推出的在线办公软件不同的是,Office
Live似乎只是被定义成微软Office系列产品的在线扩展服务,通过这个服务用户可以从任何地点访问并共享文档。<br />
在微软Office Live支持下,用户只需要安装插件便可为本地Office软件提供Live
Workspace服务,其他用户仅需登陆Live服务即可在网上进行预览。Live
Workspace免费为每位用户提供500MB存储空间,在用户建立服务的同时获得企业级病毒防护,Live Workspace支持包括Windows
XP、Server 2003、Vista在内平台环境,或者Firefox 2.0浏览器配合Mac OS X 10.2.X以上系统。<br />
Live Workspace网站入口:<a href="http://www.workspace.office.live.com/">www.workspace.office.live.com</a><br />
上述三款在线办公平台,无论是功能上还是界面上都已经大大接近于单机版软件,在具备一定文档编辑等功能同时免费为用户提供服务,可以满足用户个人的文档编辑需求。随着今后对功能的不断完善,势必为未来SAAS市场发展注入新的活力。
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<br />
<h1 id="news_title">
详解Google操作系统Chrome OS</h1>
<br />
<div id="news_info">
<span class="news_poster">投递人 <a href="http://home.cnblogs.com/itwriter/">itwriter</a></span> <span class="time">发布于 2009-11-20 17:29</span> <span class="comment"><a href="http://news.cnblogs.com/n/51722/#comment">评论(1)</a></span> <span class="view">有1834人阅读</span> <a class="wz" href="http://news.mydrivers.com/1/149/149373_2.htm" id="link_source1" target="_blank">原文链接</a> <a class="wz" href="http://news.cnblogs.com/n/51722/#">[收藏]</a> </div>
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<div id="news_content">
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<a href="http://news.cnblogs.com/n/topic_181.htm"><img class="topic_img" src="http://news.cnblogs.com/images/logo/chrome-os.jpg" /></a>
北京时间今天凌晨,Google召开发布会详尽介绍了自己的操作系统 Chrome OS。会上宣布,启动Chrome OS的开源计划<a class="f14_link" href="http://www.chromium.org/chromium-os" target="_blank">“Chromium
OS”</a>,开发者可以免费下载源代码进行再开发。下面,我们就根据Google在此次会议上公布的信息,来看看Chrome OS究竟是怎样一款操作系统。<br />
首先是Chrome
OS的概念。众所周知,目前网络已经成了PC的最重要应用,用户打开电脑后花最多时间使用的软件正是网页浏览器。于是,Google开发了Chrome浏览器。不过,虽然Chrome已经是业界数一数二的高速浏览器,用户依然要忍耐开机后几十秒甚至数分钟的等待时间。为什么?因为需要启动操作系统。<br />
而如果换一种思路,能抛弃传统的操作系统,让你开机就启动浏览器。换句话说,如果你的操作系统就是你的浏览器,按下电源键后几秒钟之内即可连接网络,岂不快哉?这就是Chrome
OS诞生的原因。而随着网页应用、云计算的兴起,大量软件应用可在网页中实现,数据也都可以存储在“云端”,让Chrome
OS这样纯网络化操作系统的实现成为了可能。<br />
<div align="center">
<br />Chrome OS理念简介</div>
<div align="center">
<a href="http://news.mydrivers.com/Img/20091120/04283080.png" target="_blank"><img src="http://news.mydrivers.com/Img/20091120/S04283080.png" style="border: 1px solid black;" /></a></div>
<div align="center">
<a href="http://news.mydrivers.com/Img/20091120/04283096.png" target="_blank"><img src="http://news.mydrivers.com/Img/20091120/S04283096.png" style="border: 1px solid black;" /></a></div>
<div align="center">
<a href="http://news.mydrivers.com/Img/20091120/04283110.png" target="_blank"><img src="http://news.mydrivers.com/Img/20091120/S04283110.png" style="border: 1px solid black;" /></a><br />Chrome OS</div>
<div id="ArticleCnt">
接下来,我们就来认识一下Chrome OS究竟是什么样子。<br />
<div align="center">
<a href="http://news.mydrivers.com/Img/20091120/04290105.jpg" target="_blank"><img src="http://news.mydrivers.com/Img/20091120/S04290105.jpg" style="border: 1px solid black; height: 309px; width: 550px;" /></a><br />用户登录界面</div>
由于系统极为精简,再加上固态硬盘的优化,Chrome
OS从按下电源开关到启动完毕只需区区几秒钟的时间。而在输入用户名密码登录后,直接就来到了Chrome浏览器界面。上方就是传统的网页标签,左侧有“Chrome
Menu”开始菜单按键,以及常用软件/网页应用图标,右上角则是供电、网络和时间等信息。<br />
<div align="center">
<a href="http://news.mydrivers.com/Img/20091120/04294423.jpg" target="_blank"><img src="http://news.mydrivers.com/Img/20091120/S04294423.jpg" style="border: 1px solid black;" /></a><br />Google
Docs文档处理网页应用界面</div>
<div align="center">
<a href="http://news.mydrivers.com/Img/20091120/04294433.jpg" target="_blank"><img src="http://news.mydrivers.com/Img/20091120/S04294433.jpg" style="border: 1px solid black;" /></a><br />Chrome
Menu开始菜单中的各种应用</div>
绝大部分应用都可以直接在网页中完成,少数本地应用则以浮动窗口“Panel”的形式出现,聊天窗口、本地文件管理窗口也是这样的模式。<br />
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<a href="http://news.mydrivers.com/Img/20091120/04305252.jpg" target="_blank"><img src="http://news.mydrivers.com/Img/20091120/S04305252.jpg" style="border: 1px solid black;" /></a><br />Lala音乐播放Panel</div>
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<a href="http://news.mydrivers.com/Img/20091120/04305271.jpg" target="_blank"><img src="http://news.mydrivers.com/Img/20091120/S04305271.jpg" style="border: 1px solid black;" /></a><br />聊天窗口和本地文件管理</div>
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用户可以使用鼠标手势的方法切换网页,也可以使用多窗口预览模式。另外,Panel也可以以侧边栏的形式出现。<br />
<div align="center">
<a href="http://news.mydrivers.com/Img/20091120/04312107.jpg" target="_blank"><img src="http://news.mydrivers.com/Img/20091120/S04312107.jpg" style="border: 1px solid black;" /></a><br />Overview
Mode多窗口预览模式</div>
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<a href="http://news.mydrivers.com/Img/20091120/04312123.jpg" target="_blank"><img src="http://news.mydrivers.com/Img/20091120/S04312123.jpg" style="border: 1px solid black;" /></a><br />侧边栏</div>
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<a href="http://news.mydrivers.com/Img/20091120/04312135.jpg" target="_blank"><img src="http://news.mydrivers.com/Img/20091120/S04312135.jpg" style="border: 1px solid black;" /></a><br />日程表和邮件提醒</div>
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<br />Chrome OS界面导览视频</div>
最后,我们来看看界面背后的系统结构和安全措施。Chrome
OS中的所有应用(其实也就是网页)都在自己的“沙盒”中运行,相互隔离,因而即使其中一个受到恶意侵扰也不会影响整个系统。对于操作系统本身,Google也采用了严格的安全措施。每次启动时,都会对系统的完整性进行验证,一旦存在被恶意修改的隐患,就会自动还原为一套纯净的最新版系统。而所有的本地用户数据则会被加密保存,因此不会受到系统还原的影响。<br />
关于这种自动还原系统的实现模式,Google安全工程师Will Drewry做了这样的解释:<strong>Chrome
OS系统硬盘将被分为三个不同分区,其一为操作系统的运行分区,其二则是纯净操作系统的镜像分区,第三个则是加密的用户文件分区。</strong>当操作系统分区因恶意网站侵扰、升级失败等原因而出现损坏时,用户只要重启系统,就会从镜像分区中恢复系统,用户文件则在加密分区中不受影响。<br />
Google在会上还表示,Chrome
OS将以一种“特殊硬件”的形式推出,至于和Google合作开发的这家硬件厂商究竟是谁还未公布。基于以上这些信息我们可以猜测,这种所谓的“特殊硬件”很可能是就是一块特制的固态硬盘,除速度优化外,出厂前还预置了Chrome
OS所需的分区:系统运行分区,只读但可进行升级的系统镜像分区以及加密用户文件分区。这也就解释了各媒体报道中出现Chrome
OS“仅支持固态硬盘”、“无法自行安装”这些说法的原因。 <br />
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Google Android操作系统开发入门教程</h1>
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<td class="info_text">时间:2009-08-02 05:30:26 来源: 作者:</td></tr>
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<a href="http://www.mrp88.cn/d/file/plus/wjbd/56db6144462b908d3b8789f2d6bd089a.jpg" target="_blank"></a><a href="http://www.mrp88.cn/d/file/plus/wjbd/9b3c2b20a3f4e29f57035313db808c5b.jpg" target="_blank">美国的Google公司推出了基于linux内核的android智能手机操作系统,最新android
SDK1.0版本的源代码现在已经可以下载了,App的开发环境是Java,并且Google已经推出了一个Eclipse插件Android Development
Tools(简称ADT)来简化开发。按照官方站点的说明文档,在Eclipse下开发一个Android
Application非常容易。<br />接下来看具体的方法,首先下载Android SDK
Windows版本解压,然后在Eclipse中安装插件,选择Help->Software Update->Find and
Install…,选择Search for new features to install,填入地址</a><a href="https://dlssl.google.com/android/eclipse/">https://dlssl.google.com/android/eclipse/</a>,然后一路Next即可<br />
<a href="http://www.mrp88.cn/d/file/plus/wjbd/ba8f5f4541671f712712c12c451bfa53.jpg" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="http://www.mrp88.cn/d/file/plus/wjbd/ba8f5f4541671f712712c12c451bfa53.jpg" /></a><br />
安装完后重启Eclipse,需要对SDK作一点设置。选择Window->Preferences->Android<br />
<a href="http://www.mrp88.cn/d/file/plus/wjbd/45f78ae2ec89fa9e0e02131a10917641.jpg" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="http://www.mrp88.cn/d/file/plus/wjbd/45f78ae2ec89fa9e0e02131a10917641.jpg" /></a><br />
将SDK的根目录填入SDK
Location即完成设置。<br />然后创建我们的第一个Android应用程序,在Eclipse中File->New->Project…,选择Android->Android
Project,<br />
填入:<br />Project name: HelloWorld<br />Package name:
com.javaeedev.android.hello<br />Activity name: Hello<br />Application name:
Hello<br />创建完毕后的工程结构如下<br />
<a href="http://www.mrp88.cn/d/file/plus/wjbd/25325831a403b1fd7d7babd306128978.jpg" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="http://www.mrp88.cn/d/file/plus/wjbd/25325831a403b1fd7d7babd306128978.jpg" /></a><br />
Hello.java是主类,打开可以看到ADT自动为其生成了可运行的代码<br />
<a href="http://www.mrp88.cn/d/file/plus/wjbd/56db6144462b908d3b8789f2d6bd089a.jpg" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="http://www.mrp88.cn/d/file/plus/wjbd/56db6144462b908d3b8789f2d6bd089a.jpg" /></a><br />
编译器提示有语法错误,不要紧,千万别注释掉。直接编译工程就会有一个R.java自动生成出来,这是由ADT的预处理程序自动生成的资源文件常量,可以不用管它。在res/layout/main.xml中可以修改布局和显示的文本。<br />下一步是运行,打开Run->Open
Run Dialog…,选择Android Application,然后新建一个配置<br /><a href="http://www.mrp88.cn/d/file/plus/wjbd/7ea1bff8a5bbe9a0cda8d6656fea7067.jpg" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="http://www.mrp88.cn/d/file/plus/wjbd/7ea1bff8a5bbe9a0cda8d6656fea7067.jpg" /></a><br />
将Project和Activity设置好就可以Run了。可以选择不同的模拟器,以下是几种模拟器的运行效果<br />
<a href="http://www.mrp88.cn/d/file/plus/wjbd/c671061b268c703013e8f72565bba6f3.jpg" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="http://www.mrp88.cn/d/file/plus/wjbd/c671061b268c703013e8f72565bba6f3.jpg" /></a><br />
<a href="http://www.mrp88.cn/d/file/plus/wjbd/9b3c2b20a3f4e29f57035313db808c5b.jpg" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="http://www.mrp88.cn/d/file/plus/wjbd/9b3c2b20a3f4e29f57035313db808c5b.jpg" /></a><br />
<a href="http://www.mrp88.cn/d/file/plus/wjbd/88ae8c2cc7e8bb6b701cfb3b3663c81a.jpg" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="http://www.mrp88.cn/d/file/plus/wjbd/88ae8c2cc7e8bb6b701cfb3b3663c81a.jpg" /></a><br />
Android模拟器很棒,远远超过了WTK以及一些国内外手机厂商的模拟器,不过由于SDK目前是测试版本,难免会有一些Bug。我遇到的第一个Bug就是如果在模拟器启动过程中强行关闭,会导致某些进程无法退出,下次运行时提示失败,重启计算机后才正常。作为一个新的手机开发平台,Android要走的路仍然很长。</td></tr>
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</div>
</div>sfebbf@gmail.comhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03493373165705385749noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3520553598370090588.post-70012366658153015102012-04-23T01:56:00.001+08:002012-04-23T01:56:11.882+08:00十年之后 Java技术的新方向<div id="General_Content">
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<h1>
十年之后 Java技术的新方向</h1>
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<a class="url" href="http://tech.163.com/">http://tech.163.com</a> 2006-03-21 15:32:40 来源: <a href="http://www.csdn.net/" target="_blank">csdn</a>(北京) <a class="cDRed" href="http://tech.163.com/06/0321/15/2COFSSQ00009159T.html#0" target="_self">网友评论<span class="cDRed" id="replycounttop">1</span> 条</a> <a href="http://bbs.tech.163.com/">论坛</a></div>
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Java技术自问世时光已经过去了9个年头。作为一名一直关注其成长的记者,曾经一段时间有过这样的想法:“Java技术已经成熟,是不是发展速度该放慢一些了呢”。然而,这种想法错了。近来Java技术的进化相当显著。Java技术正在迎来“又一次革命”的风暴。这就是本文的结论。</div>
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“又一次”指的是什么?“革命”指的又是什么?光看结论的话肯定是一头雾水。其实,笔者要讲的并不是变化这样一个事实,而是“促进变化的原动力”。是什么让Java技术发生变化?让我们从这一角度出发,先看一下Java的变化历程。</div>
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<strong>Java正处于转变期</strong></div>
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回顾Java技术的发展历程,人们一定会感慨:2004年到2005年发生的变化如此之大,可以说“现在”正是Java技术的转换期。Java技术由编程语言(Java语言)、运行环境(JVM:Java虚拟机)、框架(JavaAPI群)组成,目前在每一个层面上都发生着巨大的变化。</div>
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<strong>(1)编程语言的变化</strong></div>
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Java语言标准出现明显变化。在2004年9月发布的正式版本J2SE5.0(J2SE:Java2Platform,StandardEdition,Java技术的核心运行环境)中,对Java语言标准中的Generics与元数据进行了大幅扩展。出现了被认为是“自Java问世以来的最大一次语言标准变化”(美国SunMicrosystems)。这次语言标准的变化给许多JavaAPI带来了影响。许多企业API的新版本都引入了基于元数据的注解(程序中记录的附加信息),以较短的编码记述更多的信息。</div>
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<strong>(2)Java运行环境的变化</strong></div>
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在J2SE5.0中,大幅度强化了JVM的管理功能与实用性,换句话说就是具备了Java执行OS(操作系统)的特征。例如,原来在J2EE(Java2Platform,EnterpriseEdition,构筑企业系统的Java技术)领域,标准配备有作为管理功能的应用软件管理框架JMX。不仅如此,还配备有JVM自身监控功能((JSR174:MonitoringandManagementSpecificationfortheJavaVirtualMachine)。在标准功能架构中可以实时监视JVM运行时的状态,也就是内存使用量、线程状态等。</div>
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J2SE5.0中新追加的功能中包括并行处理实用程序(JSR166),其基础是纽约州立大学DougLea提供的程序库。也就是说,标准规格中采用了来自民间的程序库。</div>
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<strong>(3)框架的变化</strong></div>
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服务器端的Java框架也发生了巨大变化。企业级Java技术--J2EE的“使用方法”说明文件“J2EEBlueprint”中,提出了将应用软件分为Web层、EJB层(EnterpriseJavaBeans,将包括事务处理在内的业务进程模块化的框架)来构筑的思路。这两种层次都迎来了架构更替时期。Web层的新框架为JSF(JavaServerFaces,将模块组合起来构筑Web应用程序的框架),EJB层为标准方案中刚刚公布的下一代EJB规格“EJB3.0”。</div>
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值得注意的是,促成框架发生变化的正是来自民间的源码开放软件。</div>
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对JSF产生影响的是作为源码开放的Web层框架得到普及的ApacheStruts。JSF是对Struts的思路进行改进的产物,JSF的SpecLead(规格制定领袖)之一CraigR.McClanahan就是Struts的作者。</div>
<div style="text-indent: 2em;">
对EJB3.0造成影响的也是民间源码开放软件。EJB3.0引入了DI(DependencyInjection,依赖注入)容器类(Container)与POJO(PlainOldJavaObject)持久类这些新功能,大大减轻了编程的复杂性。这些概念因PicoContainer、Spring等源码开放软件的导入而引人注目。</div>
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其背景在于用户对“目前的EJB过于复杂”的批评。原本由EJB反对派提出的设计思想与源码开放软件,却变成了EJB3.0的中心概念,显出了巨大的影响力。</div>
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<strong>(4)脚本语言</strong></div>
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在Java技术标准中新增加了编程语言Groovy(JSR241)。这是一种可与Java语言无缝连接的脚本语言,有望以极短的程序完成相关处理。“在Java技术中添加Java以外的语言”,这听起来也许有些别扭,其实以前就有这样的呼声,希望将可以充分利用Java技术资源的脚本作为语言使用。Groovy本来是源码开放软件,最终得到认可,被采纳为标准规格。</div>
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由上述可以看出,Java技术的构成要素正在发生巨大变化。就在不久以前,一提起服务器Java,“Servlet、JSP、EJB是重要的API”这样的说明还占主流,但现在基于JSF和EJB3.0的应用程序已经变成了“面目全非”的程序。而在运行短程序或测试时,甚至还出现了不仅是Java语言,连脚本语言都开始调用Java框架的情况。</div>
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这些变化从大的方面来看的话,可以说是进一步发挥了Java面向对象的优势。当然,也包括提高开发效率、提高运行稳定性、简化运行管理等业务上的优势。</div>
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<strong>开发者团体是真正的“变革推动者”</strong></div>
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那么,这些变化的原动力来自哪里呢?为什么说“目前”正面临着“又一次变革”呢?理由如下:</div>
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在Java技术的发展过程中,1999年到2000年是一个大的转折点。J2EE概念于1999年出现。J2EE也在随后2~3年内得到普及,但这一技术体系早在5年前就已经确立。在我们眼前,新一代Java技术的轮廓正逐渐显现出来。</div>
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JCP(JavaCommunityProcess)2.0于2000年问世。以会员制的组织形式推进Java技术的规格制订、总体发展方向则以委员会的方式决定。从而形成了不依赖特定企业的规格制订流程。这一组织形式历经近5年的时间,逐渐发展成“变革的推动者”。</div>
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J2EE此前一直饱受批评,认为“Web层与EJB层的差距太大”、“EJB过于复杂”,但这也是因为这是一项实际使用的技术。JCP同样也遇到很多批评,称其“没有完全公开”、“制定的技术标准却不可思议地让Sun拥有知识产权”,但JCP却作为一个团体不断发展壮大。</div>
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直接推动Java技术变化的当事者为5年前形成的基于团体的标准制订流程--JCP,但真正将讨论与技术纳入JCP的却是包括Java技术批评者在内的众多Java开发者团体。他们也是早期开展Java技术变革的先行者。由此诞生的下一代技术将会在2~3年后逐渐波及主流企业用户。</div>
<div style="text-indent: 2em;">
Java技术的“变革推动者”为开发者团体。不受制于特定企业,通过众多需要Java的开发者的建议,Java技术正在不断发展进步。
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<h1>
且看微软的.Net和Sun公司的J2EE如何对垒</h1>
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<a class="url" href="http://tech.163.com/">http://tech.163.com</a> 2006-03-21 20:21:05 来源: <a href="http://tech.163.com/06/0321/20/2CP0D05O0009159T.html#" target="_blank">sun</a> <a class="cDRed" href="http://tech.163.com/06/0321/20/2CP0D05O0009159T.html#0" target="_self">网友评论<span class="cDRed" id="replycounttop">0</span> 条</a> <a href="http://bbs.tech.163.com/">论坛</a></div>
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导 读:面对微软推出的.Net FRAMEWORK,你可能会有以下疑问: </div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 8pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">¨<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span> 准确地讲.Net平台是什么? </div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 8pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">¨<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span> 如何将.Net的体系结构和J2EE对比? </div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 8pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">¨<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>从.Net的体系结构演绎出的一整套关于企业软件开发方案中我们能学到此什么?
</div>
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在本文中作者将为你解开这些疑问。 </div>
<div style="text-indent: 2em;">
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<div style="text-indent: 2em;">
廖永康
原文出处:http://java.sun.com/features/2000/11/dotnetvsms.html </div>
<div style="text-indent: 2em;">
即使你没有专门针对微软平台写过程序,你可能也会听到过微软的.Net。这是微软对最近一连串和非视窗事件竞争的回答。如果你读到过有关新闻、来自微软的撰稿、或者通过在MSDN端浏览得到的不完整的技术资料、或者你注意到了微软专家开发者会议(会上已经演示了.Net平台)的话,你可能至少还有两大疑问:
</div>
<div style="text-indent: 2em;">
¨ 准确地讲.Net平台是什么? </div>
<div style="text-indent: 2em;">
¨ 如何将.Net的体系结构和J2EE对比? </div>
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</div>
<br />
<div style="text-indent: 2em;">
如果你再深入一步的话,你可能还有第三个疑问活跃在你的脑海里: </div>
<div style="text-indent: 2em;">
¨ 从.Net的体系结构演绎出的一整套关于企业软件开发方案中我们能学到此什么? </div>
<div style="text-indent: 2em;">
.Net框架是其生命周期的十分早期阶段的产品,微软.Net部门还会不断地更深入和仔细地开发它,但是无论怎样,我们已经能够从已有的资料对这些问题作出公正的正确的回答。
</div>
<div style="text-indent: 2em;">
它是什么?(.Net是什么?) </div>
<div style="text-indent: 2em;">
现在在众多的论坛中对.Net的反思,使人不禁联想起三个瞎子摸象的寓言;根据你的洞察力,可能得到非常不同的结论:有人认为.Net是微软下一代Visual
Studio的开发环境;有人认为它只是一种新的编程语言(C#);还有人为它是基于XML和SOAP的一种新的数据交换和报文的工作框架。实际上,.Net包含了这几部份内容,而且还会更多。
</div>
<div style="text-indent: 2em;">
首先,让我们看一些具体的细节,浏览一下组成.Net平台的一系列技术构件: </div>
<div style="text-indent: 2em;">
¨
C#:是一种新写的描述(书)构件的语言,它将C、C++和Java的元素集成起来,并增加一些特点如:元数据标记、相关元素的开发。 </div>
<div style="text-indent: 2em;">
¨
“公共语言运行时”:它以中间语言(IL)格式,运行字节代码,用一种语言写的代码和对象只要编译器是针对这种语言开发的,显然能够编译成IL运行时。 </div>
<div style="text-indent: 2em;">
¨
一组基本的可从“公共语言运行时”访问的构件(元件),它可提供各种功能(如:连网功能、包容器功能等等)。 </div>
<div style="text-indent: 2em;">
¨
ASP.NET:是新的ASP版本,支持将ASP编译成公共语言运行时功能(所以用任何语言写的ASP脚本,都能和IL捆绑在一起)。 </div>
<div style="text-indent: 2em;">
¨ 视窗格式和Web格式:一种新的可从Visual Studio访问的UI构件框架。(用户接口=UI)。
</div>
<div style="text-indent: 2em;">
¨ ADO:将XML和SLAP用于数据交换的新一代ADO数据访问构件(元件)。 </div>
<div style="text-indent: 2em;">
</div>
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<div style="text-indent: 2em;">
.Net和J2EE如何比较? </div>
<div style="text-indent: 2em;">
正如我们所能看见的.Net平台,在其伞型结构下有一个技术矩阵(宝塔)。显然微软为了抓住视窗平台的开发商,正在将这些技术变成现有平台如J2EE和CORBA的代用品。但是怎样对它们进行逐项比较呢?一种方法就是将.Net和J2EE作成以下对比列表:
</div>
<div style="text-indent: 2em;">
.Net J2EE 关键差异 </div>
<div style="text-indent: 2em;">
C#编程语言 Java编程语言 C#和Java均来自C和C++,最显著的特
点(如垃圾收集层次结构的名字空间)在两个方面。C#借用了JavaBeans的某些构件概念(特性属性、事件等),并增加了
某些自己的概念(如元数据标志),但将这些特点合并成不同的语法。Java以Java虚拟机方式运行在任何平台上,而C#在可预见的将来,仅运行在视
窗环境内。C#隐含地结合到IL公共语 言运行时中,(见后),然后按合理的顺 序(JIT)运行。编译成的字节编码或者整个编译成的自然编码。Java代码按照Java
虚拟机字节代码方式运行,它由VM解 析或JIT编译,或者整个编译成自然代码。 </div>
<div style="text-indent: 2em;">
.Net公共元件(填补“.Net 框架结构的SDK”) Java核心API
高层的.Net元件,包括支持用XML和SOAP 的分布式访问(见ADO.NET)。 </div>
<div style="text-indent: 2em;">
ASP.NET页面(ASP.NET) Java服务器页面(JSP) ASP.NET使用Visual
Basic、C# 可能还有一 别的语言作为代码段。通过公共语言运行 时全部编译成自然代码(与此相对应<相反>
是象APS那样,每次都解析执行)。JSP使 用Java代码(段或者JavaBeans参考),或者 编译成Java字节代码(按需或批编译要根据
JSP实现系统来决定)。 .Net公共语言运行时允许以多种语言的代码 (程序)在视窗环境下使用一组共享的元件。
优先于.Net框架的所有元件(公共元件、ASP.NET等)。 </div>
<div style="text-indent: 2em;">
IL公共语言运行时 Java虚拟机和CORBA IDL和ORB
Java的虚拟机规程,允许Java字节代码, 在任何平台上按JVM方式运行。 CORBA允许多种语言的代码使用一组共享 的对象,在任何带有ORB的平台上运行,
并不是紧密地集成到J2EE框架内。 同样的Web元件(如基于JSP的文件)在标准 的Java平台上是没有的,某些专有的元件 只能通过Java
IDE等得到。</div>
<div style="text-indent: 2em;">
视窗格式和Web格式 Java的飘移通过MS Visual Studio的IDE而不是在本文
所说的IDE,支持视窗格式和Web格式的 RAD开发,在许多Java的IDE和工具中都 支持“飘移”(Swing)。</div>
<div style="text-indent: 2em;">
ADO.NET和基于SOAP的Web服务 JDBC、EJB、JMS和Java
XML库(XML4J、JA-XP) ADO.NET建立在位于HTTP协议顶部的XML数据 交换的基础上(指在远程数据对象和多个应
用程序捆绑之间的数据交换)。一般说来, .Net的Web服务假定了SOAP发信模型。 而EJB、JDBC等将数据交换协议和开发者
处理权分离,不工作在HTTP、KMI/JRMP或 IIOP顶层。 </div>
<div style="text-indent: 2em;">
</div>
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<div style="text-indent: 2em;">
该表的比较只抓住了表面现象,这里再总结一下.Net和J2EE的比较: </div>
<div style="text-indent: 2em;">
¨ 特点:.Net和J2EE都提供同样优秀的特点,尽管提供的方法不同。 </div>
<div style="text-indent: 2em;">
¨
可移植性(Portability):.Net的核心只工作Windows环境下,但从理论上讲可以支持以多种语言开发(只要这些语言的子集/超集已经定义
好,并为他们建立了IL编译器)。也就是说:SOAP的能力允许在其它平台上的元件(部件)和.Net元件进行数据报文交换。而.Net中的一些元素:象SOAP,其恢复和查找协议,作为公共部份提供构架的核心部件(IL运行时环境、ASP.NET内部的视窗格式和Web格式元件“合同”等)仍由微软掌握,微软只扮演整个.Net开发环境和运行时环境提供者的角色。其实早就有了来自开发者协会要求微软公开这些规程,但是这和微软的标准经验相违背。
</div>
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</div>
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<div style="text-indent: 2em;">
另一方面,J2EE只要遵循Java
VM(规则)和一组平台需要的服务就可以在任何平台上工作(EJB包容器、JMS服务等等)。所有这些定义了J2EE平台的规程,都已经公开发表,并提供公众阅读。因此,许多供应商也提供兼容产品和开发环境。但是J2EE是单语言平台,若用其它语言调用或访问对象,可能需要通过CORBA,但是CORBA支持并不是平台普遍存在的部分。
</div>
<div style="text-indent: 2em;">
</div>
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<div style="text-indent: 2em;">
巨大的前景: </div>
<div style="text-indent: 2em;">
上述最后的几点勾画出.Net和J2EE的某些关键性的差异,以及微软在这些方面所扮演的角色。微软现在正在为.Net做两件值得注意的事:通过将XML和SOAP集成到他们的信息传输方案中,从而为以其它编程语言开发商和非.Net部件打开通向.Net的道路。
</div>
<div style="text-indent: 2em;">
通过让语言元件交叉互动,.Net正在释放Perl、Eiffel、Cobol和其它编程器,允许它们扮演微软“沙盘”的角色。这些语言的爱好者应该特别遵守规则,因为他们中大部分人在微软/SUN/OpenSource竞争中感受到约束和定界。因此,只要在他的元件发信层使用XML和SOAP,微软就能支持他们将开放性部件加到他们的平台上,从而摆脱对专用性的依赖。
<a href="http://tech.163.com/"><img border="0" src="http://tech.163.com/newimg/arc_d.gif" style="height: 12px; width: 12px;" /></a> </div>
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<td align="center" height="36" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: bold; word-break: break-all;" valign="middle">ASP.NET 与 Java 的比较</td></tr>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: small;">Ja</span>va </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">语言发展到现在,已经成了当前</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"> Web </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">编程的主要语言,获得了广泛的业界支持。</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
</span></div>
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<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.3pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 58.65pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: left;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Java </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的最大的特性就是与平台的无关,良好的</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"> OO </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">属性,是互连网编程的强大的粘合剂。</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
</span></div>
<br />
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.3pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 58.65pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: left;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">下面是</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"> ASP.NET </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">与</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"> Java </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的一些区别。</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
</span></div>
<br />
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 81.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: left;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">1</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)业界支持</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
</span></div>
<br />
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 81.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 252.65pt 404.65pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">如果单纯从业界的支持者来讲,</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Java<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">获得了更多的业界的支持。</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">IBM<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">“e-business
</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"></span><br />
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.3pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 58.65pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 314.0pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">application framework“</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">架构在</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"> Java</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">XML</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">CORBA</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">IBM<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">有</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"> VisuageAge For Java</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">WebSphere
</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"></span><br />
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.3pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 58.65pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 344.65pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">作为</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"> Web </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">开发的工具。</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">IBM </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">认为选择</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"> Application Framework<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">有几个原则:不依赖于特定</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
</span></div>
<br />
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.3pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 58.65pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 303.3pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的平台,建立在工业标准之上,大部分计算放在</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"> server<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">端,</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">scalable </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">等,同时后面还有</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"> Oracle</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">、</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Sybase</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,当然还有</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"> Java </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的祖先</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"> Sun </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">公司。</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
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<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 81.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 204.65pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">但是目前微软推出的</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">.NET<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">除了平台无关性不能实现之外,功能上完全达到了这个要</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
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<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.3pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 58.65pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: left;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">求,如果真的</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">.NET </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">以后成为业界的标准,则微软又一次引领</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"> IT </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">潮流。</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
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<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.3pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 81.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: left;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">2</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)开发模型</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
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<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.3pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 81.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: left;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">.NET </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">技术还没有出来的时候,国内的很多软件厂商在向</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"> Web </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">编程迁移的时候,大</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">多选择了</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"> Java</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。核心软件和南北财务系统,用</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"> Applet </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">开发客户端界面,使用起来还是跟传</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
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<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.3pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 58.65pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: left;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">统的软件一样。</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
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<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 81.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 448.65pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">由于目前采用</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"> HTML </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">开发界面复杂的应用尚不是很合适,这是选择</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"> java applet<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的理</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
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<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.3pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 58.65pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 140.0pt 301.3pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">由。而</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"> ASP.NET<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">出来之后,开发复杂的基于</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"> server<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的应用要方便的多。</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
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<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.3pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 81.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: left;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">目前采用</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"> applet </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的应用,把很多编程逻辑方在客户端,这种方式尚不是未来的编程集</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
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<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 58.65pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 324.65pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">中在</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"> server </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">端的方式。也许,</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Java </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">也会推出新的</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"> package<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">支持这种应用。</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
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<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 81.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 126.65pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"> server<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">端,</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Java </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">采用</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"> Servlet</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">、</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Java Bean</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">ASP </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">采用</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"> Script</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">、</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">COM </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">组件,目前的编</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">程模式相类似。</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">ASP.NET </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">中提到的</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"> Web service<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">集成的方式,目前微软力推</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"> SOAP</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">、</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"> UDDI<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。但是,</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
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<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.3pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 58.65pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 160.0pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">这些是建议成为</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"> w3c<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">标准,不依赖于特定的平台。</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
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<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 81.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 294.0pt 450.0pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">从以上关于业界支持、开发模型的观察,</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Java<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">是一个成熟的产品。而</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"> ASP.NET<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的到</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
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<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 58.65pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: left;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">来,将会是</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"> Web </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">开发方式的一个更大的发展。</span></div>
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<div class="f14 B wr" id="question_title">
<cq>JAVA与.net的区别和各自优势?</cq></div>
<div id="question_info">
<span class="red"><img align="absMiddle" src="http://img.baidu.com/img/iknow/icn_point.gif" style="height: 16px; width: 16px;" /> 悬赏分:0</span>
- <span class="gray">解决时间:2006-10-26 11:46</span> </div>
<div class="f14" id="question_content">
<cd><pre> </pre>
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<ca><pre>1.Java 是 简 单 的
Java 与 C++ 极 为 相 似, 但 却 简 单 得 多。 高 级 编 程 语 言 的 所 有 特 性 中,
不 是 绝 对 需 要 的 都 已 删 去 了。 例 如, Java 没 有 算 符 过 载、 标 题 文 件、
预 处 理、 指 针 运 算、 结 构、 联 合、 多 维 数 组、 模 板 及 隐 式 类 型 变 换。 如
果 你 知 道 一 点 C、 C++ 或 Pascal, 你 很 快 就 会 驾 驭 Java。 这 里 是 一 个 简 单 的 Java Hello World 程 序:
public class HelloInternet {
public static void main(String argv[]) {
System.out.println(“Hello In-ternet!”)
}
}
2.Java 是 面 向 对 象 的
Java 是 一 种 面 向 对 象 的 编 程 语 言。 除 了 简 单 的 类 型, 如 数 字 和 布 尔 算
子 之 外, Java 中 的 大 部 分 都 是 对 象。
正 如 任 何 面 向 对 象 的 语 言 一 样, Java 代 码 也 按 类 组 织。 每 个 类 定 义 一
组 规 定 对 象 行 为 的 方 法。 一 个 类 可 以 继 承 另 一 个 类 的 行 为。 在 类 的
根 层 次 上, 通 常 是 类 对 象。
Java 支 持 单 继 承 类 层 次 结 构。 这 就 是 说, 每 个 类 一 次 只 能 继 承 一 个 别
的 类。 有 些 语 言 允 许 多 继 承 性, 但 这 可 能 造 成 混 乱, 使 语 言 不 必 要 地
复 杂 化。 例 如, 难 以 想 像, 一 个 对 象 会 继 承 两 个 完 全 不 同 的 类 的 行
为。
Java 还 支 持 摘 要 类 的 接 口。 这 允 许 编 程 人 员 先 定 义 接 口 的 方 法, 而 不
必 急 于 马 上 确 定 方 法 的 实 现。 一 个 类 可 以 施 行 多 个 接 口, 从 而 具 有
真 正 多 继 承 性 的 许 多 优 点。 一 个 对 象 也 可 实 施 任 意 数 量 的 接 口。 Java
接 口 与 IDL 接 口 极 其 相 似。 很 容 易 建 立 IDLJ 编 译 器。 这 就 是 说, Java 可
用 于 CORBA 对 象 系 统 来 建 立 分 布 式 对 象 系 统。 鉴 于 在 许 多 计 算 机 系 统
中 都 采 用 IDL 接 口 和 CORBA 对 象 系 统, 这 种 兼 容 性 是 重 要 的。
3.Java 是 静 态 类 型 的
在 一 个 Java 程 序 中, 必 须 定 义 所 用 对 象 (数 字、 字 符、 数 组 等) 的 类 型。
这 有 助 于 编 程 人 员 很 快 发 现 问 题, 因 为 当 程 序 编 译 时 可 以 检 测 类 型
错 误。
不 过, Java 系 统 中 的 对 象 也 有 动 态 类 型。 要 求 一 个 对 象 为 动 态 类 型 往
往 是 可 能 的, 所 以 编 程 人 员 写 的 程 序 可 以 对 不 同 类 型 的 对 象 做 不 同
的 事。
4.Java 是 编 译 型 的
当 运 行 Java 程 序 时, 它 首 先 被 编 译 成 字 节 代 码。 字 节 代 码 非 常 类 似 于
机 器 指 令, 所 以 Java 程 序 非 常 高 效。 然 而, 字 节 代 码 并 不 专 对 一 种 特
定 的 机 器, 所 以 Java 程 序 无 需 重 新 编 译 便 可 在 众 多 不 同 的 计 算 机 上
执 行。
Java 源 程 序 被 编 译 成 类 文 件, 它 相 当 于 程 序 的 字 节 代 码 表 现。 在 一 个
Java 类 文 件 中, 所 有 对 方 法 及 实 例 变 量 的 参 照 均 按 名 进 行, 并 在 第 一
次 执 行 代 码 时 加 以 分 辨。 这 使 得 代 码 更 通 用, 更 不 易 受 修 改 的 影 响,
而 仍 具 高 效。
5.Java 是 体 系 结 构 中 立 的
Java 语 言 对 每 种 计 算 机 都 一 样。 比 如, 简 单 的 类 型 都 是 不 变 的: 整 数
总 是 32 位, 长 整 数 总 是 64 位。 令 人 奇 怪 的 是, 诸 如 C 及 C++ 等 时 髦 的
编 程 语 言 却 不 是 这 样。 由 于 这 些 语 言 定 义 如 此 自 由, 每 种 编 译 器 及
开 发 环 境 便 各 有 不 同 了, 这 使 程 序 的 移 植 成 为 讨 厌 的 问 题。 Java 程 序
的 移 植 却 很 容 易, 而 且 不 需 要 进 行 重 新 编 译。
6.Java 是 健 全 的
Java 程 序 不 可 能 造 成 计 算 机 崩 溃。 Java 系 统 仔 细 检 测 对 内 存 的 每 次
访 问, 确 认 它 是 合 法 的, 而 且 不 致 引 起 任 何 问 题。
不 过, 即 使 Java 程 序 也 可 能 有 错 误。 如 果 出 现 某 种 出 乎 意 料 之 事, 程
序 不 会 崩 溃, 而 把 该 例 外 抛 弃。 程 序 会 发 现 这 类 例 外, 并 加 以 处 理。
传 统 的 程 序 可 以 访 问 计 算 机 的 全 部 内 存。 程 序 可 能 (无 意 识 地) 修 改
内 存 中 的 任 何 值, 这 就 会 造 成 问 题。 Java 程 序 只 能 访 问 内 存 中 允 许 它
们 访 问 的 那 些 部 分, 所 以 Java 程 序 不 可 能 修 改 不 拟 修 改 的 值。
7.Java 是 小 巧 的
由 于 Java 的 设 计 是 要 在 小 的 计 算 机 上 运 行, 作 为 一 种 编 程 语 言 来 说
其 系 统 是 相 对 较 小 的。 它 能 有 效 地 在 4MB 以 上 RAM 的 PC 机 上 运 行。 Java
翻 译 器 只 占 用 几 百 KB。 这 种 翻 译 器 对 Java 的 平 台 无 关 性 和 可 移 植 性
是 可 靠 的。
由 于 Java 很 小, 它 对 内 存 很 小 的 计 算 机, 如 基 于 Java 的 PC 机, 以 及 电
视 机、 烤 箱、 电 话 机 及 家 用 计 算 机 等, 是 很 理 想 的。
8.Java 是 多 线 程 的
Java 程 序 可 以 执 行 一 个 以 上 的 线 程。 比 如, 它 可 以 在 一 个 线 程 中 完 成
某 一 耗 时 的 计 算, 而 其 它 线 程 与 用 户 进 行 交 互 对 话。 所 以 用 户 不 必
停 止 工 作, 等 待 Java 程 序 完 成 耗 时 的 计 算。
在 多 线 程 环 境 中 的 编 程 通 常 是 困 难 的, 因 为 许 多 东 西 可 能 同 时 出
现。 但 是, Java 提 供 了 易 于 使 用 的 同 步 特 性, 使 编 程 更 为 方 便。
Java 线 程 通 常 被 映 射 为 实 际 的 操 作 系 统 线 程, 只 要 底 层 操 作 系 统 支
持 这 种 映 射。 因 此, 用 Java 写 的 应 用 程 序 可 说 是 “MP 热”。 这 就 是 说,
如 果 它 们 在 多 处 理 器 机 器 上 运 行, 它 们 更 将 表 现 不 凡。
9.Java 是 可 收 集 无 用 的 存 储 单 元 的
用 C 及 C++ 写 软 件 的 编 程 人 员 必 须 仔 细 跟 踪 所 用 的 内 存 块。 当 一 个 块
不 再 使 用 时, 他 们 务 必 让 程 序 释 放 它, 从 而 方 可 再 用。 在 大 的 项 目
中, 这 可 能 很 困 难, 并 往 往 成 为 出 错 和 内 存 不 足 的 根 源。
在 Java 的 情 况 下, 编 程 人 员 不 必 为 内 存 管 理 操 心。 Java 系 统 有 一 个 叫
做 “无 用 单 元 收 集 器” 的 内 置 程 序, 它 扫 描 内 存, 并 自 动 释 放 那 些 不
再 使 用 的 内 存 块。
10.Java 是 快 速 的
Java 比 典 型 的 脚 本 语 言 大 为 有 效, 但 它 比 C 慢 20 倍。 这 对 大 多 数 应 用
是 可 接 受 的。
不 久 的 将 来, 代 码 生 成 器 就 可 供 利 用 了, 这 将 使 Java 程 序 几 近 于 用 C
或 C++ 编 写 的 程 序 那 么 快。
11.Java 是 安 全 的
Java 程 序 没 有 指 针, 而 且 象 这 样 的 字 节 代 码 程 序 强 在 类 型 上, 所 以 在
执 行 之 前 它 可 能 验 证 Java 程 序。 被 验 证 的 Java 程 序 得 以 保 证 不 突 破
Java 语 言 的 任 何 限 制, 而 且 可 以 安 全 地 执 行。 Java 字 节 代 码 验 证 被
Web 浏 览 器 用 来 确 保 小 程 序 不 含 病 毒。
12.Java 是 可 扩 展 的
Java 程 序 可 与 用 其 它 语 言 编 写 的 现 存 程 序 库 连 接。 由 于 Java 数 据 结
构 与 C 的 数 据 结 构 的 类 型 极 为 相 似, 这 是 相 当 方 便 的。 最 大 的 问 题 在
于, 现 有 多 线 程 程 序 库 为 数 不 多。
Java 程 序 可 以 声 明 某 些 方 法 是 内 部 的, 然 后, 把 这 些 内 部 方 法 映 射 成
软 件 库 所 定 义 的 功 能, 从 而 动 态 地 链 接 到 虚 拟 机
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1.标准集成:XML、SOAP及其它
过去,微软的体系结构建立在COM/DCOM基础上,COM/DCOM是进程间通信的二进制标准。虽然这个标准本身没有什么失误,但是它与微软以外的领域格格不入。也就是说,这个标准成了实现与其它软件平台互操作的瓶颈。
除此之外,数据也是一个问题。虽然ADO简化了数据访问,但是把数据从一个地方传送到另外一个地方就成了问题。ADO Recordset(记录集)对象是一个存储了数据的二进制结构,而这种二进制格式对于非微软的平台没有任何意义。
.Net弥补了这些缺陷,因为它完全基于标准。比如,数据用XML的格式通过进程边界,而这个数据有一个到XSD的连接,所以任何客户端都可以正确地转化数据。
SOAP基于XML,用于与Web服务的通信。集成SOAP以后,不管客户端运行的是不是微软的操作系统,都可以实现简单的可编程访问。
2.简化应用
COM所面临的一个头痛的问题就是应用。COM利用Windows注册表来定位机器上的组件。这个想法是不错的:每个注册的组件只有一个实例,所有的应用程序都使用相同的版本。COM具有向后兼容性,也就是说新版本兼容老版本,但是开发人员可能会破坏这种兼容性。
.Net则采用了不同的方法:它根本就没有使用注册表。相反,微软的建议是每个应用程序使用自己局部的组件(在.Net称为“assembly”)。利用这种方法,用于应用程序Foo的Assembly X如果发生变化,Assembly X的Application Bar不会受到任何影响。这种方法听起来好象以前一台机器上同一个DLL的多个拷贝,的确是这样。不过你不会遇到应用程序查找Windows\System32目录的问题。
由于.Net不使用注册表,很多应用都可以用简单的拷贝命令来完成,通常没有必要开发安装程序。此外,应用程序不会琐定assembly,所以升级DLL的时候不必关闭应用程序。
3.Web服务支持
在流行的Web服务方面,微软发挥着重要的作用,而.Net为开发Web服务带来了前所未有的便利。用Notepad就可以建立简单的Web服务,甚至不必利用编译器,只要对它们进行简单的调用即可,因为.Net会对它们进行编译,甚至提供一个测试页供用户检验其功能。.Net 拥有所有必需的渠道,可以生成用户所需的所有文件,比如WSDL文件。
.Net也是一个聪明的Web服务使用者:只要设置了指向某个Web服务的索引,你就可以把它当作本地的assembly。你可以获得完整的Intel许可和功能实现帮助。
Web服务对于发送数据是非常重要的,感谢ADO.Net,Web服务可以利用简单或者复杂的数据,并以XML格式把它们发送到任何客户端,最后设置一个链接,指回到一个描述数据模式的XSD。
4.用于所有.Net语言的标准工具集
最终,你会拥有一个适用于所有语言的集成工具集。你会拥有一个统一的IDE、调试工具以及其它类似的工具。因此,其它公司可以把他们的语言嵌入IDE环境,并获得.Net工具所有的支持。比如富士通开发了netCOBOL .Net,它已经直接集成到IDE中,因此可以用 COBOL编写Web服务和Windows应用并获得微软提供的调试和profiling(监管)工具。
.Net是个开放的架构,所以其它厂商也可以提供自己的工具。比如Borland,该公司已经宣布其下一版Delphi将具有建立.Net应用的功能,同时它也保证,Delphi会拥有自己的IDE,不会嵌入Visual Studio .Net。
5.对移动设备的支持
Visual Studio .Net发布不久,微软就推出了移动Internet工具包(Microsoft Mobile Internet Toolkit ,MMIT),以便用.Net构建移动应用。该工具包提供了可视化功能,你可以直观地拖动和下拉面向移动设备的窗体和控件。该工具包有利于正确书写标记语言(比如WML、WAP等等)。
.Net简化架构(.Net Compact Framework)不久就会面市,它是.Net架构的缩略版,设计用于Pocket PC设备。有了这个架构,开发人员就可以开发出丰富的Pocket PC计算机应用。你可以编写一个运行于小型设备上的应用,比如用于Pocket PC设备或者具有Web功能的手机。事实上,MMIT包含了很多仿真程序,它们使用了真正为这类设备编写的ROM代码,所以在你的应用程序投入使用之前,可以首先测试其用于此类设备时的性能。
6.代码管理
.Net管理用户的代码,从很多方面看,这一点都是很重要的,比如减少bug以及构建更多可扩展的应用。.Net可以处理以下操作:内存分配和回收,进程及线程的创建和终止,以及运行代码的访问许可。
VB开发人员先前面临的问题——比如内存管理、线程和进程创建——现在都可以由.Net来处理。而C++程序员可以转向C#,.Net代替他们处理这些操作后,内存泄露和其它bug出现的可能性将大大减少。拥有了被管理的代码,你可以访问.Net所有跨语言的能力。
7.平台独立
虽然.Net是为微软的操作系统创建的,但是微软的确为ECMA标准委员会发布了一部分框架和C#。比如,Mono project实现了Linux的.Net,包括架构和C#编译器。这意味着很多应用(特别是基于Web的应用)一次编写完成后就可以运行于多种平台上。
8.充足的学习资源
.Net的学习曲线非常重要,可能.Net的方面的书要比其它所有编程技术的书都多。此外,微软和第三方团体开设了很多课程,可以让开发人员很快就上手。最后,很多网站为开发人员员学习.Net提供了技术和指导。
9.现代化语言
VB.Net和C#都是现代化的语言。它们完全是面向对象的,设计的时候消除了很多VB 和C++的矛盾。这两种语言使用了多层式架构 (n-tier),这是一种基于组件的方法。
比如,C#取消了指针和其它一些结构,它们曾经给C++程序员(特别是新手)带来很多严重的问题。代码由.Net架构管理后,VB.Net 和C#都从中受益。这个架构还包括一些基础的对象,它们是开发多线程、支持XML等应用所必须的。
10.跨语言标准基本类型
VB开发人员曾经面临一个致命的问题:VB中的字符串与C++中的字符串不同,所以调用Windows API函数的时候会出现一些问题。.Net确定了所有类型的标准定义,所以VB中的字符串和C#中的字符串相同,也和netCOBOL .Net中的字符串相同。这意味着你再也不必担心语言A中的整型数据是32位而语言B中只有16位。你可以确信不同语言的数据类型都相同,可以更好地进行跨语言集成。
优点多于缺点
.Net具有很多明显的优点,可以提高开发人员的效率,减少bug,加快应用开发并简化使用。IT人员对.Net保持了应有的警惕,因为它毕竟还是个新事物,需要有一个比较艰难的学习曲线。但是对于大多数组织而言,其优点远远多于缺点。有了.Net,你可以在未来的开发项目中赢得更高的生产力。 </pre>
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Java vs .NET:就业市场和薪资比较时间:2008-12-19 00:00 来源:CSDN 字体:[大 中 小]
国际OdinJobs.com最近做了一项调查,就San Francisco地区J2EE和.NET的就业市场以及薪资做了比较,让我们一起来看一下:
<br />
平均薪资:<br />
如下图所示,从这两个技术的平均薪资来看,在Architect/Lead角色中.NET的平均薪资略高于Java/J2EE,而在Developer角色方面,Java/J2EE的平均薪资更高一些。<br />
<br />
就业趋势:<br />
就业趋势图表中显示在Architect/Lead角色方面,J2EE比.NET的需求率更高。同样也可以看到在Architect/Lead角色对.NET的需求率有了很大的上升,与2007年相比,二者的需求量都大了不少。<br />
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文章转载自网管之家:<a href="http://www.bitscn.com/news/java/200904/160959.html">http://www.bitscn.com/news/java/200904/160959.html</a>
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<h2 class="with-nav">
在线office办公----google docs介绍</h2>
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<span class="submitted"><span class="dateuser">星期六,
2008-11-01 10:13 — veryw2</span> </span>
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Google
Docs是一个基于Web的工具,它有跟Word相近的编辑界面,有一套简单易用的文档权限管理,而且它还记录下所有用户对文档所做的修改。</div>
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Google Docs的这些功能令它非常适用于网上共享与协作编辑文档。 <br />
Google Docs甚至可以用于监控责任清晰,目标明确的项目进度。对于简单的项目,它使用起来直接了当,不像dotProject那般复杂。 <br />
从Writely开始,我就一直在使用这个网上文档编辑工具。Writely被Google买去之后,整个工具跟Google的其它系统如
Gmail,Google Spreadsheets等结合在一起,并且更名为Google Docs &
Spreadsheets。这个教程讲的只是其中的Docs那部分,因此我这里只叫它Google Docs了。 <br />
另外,跟其它很多Google的产品一样,Google
Docs在Firefox上有最好的显示效果,因此,这个教程引用的所有例子都是在Firefox上实现的。 <br />
登陆Google Docs <br />
我一直很纳闷为什么国内的朋友很少知道Google Docs,因为Google
Docs的链接如下图,就在Gmail主页的左上角上,一点就进去了。后来我才知道,如果Gmail的显示语言是设成中文的话,这个链接现在是没有的,相 信Google
Docs的中文版出来来后应该会加上去吧。 <br />
<br />
<center><img border="1" src="http://www.huashifu.net/sites/default/files/images/2008/11/021334t1c.png" />
</center>
<br />
图1:从英文版的Gmail进到Google Docs <br />
不过那也问题不大,可以直接从这个网址进去: <br />
docs.google.com <br />
如果有Gmail帐号的话,可以用Gmail帐号登陆。如果你用习惯了原来的电邮地址,还不想体验Gmail的超级功能的话,你也可以点击登陆页面上的“Create
a new Google Account”链接,用你的电邮地址来建立一个Google帐号。 <br />
2、创建文档 <br />
在Google创建一个文档非常简单。 <br />
<br />
<center><img border="1" src="http://www.huashifu.net/sites/default/files/images/2008/11/021335iwv.png" />
</center>
<br />
图2:在Google Docs上创建文档 <br />
如上图,你可以 <br />
A. 点击“New Doccument”直接创建文档,或是 <br />
B. 点击“Upload”上传文档。 <br />
A. 点击“New Doccument”直接创建文档的文件名为“Untitled”,改文件名如下图, <br />
<br />
<center><img border="1" src="http://www.huashifu.net/sites/default/files/images/2008/11/021338qp8.png" />
</center>
<br />
图3:更改文件名 <br />
<center>B. 点击“Upload”上传文档 </center>
<br />
a. 用户可以从本地电脑把文档直接上传到Google Docs。目前Google Docs支持以下几种文档的上传 <br />
Microsoft Word (.doc), Rich Text (.rtf), OpenDocument Text (.odt)
及StarOffice (.sxw) <br />
一次最大可以上传500k大的文件。具体操作跟一般网站上传文件没有大的区别,如下图, <br />
<br />
<center><img border="1" src="http://images.enet.com.cn/2007/1105/75/2467436.png" />
</center>
<br />
图4:从本地电脑上传文件 <br />
b. 每个Google Docs上的文档都有一个特定的电邮地址,用户也可以向指定的地址电邮创建文档。如下图, <br />
<br />
<center><img border="1" src="http://images.enet.com.cn/2007/1105/27/2468592.png" />
</center>
<br />
图5:电邮上传文件 <br />
可以用两种方式电邮创建文档 <br />
没有附件的电邮。这时电邮的标题就变成文档的标题,电邮的内容变成文档内容。 <br />
有附件的电邮。这时每个附件文件名转为文档标题,附件内容转成文档内容。 <br />
3、编辑文档 <br />
Google Docs的编辑界面跟Word相似,当然少了很多功能。用户在Google
Docs上可以编辑简单的文字格式,表格,图片等。这些功能对一般用户来说已经够用了。 <br />
我这里主要讲一下添加与修改文字链接,用户可以直接从其它网页或是文档上复制带链接的文字到Google
Docs上,但有的时候,用户还是要自己添加和修改文字链接的。 <br />
如下图,首先用户选择了要加链接的文字后,点击工具栏上的“Link”图标, <br />
<br />
<center><img border="1" src="http://images.enet.com.cn/2007/1105/08/2469107.png" />
</center>
<br />
图6:创建文字链接 <br />
然后在弹出的窗口中填入相应的信息,再点“OK”就行了。见下图, <br />
<br />
<center><img border="1" src="http://images.enet.com.cn/2007/1105/93/2469493.jpg" />
</center>
<br />
图7:添加与修改文字链接 <br />
<center>4、协同编辑 </center>
<br />
Google Docs有很容易使用的文档权限管理,因此,Google Docs非常适合用于网上协同编辑文档。 <br />
在Google Docs上有很多种方法进入到文档权限管理的页面。比如, <br />
A. 用户可以在Google Doc的第一页文件列表上点击相应的“Share Now”链接。如下图, <br />
<br />
<center><img border="1" src="http://images.enet.com.cn/2007/1105/70/2470058.png" />
</center>
<br />
图8:点击“Share Now”链接进入到文档权限管理的页面 <br />
B. 或者,用户可以在编辑文档的时候点击右上方的“Collaborate”标签进入到文档权限管理的页面。见下图, <br />
<br />
<center><img border="1" src="http://images.enet.com.cn/2007/1105/17/2470807.png" />
</center>
<br />
图9:点击“Collaborate”标签进入到文档权限管理的页面 <br />
Google Docs的文档只有两种权限: <br />
协作者。协作者拥有对此文档的可读写权限。协作者也可以修改此文档的权限。但协作者不能删除此文档。 <br />
读者。读者拥有此文档的只读权限。 <br />
用户进入到文档权限管理的页面,填上相应受邀用户的电邮地址。见下图: <br />
<br />
<center><img border="1" src="http://images.enet.com.cn/2007/1105/95/2471453.png" />
</center>
<br />
图10:邀请协作者或读者 <br />
点击“Invite these people”的按钮后,Google Docs会提示相应的信息如填入邀请信内容等。用户全部点击“OK”就可以了。
<br />
当同时有多于一个用户在网上编辑文档时,用户可以看到Google Docs提示同时在线编辑协作者的名单。见下图, <br />
<br />
<center><img border="1" src="http://images.enet.com.cn/2007/1105/70/2472409.png" />
</center>
<br />
图11:在线编辑的协作者 <br />
<center> 5、修改历史记录 </center>
<br />
Google Docs记录下各个用户所有的修改记录。用户在编辑文档的时候,可以点击左上方的“Revisions”标签进入修改历史记录的页面。见下图,
<br />
<br />
<center><img border="1" src="http://images.enet.com.cn/2007/1105/73/2472696.png" />
</center>
<br />
图12:“Revisions”标签 <br />
在修改历史记录的页面上,用户可以看到各个协作者所做的修改。Google Docs对修改的地方用不同颜色高亮显示。见下图, <br />
<br />
<center><img border="1" src="http://images.enet.com.cn/2007/1105/68/2472937.png" />
</center>
<br />
图13:高亮显示的修改记录 <br />
并且,Google Docs也列出了对文档做过修改的各个协作者。如下图, <br />
<br />
<center><img border="1" src="http://images.enet.com.cn/2007/1105/49/2473166.png" />
</center>
<br />
图14:对文档做过修改的各个协作者名单 <br />
在这个页面下,用户还可以选择把文档回复到某个指定的历史状态,比较各条修改历史记录及列出所有修改历史记录。 <br />
6、保存文档 <br />
用户在编辑文档时,点击页面右上方的“Save”或“Save &
Close”按钮就可以保存文档了。如果用户想放弃所做的修改,可以点击“Discard changes”按钮。见下图, <br />
<br />
<center><img border="1" src="http://images.enet.com.cn/2007/1105/63/2473524.png" />
</center>
<br />
图15:保存文档或放弃修改按钮 <br />
7、发布文档 <br />
用户可以把写好文档发布到网上。发布与协作都能让其它人看到文档。协作可以设定权限,也就是限定什么人可以做什么事。而发布文档就没有这些设定了。文档一旦发布,任何知道已发布网址的人都可以看到文档,当然,是只能看,不能修改。
<br />
在Google Docs上发布文档也很简单。用户在编辑文档的页面右上方点击”Publish“标签,就可以进入发布页面。见下图, <br />
<br />
<center><img border="1" src="http://images.enet.com.cn/2007/1105/91/2473839.png" />
</center>
<br />
图16:”Publish“标签 <br />
<center> 在发布页面里,点击”Publish document“的按钮就可以直接发布文档;点击”Post to
blog“按钮就可以把文档发布到自己的博客上。见下图。 </center>
<br />
<br />
<center><img border="1" src="http://images.enet.com.cn/2007/1105/98/2474199.png" />
</center>
<br />
图17:直接发布或发布到自己的博客上 <br />
Google Docs的发布到博客功能支持市面上很多博客系统,如WordPress,Typo,PLog等等。 <br />
用户把文档发布后Google Docs会给出文档链接。见下图, <br />
<br />
<center><img border="1" src="http://images.enet.com.cn/2007/1105/38/2474477.png" />
</center>
<br />
图18:直接发布后的链接 <br />
发布后,其它人就可以通过这个链接看到文档。 <br />
如果发布后用户对文档做了修改,用户必须把文档重新发布,其它人才能看到文档的改动。 <br />
另外,用户也可以随时取消发布。 <br />
我在新加坡使用Google Docs的体验还不错。速度,及系统稳定性都可以。但据国内朋友反映,Google
Docs在国内使用的速度有时很慢,特别是在几个人同时在线编辑的时候。 <br />
因为Google
Docs的编辑功能跟Word相比还不是很强,在网络的速度和稳定性都不理想的情况下,我觉得最好还是在本地机器用Word编辑文档,改好后再复制或是上传到Google
Docs上,然后利用其方便的权限设定与其它人协同工作。 </div>
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</div>sfebbf@gmail.comhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03493373165705385749noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3520553598370090588.post-72102156182783235902012-04-23T01:52:00.002+08:002012-04-23T01:52:39.168+08:00TradeStation Securities, Inc.<div class="MS_WH_ZoneContent">
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<h1 class="PageHeadline">
A Total Trading Solution for Active Traders</h1>
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What does it take to be the Leader in Rule-Based Trading?</div>
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We believe that every trade you make should be based on
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TradeStation combines the ability to create, test and automate
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This unique combination of advanced technology and
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No matter which markets you trade—stocks, options, futures or
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BEST</div>
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6
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BEST</div>
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Feb. 2003 - 2010</div>
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8
YEARS IN A ROW</div>
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7
YEARS</div>
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Barron’s journalist, in several categories, after which numerical scores are
assigned per category and aggregated to determine overall numerical score and
star rating; (3) for TraderPlanet.com, individual reviews of products and
services by the TraderPlanet editorial staff to determine the finalists,
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</div>sfebbf@gmail.comhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03493373165705385749noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3520553598370090588.post-52980358026263699922012-04-23T01:51:00.000+08:002012-04-23T01:51:44.530+08:00MetaStock Seminars<table class="MS_WH_ZoneRow">
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2010</span></span><strong><span style="color: #005a81;"> <br /><span style="color: #005a81;">MetaStock Webinar</span></span></strong><span style="color: #005a81;"><strong> </strong><span style="font-size: 95%; font-weight: normal;">Science for Traders</span><strong>
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2010</span></span><strong><span style="color: #005a81;"> <br /><span style="color: #005a81;">MetaStock Webinar</span></span></strong><span style="color: #005a81;"><strong> </strong><span style="font-size: 95%; font-weight: normal;">Science for Traders</span><strong>
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<td align="center" style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://www.equis.com/events/webinars/financially-strong-stocks.aspx"><span style="font-weight: 100;"><span style="color: #005a81;">July 21,
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Stocks</span></span></strong><span style="color: #005a81;"><strong> </strong><span style="font-size: 95%; font-weight: normal;">Does a company’s value still
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<td align="center" style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://www.equis.com/events/webinars/mswebinars.aspx"><span style="font-weight: 100;"><span style="color: #005a81;">July 27,
2010</span></span><strong><span style="color: #005a81;"> <br /><span style="color: #005a81;">MetaStock Webinar</span></span></strong><span style="color: #005a81;"><strong> </strong><span style="font-size: 95%; font-weight: normal;">Science for Traders</span><strong>
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</tbody></table>sfebbf@gmail.comhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03493373165705385749noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3520553598370090588.post-26598892909836668452012-04-23T01:50:00.001+08:002012-04-23T01:50:06.035+08:00http://www.elitetrader.com/so/<div class="MS_WH_ZoneContent">
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<td class="sp" colspan="5"> <span style="color: white;">Latest Broker
Ratings</span></td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" colspan="5" height="20"> <br /><a href="http://ads.elitetrader.com/www/delivery/ck.php?oaparams=2__bannerid=979__zoneid=0__cb=37ac445a00__maxdest=http://www.globalfutures.com/index.asp?refid=ETHome" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="http://ads.elitetrader.com/www/delivery/ai.php?filename=free-platform-elitetrader_2.gif&contenttype=gif" style="height: 90px; width: 300px;" /></a>
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<img src="http://ads.elitetrader.com/www/delivery/lg.php?bannerid=979&campaignid=71&zoneid=0&loc=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elitetrader.com%2F&cb=37ac445a00" style="height: 0px; width: 0px;" /></div>
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<td align="center" width="50"><img src="http://www.elitetrader.com/i/up.gif" style="height: 17px; width: 19px;" /></td>
<td class="fl">thinkorswim</td>
<td width="14"> </td>
<td class="b2"><a href="http://www.elitetrader.com/br/?action=view&R_FirmID=146">Simply The
Best</a></td>
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<tr height="20">
<td align="center" width="50"><img src="http://www.elitetrader.com/i/up.gif" style="height: 17px; width: 19px;" /></td>
<td class="fl">Dorman Trading</td>
<td width="14"> </td>
<td class="b2"><a href="http://www.elitetrader.com/br/?action=view&R_FirmID=254">Courteous,
classy professionals...</a></td>
<td width="20"> </td></tr>
<tr height="20">
<td align="center" width="50"><img src="http://www.elitetrader.com/i/down.gif" style="height: 17px; width: 19px;" /></td>
<td class="fl">Saxo Bank</td>
<td width="14"> </td>
<td class="b2"><a href="http://www.elitetrader.com/br/?action=view&R_FirmID=197">Saxo cycling
team</a></td>
<td width="20"> </td></tr>
<tr height="20">
<td align="center" width="50"><img src="http://www.elitetrader.com/i/down.gif" style="height: 17px; width: 19px;" /></td>
<td class="fl">thinkorswim</td>
<td width="14"> </td>
<td class="b2"><a href="http://www.elitetrader.com/br/?action=view&R_FirmID=146">Broken....</a></td>
<td width="20"> </td></tr>
<tr height="20">
<td align="center" width="50"><img src="http://www.elitetrader.com/i/down.gif" style="height: 17px; width: 19px;" /></td>
<td class="fl">thinkorswim</td>
<td width="14"> </td>
<td class="b2"><a href="http://www.elitetrader.com/br/?action=view&R_FirmID=146">Expensive and
quotes are slow. Not worth it.</a></td>
<td width="20"> </td></tr>
<tr height="20">
<td align="center" width="50"><img src="http://www.elitetrader.com/i/down.gif" style="height: 17px; width: 19px;" /></td>
<td class="fl">FXCM (Forex Capital Markets)</td>
<td width="14"> </td>
<td class="b2"><a href="http://www.elitetrader.com/br/?action=view&R_FirmID=212">Not
Reliable</a></td>
<td width="20"> </td></tr>
<tr height="20">
<td align="center" width="50"><img src="http://www.elitetrader.com/i/down.gif" style="height: 17px; width: 19px;" /></td>
<td class="fl">FXCM (Forex Capital Markets)</td>
<td width="14"> </td>
<td class="b2"><a href="http://www.elitetrader.com/br/?action=view&R_FirmID=212">One of the
WORST brokers out there</a></td>
<td width="20"> </td></tr>
<tr height="20">
<td align="center" width="50"><img src="http://www.elitetrader.com/i/down.gif" style="height: 17px; width: 19px;" /></td>
<td class="fl">TradeStation Securities</td>
<td width="14"> </td>
<td class="b2"><a href="http://www.elitetrader.com/br/?action=view&R_FirmID=119">If you don't
know any better.</a></td>
<td width="20"> </td></tr>
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<td align="center" width="50"><img src="http://www.elitetrader.com/i/up.gif" style="height: 17px; width: 19px;" /></td>
<td class="fl">Mirus Futures</td>
<td width="14"> </td>
<td class="b2"><a href="http://www.elitetrader.com/br/?action=view&R_FirmID=237">Very
Good</a></td>
<td width="20"> </td></tr>
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<td align="center" width="50"><img src="http://www.elitetrader.com/i/down.gif" style="height: 17px; width: 19px;" /></td>
<td class="fl">Scottrade</td>
<td width="14"> </td>
<td class="b2"><a href="http://www.elitetrader.com/br/?action=view&R_FirmID=185">Peter
Principal</a></td>
<td width="20"> </td></tr>
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<td class="sp" colspan="5"> <span style="color: white;">Newest Software
Reviews</span></td></tr>
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<td align="center" width="50"><img src="http://www.elitetrader.com/i/down.gif" style="height: 17px; width: 19px;" /></td>
<td class="fl">Strategy Runner</td>
<td width="14"> </td>
<td class="b2"><a href="http://www.elitetrader.com/so/?action=view&SR_ProductID=98">BAD BAD
PLATFORM</a></td>
<td width="20"> </td></tr>
<tr height="20">
<td align="center" width="50"><img src="http://www.elitetrader.com/i/down.gif" style="height: 17px; width: 19px;" /></td>
<td class="fl">eSignal</td>
<td width="14"> </td>
<td class="b2"><a href="http://www.elitetrader.com/so/?action=view&SR_ProductID=5">Bad
Data</a></td>
<td width="20"> </td></tr>
<tr height="20">
<td align="center" width="50"><img src="http://www.elitetrader.com/i/up.gif" style="height: 17px; width: 19px;" /></td>
<td class="fl">NinjaTrader</td>
<td width="14"> </td>
<td class="b2"><a href="http://www.elitetrader.com/so/?action=view&SR_ProductID=92">Rock
solid, feature rich</a></td>
<td width="20"> </td></tr>
<tr height="20">
<td align="center" width="50"><img src="http://www.elitetrader.com/i/up.gif" style="height: 17px; width: 19px;" /></td>
<td class="fl">MarketDelta</td>
<td width="14"> </td>
<td class="b2"><a href="http://www.elitetrader.com/so/?action=view&SR_ProductID=97">Excellent!!</a></td>
<td width="20"> </td></tr>
<tr height="20">
<td align="center" width="50"><img src="http://www.elitetrader.com/i/up.gif" style="height: 17px; width: 19px;" /></td>
<td class="fl">DTN IQ Feed & DTN.IQ</td>
<td width="14"> </td>
<td class="b2"><a href="http://www.elitetrader.com/so/?action=view&SR_ProductID=13">Excellent
data feed</a></td>
<td width="20"> </td></tr>
<tr height="20">
<td align="center" width="50"><img src="http://www.elitetrader.com/i/down.gif" style="height: 17px; width: 19px;" /></td>
<td class="fl">Blackwood Pro</td>
<td width="14"> </td>
<td class="b2"><a href="http://www.elitetrader.com/so/?action=view&SR_ProductID=157">Stay
away</a></td>
<td width="20"> </td></tr>
<tr height="20">
<td align="center" width="50"><img src="http://www.elitetrader.com/i/up.gif" style="height: 17px; width: 19px;" /></td>
<td class="fl">NinjaTrader</td>
<td width="14"> </td>
<td class="b2"><a href="http://www.elitetrader.com/so/?action=view&SR_ProductID=92">remarkable</a></td>
<td width="20"> </td></tr>
<tr height="20">
<td align="center" width="50"><img src="http://www.elitetrader.com/i/down.gif" style="height: 17px; width: 19px;" /></td>
<td class="fl">NinjaTrader</td>
<td width="14"> </td>
<td class="b2"><a href="http://www.elitetrader.com/so/?action=view&SR_ProductID=92">Resource
Hog</a></td>
<td width="20"> </td></tr>
<tr height="20">
<td align="center" width="50"><img src="http://www.elitetrader.com/i/up.gif" style="height: 17px; width: 19px;" /></td>
<td class="fl">AmiBroker</td>
<td width="14"> </td>
<td class="b2"><a href="http://www.elitetrader.com/so/?action=view&SR_ProductID=65">Amibroker
Rocks!!</a></td>
<td width="20"> </td></tr>
<tr height="20">
<td align="center" width="50"><img src="http://www.elitetrader.com/i/up.gif" style="height: 17px; width: 19px;" /></td>
<td class="fl">DTN IQ Feed & DTN.IQ</td>
<td width="14"> </td>
<td class="b2"><a href="http://www.elitetrader.com/so/?action=view&SR_ProductID=13">Utterly
satisfied</a></td>
<td width="20"> </td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" colspan="5" height="55"><a href="http://www.elitetrader.com/so/"><img border="0" src="http://www.elitetrader.com/i/msr.gif" style="height: 21px; width: 202px;" /></a></td></tr>
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<td bgcolor="#ffffff" width="50%">
<table border="0" cellpadding="17" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="center"><iframe height="250" src="http://ad.doubleclick.net/adi/N4335.126165.4058910964621/B4123254;sz=300x250;ord=feebb8681d?" width="300">
</iframe>
<div id="beacon_1000" style="left: 0px; position: absolute; top: 0px; visibility: hidden;">
<img src="http://ads.elitetrader.com/www/delivery/lg.php?bannerid=1000&campaignid=380&zoneid=2&loc=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elitetrader.com%2F&cb=feebb8681d" style="height: 0px; width: 0px;" /></div>
</td></tr>
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<td class="sp"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: black;">Di</span>scussion Topics with Recent
Posts</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td> </td>
<td class="t"><b>Thread</b></td>
<td> </td>
<td class="t"><b>Forum</b></td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="right"><a href="http://www.elitetrader.com/vb/showthread.php?threadid=202973&goto=newpost"><img border="0" src="http://www.elitetrader.com/vb/i/posticonnew.gif" /></a></td>
<td class="b2"><a href="http://www.elitetrader.com/vb/showthread.php?threadid=202973">Now job
seekers has to pay appication and background check fees </a><a href="http://www.elitetrader.com/vb/showthread.php?threadid=202973&goto=lastpost"><img border="0" src="http://www.elitetrader.com/vb/i/lastpost.gif" /></a></td>
<td> </td>
<td class="t"><a href="http://www.elitetrader.com/vb/forumdisplay.php?forumid=43">Economics</a></td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="right"><a href="http://www.elitetrader.com/vb/showthread.php?threadid=203007&goto=newpost"><img border="0" src="http://www.elitetrader.com/vb/i/posticonnew.gif" /></a></td>
<td class="b2"><a href="http://www.elitetrader.com/vb/showthread.php?threadid=203007">65 million
flats in China are vacant </a><a href="http://www.elitetrader.com/vb/showthread.php?threadid=203007&goto=lastpost"><img border="0" src="http://www.elitetrader.com/vb/i/lastpost.gif" /></a></td>
<td> </td>
<td class="t"><a href="http://www.elitetrader.com/vb/forumdisplay.php?forumid=43">Economics</a></td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="right"><a href="http://www.elitetrader.com/vb/showthread.php?threadid=202622&goto=newpost"><img border="0" src="http://www.elitetrader.com/vb/i/posticonnew.gif" /></a></td>
<td class="b2"><a href="http://www.elitetrader.com/vb/showthread.php?threadid=202622">Are Option
Sellers "Cheated"? </a><a href="http://www.elitetrader.com/vb/showthread.php?threadid=202622&goto=lastpost"><img border="0" src="http://www.elitetrader.com/vb/i/lastpost.gif" /></a></td>
<td> </td>
<td class="t"><a href="http://www.elitetrader.com/vb/forumdisplay.php?forumid=12">Options</a></td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="right"><a href="http://www.elitetrader.com/vb/showthread.php?threadid=202955&goto=newpost"><img border="0" src="http://www.elitetrader.com/vb/i/posticonnew.gif" /></a></td>
<td class="b2"><a href="http://www.elitetrader.com/vb/showthread.php?threadid=202955">how do you
recognise when volatility is dead? </a><a href="http://www.elitetrader.com/vb/showthread.php?threadid=202955&goto=lastpost"><img border="0" src="http://www.elitetrader.com/vb/i/lastpost.gif" /></a></td>
<td> </td>
<td class="t"><a href="http://www.elitetrader.com/vb/forumdisplay.php?forumid=33">Technical
Analysis</a></td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="right"><a href="http://www.elitetrader.com/vb/showthread.php?threadid=202889&goto=newpost"><img border="0" src="http://www.elitetrader.com/vb/i/posticonnew.gif" /></a></td>
<td class="b2"><a href="http://www.elitetrader.com/vb/showthread.php?threadid=202889">IB : the end
of excessive messaging? </a><a href="http://www.elitetrader.com/vb/showthread.php?threadid=202889&goto=lastpost"><img border="0" src="http://www.elitetrader.com/vb/i/lastpost.gif" /></a></td>
<td> </td>
<td class="t"><a href="http://www.elitetrader.com/vb/forumdisplay.php?forumid=2">Retail
Firms</a></td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="right"><a href="http://www.elitetrader.com/vb/showthread.php?threadid=203015&goto=newpost"><img border="0" src="http://www.elitetrader.com/vb/i/posticonnew.gif" /></a></td>
<td class="b2"><a href="http://www.elitetrader.com/vb/showthread.php?threadid=203015">your results
first half </a><a href="http://www.elitetrader.com/vb/showthread.php?threadid=203015&goto=lastpost"><img border="0" src="http://www.elitetrader.com/vb/i/lastpost.gif" /></a></td>
<td> </td>
<td class="t"><a href="http://www.elitetrader.com/vb/forumdisplay.php?forumid=1">Trading</a></td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="right"><a href="http://www.elitetrader.com/vb/showthread.php?threadid=202838&goto=newpost"><img border="0" src="http://www.elitetrader.com/vb/i/posticonnew.gif" /></a></td>
<td class="b2"><a href="http://www.elitetrader.com/vb/showthread.php?threadid=202838">Day Traders:
Losing Days </a><a href="http://www.elitetrader.com/vb/showthread.php?threadid=202838&goto=lastpost"><img border="0" src="http://www.elitetrader.com/vb/i/lastpost.gif" /></a></td>
<td> </td>
<td class="t"><a href="http://www.elitetrader.com/vb/forumdisplay.php?forumid=1">Trading</a></td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="right"><a href="http://www.elitetrader.com/vb/showthread.php?threadid=203014&goto=newpost"><img border="0" src="http://www.elitetrader.com/vb/i/posticonnew.gif" /></a></td>
<td class="b2"><a href="http://www.elitetrader.com/vb/showthread.php?threadid=203014">your results
for first half </a><a href="http://www.elitetrader.com/vb/showthread.php?threadid=203014&goto=lastpost"><img border="0" src="http://www.elitetrader.com/vb/i/lastpost.gif" /></a></td>
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<td class="b2"><a href="http://www.elitetrader.com/vb/showthread.php?threadid=202987">Is Trading
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<td class="b2"><a href="http://www.elitetrader.com/vb/showthread.php?threadid=150546">1/4% Tax on
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<td class="b2"><a href="http://www.elitetrader.com/vb/showthread.php?threadid=62291">Developing a
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<td class="b2"><a href="http://www.elitetrader.com/vb/showthread.php?threadid=203000">Looking For
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<td class="b2"><a href="http://www.elitetrader.com/vb/showthread.php?threadid=203013">SONC Sonic
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<td align="center"><a class="b" href="http://www.invest-store.com/cgi-bin/elitetrader-bin/redir.cgi?moreinfo.cgi?item=1169715"><img border="0" src="http://www.elitetrader.com/bo/i/1169715.jpg" style="height: 175px; width: 115px;" /><br /><b>Buy It Now</b></a></td>
<td align="center"><span class="fl"><a href="http://www.elitetrader.com/bo/index.cfm?action=view&B_ID=92&CatID=6"><span class="cm">"</span><span class="cm">"</span></a></span><br /><br />
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<td align="center" colspan="4" height="35"><span class="sp_list">WHILE YOU'RE HERE, TAKE
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<dl>
<dt><a href="http://www.ampfutures.com/" target="_blank">AMP Trading</a>
</dt>
<dd>Futures and FX Trading
</dd>
<dt><a href="http://www.anyoption.com/?source=elitetrader" target="_blank">anyoption</a>
</dt>
<dd>Binary Options Trading
</dd>
<dt><a href="http://www.bear-trading.com/" target="_blank">Bear Trading</a>
</dt>
<dd>CBSX Broker Dealer
</dd>
<dt><a href="http://www.stocktrading.com/" target="_blank">Bright Trading</a>
</dt>
<dd>Professional Equities Trading
</dd>
<dt><a href="http://www.ctsfutures.com/" target="_blank">CTS</a>
</dt>
<dd>Futures Trading Software
</dd>
<dt><a href="http://www.cyborgtrading.com/" target="_blank">Cyborg Trading</a>
</dt>
<dd>Gray-Box Trading Tools
</dd>
<dt><a href="http://www.echotradeonline.com/" target="_blank">ECHOtrade</a>
</dt>
<dd>Professional Trading Firm
</dd>
<dt><a href="http://www.epiphanytrading.com/" target="_blank">Epiphany Trading</a>
</dt>
<dd>Breakthrough Trading Solutions
</dd>
<dt><a href="http://www.esignal.com/" target="_blank">eSignal</a>
</dt>
<dd>Trading Software Provider </dd></dl>
</td>
<td>
<dl>
<dt><a href="http://www.fxcm.com/" target="_blank">FXCM</a>
</dt>
<dd>Forex Trading
</dd>
<dt><a href="http://www.globalfutures.com/" target="_blank">Global Futures</a>
</dt>
<dd>Futures, Options & FX Trading
</dd>
<dt><a href="http://www.instaforex.com/" target="_blank">InstaForex</a>
</dt>
<dd>Forex Trading
</dd>
<dt><a href="http://www.interactivebrokers.com/mkt/index.php?src=elite12" target="_blank">Interactive Brokers</a>
</dt>
<dd>Pro Gateway to World Markets
</dd>
<dt><a href="http://www.jctradinggroup.com/" target="_blank">JC Trading Group</a>
</dt>
<dd>Direct Access Trading
</dd>
<dt><a href="http://www.lightspeed.com/?source=elitetrader" target="_blank">Lightspeed Trading</a>
</dt>
<dd>Direct Access Trading
</dd>
<dt><a href="http://www.madscan.com/" target="_blank">MadScan</a>
</dt>
<dd>Trading Software Provider
</dd>
<dt><a href="http://www.mbtrading.com/" target="_blank">MB Trading</a>
</dt>
<dd>Direct Access Trading
</dd>
<dt><a href="http://www.mirusfutures.com/" target="_blank">Mirus Futures</a>
</dt>
<dd>Commodity Trading Services </dd></dl>
</td>
<td>
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<dt><a href="http://www.ninjatrader.com/" target="_blank">NinjaTrader</a>
</dt>
<dd>Trading Software Provider
</dd>
<dt><a href="http://www.onechicago.com/" target="_blank">OneChicago</a>
</dt>
<dd>Electronic Futures Exchange
</dd>
<dt><a href="http://www.puretick.com/" target="_blank">PureTick</a>
</dt>
<dd>Futures Trading Alerts
</dd>
<dt><a href="http://www.questrade.com/" target="_blank">Questrade</a>
</dt>
<dd>Brokerage for Canadian Traders
</dd>
<dt><a href="http://www.rithmic.com/" target="_blank">Rithmic</a>
</dt>
<dd>Futures Trade Execution Platform
</dd>
<dt><a href="http://www.speedtrader.com/" target="_blank">SpeedTrader</a>
</dt>
<dd>Direct Access Trading
</dd>
<dt><a href="http://www.spreadprofessor.com/" target="_blank">SpreadProfessor</a>
</dt>
<dd>Spread Trading Instruction
</dd>
<dt><a href="http://www.thinkorswim.com/" target="_blank">thinkorswim</a>
</dt>
<dd>Direct Access Trading
</dd>
<dt><a href="http://www.tickquest.com/" target="_blank">TickQuest</a>
</dt>
<dd>Trading Software Provider </dd></dl>
</td>
<td>
<dl>
<dt><a href="http://www.trademaven.com/" target="_blank">TradeMaven</a>
</dt>
<dd>Software and Education
</dd>
<dt><a href="http://www.tradersstudio.com/" target="_blank">TradersStudio</a>
</dt>
<dd>Trading Software Provider
</dd>
<dt><a href="http://altfarm.mediaplex.com/ad/nc/14396-93181-13823-1" target="_blank">TradeStation</a>
</dt>
<dd>Direct Access Trading
</dd>
<dt><a href="http://www.tradingtechnologies.com/" target="_blank">Trading
Technologies</a>
</dt>
<dd>Trading Software Provider
</dd>
<dt><a href="http://www.turtletrader.com/order.html" target="_blank">Trend
Following</a>
</dt>
<dd>Trading Systems Provider
</dd>
<dt><a href="http://www.velocityfutures.com/" target="_blank">Velocity Futures</a>
</dt>
<dd>Derivatives Trading Services
</dd>
<dt><a href="http://www.wallstreetwindow.com/" target="_blank">WallStreetWindow</a>
</dt>
<dd>Stock Trading Newsletter
</dd>
<dt><a href="http://www.zumo.com/?utm_source=elitetrader_092109&utm_medium=elitetrader_sponsor_list" target="_blank">Zumo</a>
</dt>
<dd>Futures and Options Trading
</dd></dl>
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</tbody></table>sfebbf@gmail.comhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03493373165705385749noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3520553598370090588.post-90578983887924004892012-04-23T01:49:00.001+08:002012-04-23T01:49:20.315+08:00http://www.eclipsetrader.org/<a href="http://www.eclipsetrader.org/">http://www.eclipsetrader.org/</a><br />
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<h1>
Welcome to EclipseTrader</h1>
<a href="http://www.eclipsetrader.org/screenshot2.png"><img align="right" border="0" src="http://www.eclipsetrader.org/screenshot2.gif" style="padding-left: 10px;" /></a> <a href="http://www.eclipsetrader.org/screenshot1.png"><img align="right" border="0" src="http://www.eclipsetrader.org/screenshot1.gif" style="padding-left: 10px;" /></a>
EclipseTrader is an <a class="ext-link" href="http://www.eclipse.org/"><span class="icon"> </span>Eclipse Rich Client Platform (RCP)</a> application focused to
the building of an <strong>online stock trading system</strong>, featuring
<strong>shares pricing</strong> watch, <strong>intraday</strong> and
<strong>history charts</strong> with <strong>technical analysis
indicators</strong>, <strong>level II/market depth</strong> view, <strong>news
watching</strong>, and <strong>integrated trading</strong>. The standard
<strong>Eclipse RCP plug-ins</strong> architecture allows third-party vendors to
<strong>extend the functionality</strong> of the program to include custom
indicators, views or access to <strong>subscription-based data feeds</strong>
and order entry. <br />
<h2 id="Features">
Features<a class="anchor" href="http://www.eclipsetrader.org/#Features">¶</a></h2>
<ul>
<li>Realtime Quotes
</li>
<li>Intraday Charts
</li>
<li>History Charts
</li>
<li>Technical Analisys Indicators
</li>
<li>Price Patterns Detection
</li>
<li>Financial News
</li>
<li>Level II (Book) Market Data
</li>
<li>Trading Accounts Management
</li>
<li>Integrated Trading </li>
</ul>
The software is localized in <strong>English</strong> and
<strong>Italian</strong> languages. <br />
<h2 id="BinaryDownloads">
Binary Downloads<a class="anchor" href="http://www.eclipsetrader.org/#BinaryDownloads">¶</a></h2>
<table class="wiki">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Linux x86/GTK2</td>
<td><a class="ext-link" href="http://prdownloads.sourceforge.net/eclipsetrader/eclipsetrader-0.30.0.linux.gtk.x86.zip?download"><span class="icon"> </span>eclipsetrader-0.30.0.linux.gtk.x86.zip</a> </td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Linux x86_64/GTK2</td>
<td><a class="ext-link" href="http://prdownloads.sourceforge.net/eclipsetrader/eclipsetrader-0.30.0.linux.gtk.x86_64.zip?download"><span class="icon"> </span>eclipsetrader-0.30.0.linux.gtk.x86_64.zip</a> </td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Mac OSX PPC/Intel (Mac/Carbon)</td>
<td><a class="ext-link" href="http://prdownloads.sourceforge.net/eclipsetrader/eclipsetrader-0.30.0.macosx.carbon.ppc.zip?download"><span class="icon"> </span>eclipsetrader-0.30.0.macosx.carbon.ppc.zip</a> </td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Windows 98/ME/2000/XP</td>
<td><a class="ext-link" href="http://prdownloads.sourceforge.net/eclipsetrader/eclipsetrader-0.30.0.win32.win32.x86.zip?download"><span class="icon"> </span>eclipsetrader-0.30.0.win32.win32.x86.zip</a>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Other <a class="wiki" href="http://www.eclipsetrader.org/wiki/Downloads">Downloads</a>. <br />
<h2 id="Support">
Support<a class="anchor" href="http://www.eclipsetrader.org/#Support">¶</a></h2>
Support is provided through the <a class="wiki" href="http://www.eclipsetrader.org/wiki/MailingList">MailingList</a>. <br />
<h2 id="AboutTracandthisWiki">
About Trac and this Wiki<a class="anchor" href="http://www.eclipsetrader.org/#AboutTracandthisWiki">¶</a></h2>
We use <a href="http://www.eclipsetrader.org/about">Trac</a> to manage this
website. Trac is an enhanced wiki and issue tracking system for software
development projects, written and provided as open source software by <a class="ext-link" href="http://trac.edgewall.org/"><span class="icon"> </span>Edgewall Software</a>. <br />
<a class="wiki" href="http://www.eclipsetrader.org/wiki/TracGuide">TracGuide</a> is a valuable
resource if you want to become familiar with Trac in general. <a class="wiki" href="http://www.eclipsetrader.org/wiki/TracWiki">TracWiki</a> introduces the
concept of the wiki engine, and <a class="wiki" href="http://www.eclipsetrader.org/wiki/WikiFormatting">WikiFormatting</a>
explains the wiki formatting syntax. <br />
<hr />
See also: <a class="wiki" href="http://www.eclipsetrader.org/wiki/Downloads">Downloads</a>, <a class="wiki" href="http://www.eclipsetrader.org/wiki/MailingList">MailingList</a>, <a class="wiki" href="http://www.eclipsetrader.org/wiki/DevelopmentSetup">DevelopmentSetup</a>
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<h3>
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<th height="36" scope="col" style="color: #404040; font-size: 14px;">LATEST
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<td height="15" style="font-size: 11px;">March 25, 2010</td></tr>
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<td height="39" style="color: blue; font-size: 11px; font-style: italic;"><a href="http://sterlingtrader.com/announcements/announcement22.html">Enhanced Wash
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<td height="20" style="font-size: 11px;">March 2, 2010</td></tr>
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<td height="32" style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11px; font-style: italic;" valign="top"><a href="http://sterlingtrader.com/announcements/announcement21.html">Sterling
Partnership with Chi-X Canada</a><a href="http://sterlingtrader.com/announcements/announcement20.html"></a></td></tr>
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<td height="16" style="font-size: 11px;">February 1, 2010</td></tr>
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<td height="28" style="color: blue; font-size: 11px; font-style: italic;"><a href="http://sterlingtrader.com/announcements/announcement20.html">Sterling
Partners with NewsWare</a><a href="http://sterlingtrader.com/announcements/announcement19.html"></a></td></tr>
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<td height="28" style="font-size: 11px;">December 21, 2009</td></tr>
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<td height="28" style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11px; font-style: italic;"><a href="http://sterlingtrader.com/announcements/announcement19.html">Sterling
Extends Global Network to Shanghai</a><a href="http://sterlingtrader.com/announcements/announcement18.html"></a></td></tr>
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<td height="20" style="color: #4c1104; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold;" valign="top">STERLING TRADER, INC.</td></tr>
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<td height="62">We are a broker-neutral, independent service bureau providing
advanced trading software and global network technology to financial
institutions and professional traders around the world. Our state of the art
computer network and innovative trading tools make Sterling Trader, Inc. the
broker network of choice.</td></tr>
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Private global network delivering high-bandwidth, low-latency
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North American, European, and Asian direct market access<br />
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Proprietary content</td>
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Sterling Trader® Pro </div>
Professional platform for the active trader<br />
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Sterling Trader® Elite </div>
Institutional platform for buy-side/sell-side firms<br />
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Sterling Trader® Manager </div>
Risk management solution</td>
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Straight Through Processing, from start-of-day to end-of-day and OATS
reporting<br />
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FIX drops<br />
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<td bgcolor="#ffffff" colspan="8">Copyright© 2010 Sterling Trader, Inc. All rights
reserved.<span style="color: #000066; font-size: 10px;"> Wall Street / NYSE photo
courtesy of <a href="http://www.chicagophotoshop.com/index_new.php?catid=187">Jeff
Lewis</a></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>sfebbf@gmail.comhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03493373165705385749noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3520553598370090588.post-67632009022817666832012-04-23T01:47:00.001+08:002012-04-23T01:47:56.529+08:00有关软件设置答疑<div class="WordSection1">
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://szxq.web.officelive.com/Sterling2.aspx#2"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span>常见</span></span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><a href="http://szxq.web.officelive.com/Sterling2.aspx#2"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Level II</span></span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://szxq.web.officelive.com/Sterling2.aspx#2"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span>设置问题解答</span></span></a>
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><a href="http://szxq.web.officelive.com/Sterling2.aspx#2"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">..............................................................................................................2</span></span></a>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><a href="http://szxq.web.officelive.com/Sterling2.aspx#2"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">1</span></span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://szxq.web.officelive.com/Sterling2.aspx#2"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span>)如何在</span></span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><a href="http://szxq.web.officelive.com/Sterling2.aspx#2"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">level II</span></span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://szxq.web.officelive.com/Sterling2.aspx#2"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span>上显示已挂上去的单?</span></span></a>
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><a href="http://szxq.web.officelive.com/Sterling2.aspx#2"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">.............................................................................2</span></span></a>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://szxq.web.officelive.com/Sterling2.aspx#4"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">3</span></span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://szxq.web.officelive.com/Sterling2.aspx#4"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span>)有关默认股数的设置(</span></span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://szxq.web.officelive.com/Sterling2.aspx#4"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">view-Local order Entry
settings...)..............................................4</span></span></a>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><a href="http://szxq.web.officelive.com/Sterling2.aspx#4"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">4</span></span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://szxq.web.officelive.com/Sterling2.aspx#4"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span>)关于</span></span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><a href="http://szxq.web.officelive.com/Sterling2.aspx#4"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">level II</span></span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://szxq.web.officelive.com/Sterling2.aspx#4"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span>与</span></span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><a href="http://szxq.web.officelive.com/Sterling2.aspx#4"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">time&sales</span></span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://szxq.web.officelive.com/Sterling2.aspx#4"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span>以及</span></span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><a href="http://szxq.web.officelive.com/Sterling2.aspx#4"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">chart</span></span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://szxq.web.officelive.com/Sterling2.aspx#4"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span>的链接</span></span></a>
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><a href="http://szxq.web.officelive.com/Sterling2.aspx#4"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">.......................................................................4</span></span></a>
</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 78pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://szxq.web.officelive.com/Sterling2.aspx#4"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">5</span></span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://szxq.web.officelive.com/Sterling2.aspx#4"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span>)当窗口都最小化以后恢复窗口的办法</span></span></a>
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://szxq.web.officelive.com/Sterling2.aspx#4"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">.............................................................................4</span></span></a>
</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.3pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 78pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><a href="http://szxq.web.officelive.com/Sterling2.aspx#5"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">6</span></span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://szxq.web.officelive.com/Sterling2.aspx#5"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span>)怎样将</span></span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><a href="http://szxq.web.officelive.com/Sterling2.aspx#5"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">time&sales</span></span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://szxq.web.officelive.com/Sterling2.aspx#5"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span>上显示的手数换为股数?或者说换为</span></span></a>
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><a href="http://szxq.web.officelive.com/Sterling2.aspx#5"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">100</span></span></a><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">
</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://szxq.web.officelive.com/Sterling2.aspx#5"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span>来显示</span></span></a>
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><a href="http://szxq.web.officelive.com/Sterling2.aspx#5"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">1</span></span></a><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">
</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://szxq.web.officelive.com/Sterling2.aspx#5"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span>手。</span></span></a>
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><a href="http://szxq.web.officelive.com/Sterling2.aspx#5"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">...............5</span></span></a>
</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.3pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 78pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 156.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://szxq.web.officelive.com/Sterling2.aspx#6"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">7</span></span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://szxq.web.officelive.com/Sterling2.aspx#6"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span>)如何将</span></span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://szxq.web.officelive.com/Sterling2.aspx#6"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">level2</span></span></a><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://szxq.web.officelive.com/Sterling2.aspx#6"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span>上的带有星号显示的股数设置为显示整数的手数,也就是去掉烦人的</span></span></a>
</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 78pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://szxq.web.officelive.com/Sterling2.aspx#6"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span>星号?</span></span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://szxq.web.officelive.com/Sterling2.aspx#6"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">.......................................................................................................................................6</span></span></a>
</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.3pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 56.65pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://szxq.web.officelive.com/Sterling2.aspx#7"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span>有关其他功能设置</span></span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><a href="http://szxq.web.officelive.com/Sterling2.aspx#7"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">...........................................................................................................................7</span></span></a>
</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 78pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><a href="http://szxq.web.officelive.com/Sterling2.aspx#7"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">1</span></span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://szxq.web.officelive.com/Sterling2.aspx#7"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span>)关于上下左右键调整股数与价格的幅度</span></span></a>
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><a href="http://szxq.web.officelive.com/Sterling2.aspx#7"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">.........................................................................7</span></span></a>
</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.3pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 78pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://szxq.web.officelive.com/Sterling2.aspx#7"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">2</span></span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://szxq.web.officelive.com/Sterling2.aspx#7"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span>)如何直接在</span></span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://szxq.web.officelive.com/Sterling2.aspx#7"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Level II</span></span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://szxq.web.officelive.com/Sterling2.aspx#7"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span>报价上直接输入股票代码来更换股票(而不用点击左上角的输入</span></span></a>
</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.3pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 78pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><a href="http://szxq.web.officelive.com/Sterling2.aspx#7"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Symbol</span></span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://szxq.web.officelive.com/Sterling2.aspx#7"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span>框)?</span></span></a>
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><a href="http://szxq.web.officelive.com/Sterling2.aspx#7"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">..........................................................................................................................7</span></span></a>
</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 78pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><a href="http://szxq.web.officelive.com/Sterling2.aspx#8"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">3</span></span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://szxq.web.officelive.com/Sterling2.aspx#8"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span>)如何使用小键盘设置股数?</span></span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><a href="http://szxq.web.officelive.com/Sterling2.aspx#8"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">.............................................................................................8</span></span></a>
</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.3pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 78pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><a href="http://szxq.web.officelive.com/Sterling2.aspx#8"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">4</span></span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://szxq.web.officelive.com/Sterling2.aspx#8"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span>)为什么按了回车后下不了单?</span></span></a>
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><a href="http://szxq.web.officelive.com/Sterling2.aspx#8"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">.........................................................................................8</span></span></a>
</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 78pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><a href="http://szxq.web.officelive.com/Sterling2.aspx#9"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">5</span></span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://szxq.web.officelive.com/Sterling2.aspx#9"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span>)如何使得在按下</span></span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><a href="http://szxq.web.officelive.com/Sterling2.aspx#9"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Cancel</span></span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://szxq.web.officelive.com/Sterling2.aspx#9"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span>(</span></span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><a href="http://szxq.web.officelive.com/Sterling2.aspx#9"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Cancle All orders)</span></span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://szxq.web.officelive.com/Sterling2.aspx#9"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span>键时不弹出信息?</span></span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><a href="http://szxq.web.officelive.com/Sterling2.aspx#9"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">.....................................9</span></span></a>
</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.3pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 78pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><a href="http://szxq.web.officelive.com/Sterling2.aspx#9"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">6</span></span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://szxq.web.officelive.com/Sterling2.aspx#9"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span>)如何挂隐藏单</span></span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><a href="http://szxq.web.officelive.com/Sterling2.aspx#9"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">?...................................................................................................................9</span></span></a>
</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.3pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 56.65pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://szxq.web.officelive.com/Sterling2.aspx#10"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span>有关</span></span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><a href="http://szxq.web.officelive.com/Sterling2.aspx#10"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Hot Keys</span></span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://szxq.web.officelive.com/Sterling2.aspx#10"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span>下的设置</span></span></a>
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><a href="http://szxq.web.officelive.com/Sterling2.aspx#10"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">.................................................................................................................10</span></span></a>
</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 78pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><a href="http://szxq.web.officelive.com/Sterling2.aspx#11"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">1</span></span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://szxq.web.officelive.com/Sterling2.aspx#11"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span>)通道热键设置:</span></span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><a href="http://szxq.web.officelive.com/Sterling2.aspx#11"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">...............................................................................................................11
</span></span></a>
</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.3pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 78pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://szxq.web.officelive.com/Sterling2.aspx#11"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">2</span></span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://szxq.web.officelive.com/Sterling2.aspx#11"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span>)其他热键设置:</span></span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://szxq.web.officelive.com/Sterling2.aspx#11"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">...............................................................................................................11
</span></span></a>
</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 56.65pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://szxq.web.officelive.com/Sterling2.aspx#13"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span>其他问题</span></span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://szxq.web.officelive.com/Sterling2.aspx#13"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">.........................................................................................................................................13</span></span></a>
</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.3pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 78pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><a href="http://szxq.web.officelive.com/Sterling2.aspx#13"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">1</span></span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://szxq.web.officelive.com/Sterling2.aspx#13"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span>)出货时出了一部分后,挂单继续出货时变成进货加仓</span></span></a>
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><a href="http://szxq.web.officelive.com/Sterling2.aspx#13"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">...............................................13</span></span></a>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><a href="http://szxq.web.officelive.com/Sterling2.aspx#13"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">2</span></span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://szxq.web.officelive.com/Sterling2.aspx#13"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span>)如何调整</span></span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><a href="http://szxq.web.officelive.com/Sterling2.aspx#13"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Lv2</span></span></a><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">
</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://szxq.web.officelive.com/Sterling2.aspx#13"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span>报价上的价格小数位?</span></span></a>
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><a href="http://szxq.web.officelive.com/Sterling2.aspx#13"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">...........................................................................13</span></span></a>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><a href="http://szxq.web.officelive.com/Sterling2.aspx#14"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">3</span></span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://szxq.web.officelive.com/Sterling2.aspx#14"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span>)修改计算显示</span></span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><a href="http://szxq.web.officelive.com/Sterling2.aspx#14"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Unreal</span></span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://szxq.web.officelive.com/Sterling2.aspx#14"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span>的方法:</span></span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><a href="http://szxq.web.officelive.com/Sterling2.aspx#14"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">........................................................................................14</span></span></a>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">1</span></span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)如何在
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<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">2</span></span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)如何高亮显示某些通道?<span>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">答:如上图,在
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">HIghlight specific market<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">前打勾,然后点击
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">makers...</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,在
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">symbol </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">里填星号<span>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">*,在
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">makers </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">那里填上你所要高亮的通道,比如
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">NYSE, NSDQ , ARB</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,然后点
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Add</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">;如果<span>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">要高亮两个通道,请再
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">add </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">多一个
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">symbol </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">为当前所作的股票代码;如下图:<span>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">设完点
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">ok</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,然后出来点击
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">More Colors...
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Maker </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">里增加两个通道的颜色,如下图:<span>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 9pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">3
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<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">3</span></span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)有关默认股数的设置(</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;">view-Local
order Entry settings...)</span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;">
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Qty to open position<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">此处为设置默认进仓股数;<span>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Qty if increasing pos<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">此处为加仓股数;可以设置为
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Balance</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,那么,每次发单都会以默认股<span>
</span></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">数加满了为止,比如,默认股数
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">1000</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,进了
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">400 </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">股,那么再按一次发单,股数将会是
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">600</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,<span>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">而不是
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">1000</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">;<span>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 56.65pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 136.65pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Qty if closing pos<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">此处可设置按百分比出货或者按股数出货,建议按100%出货;<span>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Listed account </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">处保留为空白,否则在换股票时按回车键会自动发单(此处默认情况下为<span>
</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">空白);<span>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">其他地方尽量保留为默认设置。<span>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">4</span></span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)关于
</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;">level II</span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">与
</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;">time&sales</span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">以及
</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;">chart</span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的链接<span>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">点击窗口左上角
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Actions-link windows</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,点击
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">start </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">后再把鼠标移到
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">现一个铁链标志,点击一下,然后再移到<span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">chart<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">上点一下,最后回到最初那个<span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;">
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">windows </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">那里,点击
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">stop</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,这样就完成了三个窗口的链接。<span>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">5</span></span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)当窗口都最小化以后恢复窗口的办法<span>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">任意点出一个窗口,在
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</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Restore All</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。<span>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 9pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">4
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<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">6</span></span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)怎样将
</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;">time&sales</span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">上显示的手数换为股数?或者说换为
</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;">100</span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">来显示
</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;">1</span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">手。<span>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">主窗口下进入
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">view-settings</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,如下图窗口称为主窗口:<span>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">View-settings </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">进去后,在
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">General </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">选项里,在
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Display last size in hundreds </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">前把勾去掉。<span>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 9pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">5
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<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">7</span></span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)如何将<span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;">level2</span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">上的带有星号显示的股数设置为显示整数的手数,也就是去掉烦人的星<span>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">号?<span>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">答:主窗口下点击
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">view-settings</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,找到
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Level II OE<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,将
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Round mixed lots down to nearest
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">hundreds </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">前的勾打上,如下图:<span>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 8pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">6
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><br style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" /></span>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 15pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">有关其他功能设置<span>
</span></span></div>
<br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 15pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br style="mso-column-break-before: always; mso-special-character: line-break;" /></span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10.65pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
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<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">1</span></span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)关于上下左右键调整股数与价格的幅度<span>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">主窗口下点击
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">调整股数幅度,其他有关<span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">price<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的幅度,建议为<span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">0.01</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,另外有需要设置大幅度的,可在<span>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Price(shift+</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">处设置所需要的调整幅度,使用时同时按下
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">要做
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">1 </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">元以下股票时,价格调整小数位是
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">3 </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">位的时候,在此处将
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</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">0.001</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。<span>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">2</span></span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)如何直接在<span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;">Level
II</span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">报价上直接输入股票代码来更换股票(而不用点击左上角的输入<span>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">答:主窗口下点击
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Quantity fields </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">前打勾。如下图:(强烈建议如图中显示其他勾也勾上)<span>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 9pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">7
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<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">3</span></span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)如何使用小键盘设置股数?<span>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">如上图,在
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Enable number pad quantity entry </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">前打勾,并在
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">use quick OE quantity setting </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">前打<span>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">勾,如此使用左边标签里
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">面下拉列表里可选择股量为百,千,万,如此,在按下数字键时,使用的股量,比如,设为<span>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Thousands </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">时,按下数字
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">4</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,股量将被调整为
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">4000 </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">股。如下图:<span>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">4</span></span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)为什么按了回车后下不了单?<span>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">答:主窗口下点击
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">view-settings</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,找到
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Keyboard</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,在
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Enable"Enter" Key order transmt </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">前打勾。<span>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">如下图:<span>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 9pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">8
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<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">5</span></span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)如何使得在按下
</span><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Cancel</span></span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Cancle All
orders)</span></span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">键时不弹出信息?<span>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">答:主窗口下点击
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">view-settings</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,找到
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Messages</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,在右下角处,</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Attempting to
cancel when no
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"></span><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">orders are currently cancelable </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">前的勾去掉;如此可避免按多几次
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">cancel </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">时会弹出消息窗口;<span>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">将
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Canceling multiple orders </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">前的勾去掉,可避免在按下
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Shift+cancel </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">时所弹出的消息窗口。<span>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">如下图:<span>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">6</span></span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)如何挂隐藏单</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;">?</span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;">
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">首先跟往常一样按
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Arca(NSDQ)</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">挂单键,</span><span style="color: red; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">调好价格;</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">然后按
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Alt+R(</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">此键可以在
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Hot Keys </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">下更<span>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">改</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">)</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,出现一个对话框</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">(</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">如下图</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">)</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">;<span>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Display quantity </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">上设置你想要在
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">lv2 </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">上显示出来的股数,一般可以设置为
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">100 </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">股,剩下的<span>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">股数就给隐藏了,总股数是你自己所设置的默认股数;最后按下回车键把订单发送出去。<span>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">另外,可以提前设置各个
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">ECN </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">要显示的股数,在主设置下,如图:<span>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在此可以在
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">ECN/Exchange </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">下拉列表中选择所要使用的<span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">ECN</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,例如<span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">NSDQ</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,然后就可以在<span>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Reserve orders </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">那里选
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">yes<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">或者</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">
no</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,如果是
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">yes</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,就可以设置需要显示的股数,选择
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">no </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">就完<span>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">全隐藏所有股数。不同
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">ECN </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">有不同要求,有些至少要显示
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">100 </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">股,如
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">ARCA</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">TRCA</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,有<span>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">些就可以完全隐藏,如
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">NSDQ</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">EDGX</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">BATS</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。<span>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 9pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">9
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 15pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">有关
</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 15pt;">Hot Keys</span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 15pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 15pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">下的设置<span>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">主窗口下,按
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Keys</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:<span>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">开启热键设置,请在
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Enable </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">前打上勾:<span>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 9pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">10
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<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">1</span></span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)通道热键设置:<span>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">第一次设置时,请点击
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Delete All </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">删除所有热键;<span>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">然后开始增加自己所需要的热键,点击
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Add....
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">出现一个对话框(如上图),在
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Side </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">处设置
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">buy </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">或者
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">SSHRT(</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">请勿使用
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Sell</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,只有在不能
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Short
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的股票上进了仓才需要用
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Sell </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">键来出掉仓位,</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">SSHRT
</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">则不行)来设定单子的方向(买或者<span>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">卖);<span>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Price </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">处选择
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Bid </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">或者
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">ask</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,来设定下单时所使用的价格是在
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Bid </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">方还是
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">offer </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">方,一般挂<span>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Buy </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的单就选择
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Bid</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,挂
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Sell </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">单时选择
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Ask</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,<span>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">但是,在使用直吃键(相当于
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Swifttrade </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">系统里所称的
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Limit Sell </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">或
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Limit Buy)</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">时,</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Buy
</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">对应<span>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Price </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">应为
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Ask</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">SSHRT
</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">对应的
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Price </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">应为
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Bid</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">;并且在
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Mode </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">处选择
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">load and go</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span><span style="color: red; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(习惯<span>
</span></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.3pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 56.65pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none;">
<span style="color: red; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">使用调价格挂单来吃单的人可忽略此设置。)<span>
</span></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10.65pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 56.65pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.65pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 56.65pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none;">
<span style="color: red; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在
</span><span style="color: red; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Account </span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">处别忘了选择自己的账号;<span>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 56.65pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Destination </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">处选择所要使用的通道;<span>
</span></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10.65pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 56.65pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.65pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 56.65pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">mode </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">处使用
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Default</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,将使用上面第一个图上所显示的
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Mode</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Load
Only</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">;<span>
</span></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10.65pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 56.65pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 56.65pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Hot key:</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">处按下自己想要设置的热键;<span>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">至此,第一个热键已经设置完毕,点击
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Add</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,将设置下一个热键。<span>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10.65pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 56.65pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10.65pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 56.65pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10.65pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 56.65pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.65pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 56.65pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">2</span></span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)其他热键设置:<span>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10.65pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 56.65pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10.65pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 56.65pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.65pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 56.65pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在其他已存在的热键中找到
</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;">Esc ,Action</span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">为
</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;">Cxl last</span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的,双击打开对话框:<span>
</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10.65pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 463.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10.65pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 463.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10.65pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 463.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10.65pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 463.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10.65pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 463.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10.65pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 463.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10.65pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 463.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 8pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">11
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><br style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: auto;" /></span>
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<span style="height: 55px; left: 0px; margin: 310px auto auto 126px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 120px; z-index: 251672493;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><img src="file:///C:/Users/scebif/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image044.gif" style="height: 55px; width: 120px;" /></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 9pt;">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 56.65pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 128.65pt 302.65pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">New hot key<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">里设置自己想要的
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">cancel </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">单子的热键<span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span>,一般为 </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">ESC
</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">键;<span>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Hot key cancel sequence:</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的下拉列表里,有两个选项,其中:<span>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;">LIFO</span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;">(last in first out </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">后进先出</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">)</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">是指按下此热键后,</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">cancel
</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">掉最后一个挂上去的单子;(相当<span>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">于
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">cancel Newest order)
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;">FIFO</span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;">(first in last out </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">先进先出</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">)</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">是指按下此热键后,</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">cancel
</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">掉最先挂上去的一个单子;</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">(</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">相当<span>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">于
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">cancel Oldest order)
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10.65pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 56.65pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 9pt;">
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Hot Key </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">栏中继续找到
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Action </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">为
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">L2 Tab </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的,双击其可设置一个键用来快速切换
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Level 2
</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"></span><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">窗口。<span>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Hot Key </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">栏中继续找到
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Action </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">为
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Cxl All Orders</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,可设置
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">cancel </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">所有
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">open orders </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的热键;<span>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Hot Key </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">栏中继续找到
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Action </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">为
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Dec Price</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,可设置</span><span style="color: red; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">调低</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">价格所用的热键,常用左方向键<span>
</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">作为此热键;<span>
</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.65pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 56.65pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Hot Key </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">栏中继续找到
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Action </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">为
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Inc Price</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,可设置</span><span style="color: red; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">调高</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">价格所用的热键,常用右方向键作<span>
</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">为此热键;<span>
</span></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10.65pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 56.65pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.65pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 56.65pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Hot Key </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">栏中继续找到
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Action </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">为
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Dec Qty</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,可设置</span><span style="color: red; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">调低</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">股数所用的热键,常用下方向键作<span>
</span></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.3pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 56.65pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">为此热键;<span>
</span></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10.65pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 56.65pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.65pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 56.65pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Hot Key </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">栏中继续找到
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Action </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">为
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Inc Qty</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,可设置</span><span style="color: red; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">调高</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">股数所用的热键,常用上方向键作<span>
</span></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.3pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 56.65pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">为此热键;<span>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 8pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">12
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><br style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" /></span>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 9pt;">
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 15pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">其他问题<span>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">1</span></span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)出货时出了一部分后,挂单继续出货时变成进货加仓<span>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">解决方法:<span>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">请按图示设置:<span>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">2</span></span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)如何调整
</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;">Lv2</span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">报价上的价格小数位?<span>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">答:如图:<span>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 9pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">13
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<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">3</span></span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)修改计算显示
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<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">4</span></span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)为什么切换股票时会自动发单进仓了?<span>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">答:如图,在
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">然后,在
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</span></div>sfebbf@gmail.comhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03493373165705385749noreply@blogger.com0